Fields and Waves I Lecture - Rensselaer Polytechnic … and Waves I Lecture 26 Intro to Antennas &...
Transcript of Fields and Waves I Lecture - Rensselaer Polytechnic … and Waves I Lecture 26 Intro to Antennas &...
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Fields and Waves I
Lecture 26Intro to Antennas & Propagation
K. A. ConnorElectrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering Department
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 2
These Slides Were Prepared by Prof. Kenneth A. Connor Using Original Materials Written Mostly by the Following:
Kenneth A. Connor – ECSE Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NYJ. Darryl Michael – GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY Thomas P. Crowley – National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, COSheppard J. Salon – ECSE Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NYLale Ergene – ITU Informatics Institute, Istanbul, TurkeyJeffrey Braunstein – Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
Materials from other sources are referenced where they are used.Those listed as Ulaby are figures from Ulaby’s textbook.
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 3
Examples of Antennas
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 4
Antennas
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 5
moteiv Tmote Sky Inverted F Antenna
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 6
moteiv Tmote Sky
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 7
moteiv Tmote Sky
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moteiv Tmote Sky
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 9
moteiv Tmote Sky
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 11
Transmission Lines & Antennas
Review Transmission LinesReview Boundary ConditionsReview Voltage, Current, Electric and Magnetic FieldsEtc.
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 12
TEM Waves on Transmission Lines
Connecting Uniform Plane Waves with Voltages and Currents on Transmission Lines:
E z E e E exj z j z( ) = ++
−−
+β β
H z E e E ey
j z j z
( ) = −+−
−+β β
η
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 13
TEM Waves
These fields can exist in the region between the conducting plates if the boundary conditions on the plates are reasonably satisfied. Since the electric field has only an x component, it is totally normal to the conducting boundaries. This can occur if there is a surface charge on the boundary,
ρ ε ε εβ βs x
j z j zE z E e E e= = ++−
−+( )
The magnetic field is totally tangent to the conducting boundary, which can occur if there is a surface current density given by
J H z E e E es y
j z j z
= =−+
−−
+
( )β β
η
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 14
TEM Waves
Then, assuming that the lower plate is grounded, the voltage on the upper plate will be
( )v z E z dx sE e sE e V e V ex
s j z j z j z j z= = + = +∫ +−
−+
+−
−+( )
0
β β β β
where we have integrated the electric field along the vertical (red) path shown.
s
w
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 15
TEM Waves
To connect the magnetic field with the current, we must integrate along a closed path that encloses one of the two conductors. Thebottom path shown includes the horizontal (green) path inside the field region and the blue path outside of the field region. (We assume no fringing in this ideal case.) The magnetic field only contributes along the green path. Thus
( )i z H z dy wE e wE ey
w j z j z
= =−
∫ +−
−+
( )0
β β
η
=−
=−+
−−
++
−−
+wsE e wsE es
V e V esw
j z j z j z j zβ β β β
η η
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 16
TEM Waves
For a parallel plate waveguide (stripline), the inductance and capacitance per unit length and intrinsic impedance are
l sw
=μc w
s=ε
Z lc
sw
ws
sw
swo = = = =
μ
εμε
η
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 17
TEM Waves
so the current expression is
i zV e V e
Z
j z j z
o
( ) =−+
−−
+β β
We could have determined this current from the surface current density so we should check to be sure that the two results agree. The total current at any z should be given by
i z J wE e E e
wV e V e
Zs
j z j z j z j z
o
( ) = =−
=−+
−−
++
−−
+β β β β
ηas before.
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 18
TEM Waves
Finally, we can check to see if the charge per unit length (as determined from the boundary condition) gives us the usual capacitance per unit length.
( ) ( )q w wE e wE e ws
V e V e cv zsj z j z j z j z= = + = + =+
−−
++
−−
+ρ ε ε εβ β β β
as expected.
The same analysis can be done for coaxial cables and two-wire lines. The general results are the same.
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 19
Standing Waves:Voltage Standing Wave with Short Circuit Load
Constructive Interference
Destructive Interference
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 20
Standing Waves:Voltage Standing Wave with Open Circuit Load
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 21
Java Applet of Waves
http://www.bessernet.com/Ereflecto/tutorialFrameset.htm
Standing Wave
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 22
Simple Antennas
Currents on Wire AntennasGeneral Types of AntennasThe Hertzian Dipole as the Model AntennaOther Simple Wire ConfigurationsAntenna Parameters & AnalysisRadiation PatternsYagi & Patch AntennasPolarization
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 23
Simple Wire Antenna Currents
From CTA Johnk Engineering Electromagnetic Fields & Waves
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 24
Simple Wire Antenna Currents
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 25
Simple Wire Antenna Currents
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 26
Simple Wire Antenna Currents
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 27
Simple Wire Antenna Currents
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 28
Types of Antennas
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 29
Hertzian Dipole Constant Currents
Note the Coordinates
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 30
Hertzian Dipole
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 31
Note that the waves become planar at large distances
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 32
Hertzian Dipole
Radiation is primarily to the side
Radiation is isotropic or uniform around the axis of the antenna
Little or no radiation up or down
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 35
Short Dipole
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 37
Aperture Antennas
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 38
Antenna Parameters
Calculate the Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Antenna Currents – usually requires the use of potentialsFar Fields are Products of terms like the following –(depends on current and inversely on position), spherical wave, field pattern Determine the Poynting Vector – Power Density is product of E and H – average goes inversely with position squared and with Gain is the ratio of power density to isotropic valueRadiation Resistance is twice the average total power divided by the current squared
( )F θ
( )F 2 θ
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 39
Antenna Analysis
Hertzian Dipole
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 40
Antenna Analysis
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 41
Antenna Analysis
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 42
Antenna Analysis
Keep Only The Largest Terms in the Far Field
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 43
Antenna Analysis ( )F 2 θ
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 44
Antenna Analysis
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 45
Note that the waves become planar at large distances
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 46
Hertzian Dipole
Radiation is primarily to the side
Radiation is isotropic or uniform around the axis of the antenna
Little or no radiation up or down
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 47
Half Wave Dipole
( )F 2 θ
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 48
Radiation Patterns
http://www.hyperlinktech.com/web/hg914y.php
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9 February 2007 Fields and Waves I 55
Antenna
Patterns
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Yagi Antenna
5.8GHz
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10 Element Yagi
http://www.astronwireless.com/library.html
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Patch Antenna
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Patch Antenna
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Patch Antenna
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Patch Antenna
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http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04102004-143656/unrestricted/Chapter4.pdf
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http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/issues/elk-05-13-1/elk-13-1-7-0407-7.pdf
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Antenna Polarization
http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.html
A linear polarized antenna radiates wholly in one plane containing the direction of propagation. In a circular polarized antenna, the plane of polarization rotates in a circle making one complete revolution during one period of the wave. If the rotation is clockwise looking in the direction of propagation, the sense is called right-hand-circular (RHC). If the rotation is counterclockwise, the sense is called left-hand-circular (LHC).
An antenna is said to be vertically polarized (linear) when its electric field is perpendicular to the Earth's surface. An example of a vertical antenna is a broadcast tower for AM radio or the "whip"antenna on an automobile.
Antenna Polarization Application NoteBy Joseph H. Reisert
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Horizontally polarized (linear) antennas have their electric field parallel to the Earth's surface. Television transmissions in the USA use horizontal polarization.
A circular polarized wave radiates energy in both the horizontal and vertical planes and all planes in between. The difference, if any, between the maximum and the minimum peaks as the antenna is rotated through all angles, is called the axial ratio or ellipticity and is usually specified in decibels (dB). If the axial ratio is near 0 dB, the antenna is said to be circular polarized. If the axial ratio is greater than 1-2 dB, the polarization is often referred to as elliptical.
Antenna Polarization
http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htmlAntenna Polarization Application NoteBy Joseph H. Reisert
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In the early days of FM radio in the 88-108 MHz spectrum, the radio stations broadcasted horizontal polarization. However, in the 1960's, FM radios became popular in automobiles which used vertical polarized receiving whip antennas. As a result, the FCC modified Part 73 of the rules and regulations to allow FM stations to broadcast RHC or elliptical polarization to improve reception tovertical receiving antennas as long as the horizontal component was dominant.
Antenna Polarization
http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htmlAntenna Polarization Application NoteBy Joseph H. Reisert
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Circular polarization is most often use on satellite communications. This is particularly desired since the polarization of a linear polarized radio wave may be rotated as the signal passes through any anomalies (such as Faraday rotation) in the ionosphere. Furthermore, due to the position of the Earth with respect to the satellite, geometric differences may vary especially if the satellite appears to move with respect to the fixed Earth bound station. Circular polarization will keep the signal constant regardless of these anomalies.
Antenna Polarization
http://www.astronwireless.com/polarization.htmlAntenna Polarization Application NoteBy Joseph H. Reisert
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Antenna Polarization
Why is a TV signal horizontally polarized?
Because man-made noise is predominantly vertically polarized.
Do the transmitting and receiving antennas need to have the samepolarization?
Yes.
http://www.hp.com/rnd/pdf_html/antenna.htm
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Antennas
The simplest antenna is the Hertzian dipole, which looks like the following figure with the antenna axis aligned with the z direction in spherical coordinates.
Transmission Line
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Antennas
The electric field around the Hertzian dipole –note the vertical polarization
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Antennas
Power is radiated horizontally, which is a good thing since this means that such antennas can easily communicate with one another on the surface of the earth. The range in angle is more than sufficient to handle the small elevation changes that characterize the earth’s surface.
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Antennas – Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave Monopole
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Antennas – Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave Monopole
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Antennas – Half Wave Dipole vs Quarter Wave Monopole
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Bertoni Slides
Extensive Slides on Propagation, Etc for Wireless http://eeweb1.poly.edu/faculty/bertoni/el675.html