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Field Studies 01 - Fort Pike and St Joe Brick Works
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Transcript of Field Studies 01 - Fort Pike and St Joe Brick Works
Field Studies Fort Pike and St. Joe Brick Works
Anthony DelRosario
Studio in Building Preservation
Professors G. Cizek, M. Thomas, and H. Knight
Master in Preservation Studies
Tulane School of Architecture
1 PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
On February 19, Studio in Building Preservation made our first field trip of the
semester to Fort Pike and St. Joe Brick Works. This trip was made in coordination with
the lecture from the previous night about masonry conservation at Fort Jefferson. The
presentation featured five guest lecturers involved with the preservation of Fort
Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas of the Gulf of Mexico about 70 miles west of Key West,
Florida. The five represented several aspects of the second phase of preservation of
the fort: the National Park Service (NPS), the property manager; Lord Aeck & Sargent
Architecture, the project planners; Stone and Lime Imports Inc., the project contractor;
Highbridge Materials Consulting, the materials analysts; and St. Joe Brick Works, the
masonry supplier. Fort Jefferson, one of the largest forts ever built according to the
NPS, was constructed over thirty years from 1846 to 1875 as part of the Third System
of seacoast defense in the United States. This massive masonry fortification, known as
the Gibraltar of the Gulf, has been exposed to a severe marine environment for over
150 years. According to Kelly Clark of NPS, the salt, wind, and heat have lead to
several problems of deterioration: corrosion of iron Totten Shutters; brick and mortar
erosion; and collapsed masonry at the parapet. The wrought iron Totten shutters,
designed by General Joseph Totten to open upon the firing of the cannon and then
immediately close, have expanded from the salt in the air and have caused the
embrasures to crack, crumble, and fall into the moat. Phase I, which took place in the
early 2000s to serve as a guideline to the future bigger restoration phases, consisted of
materials analysis, replacing one Totten shutter with more weather resistant materials,
and re-bricking part of the scarp wall. The lecture showed many lessons learned and
new processes to apply towards Phase II. I found the presentation engaging with the
2 PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
explanations from the different parties involved. The scientific illustrations from the
materials analysis were interesting. I also found interesting how preservation practices
at Fort Jefferson changed in a short time between Phase I and Phase II.
At Fort Pike in Eastern New Orleans where Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Borgne,
and the Rigolets meet, Studio in Building Preservation were able to see a masonry
fortification smaller than Fort Jefferson but facing similar problems. Fort Pike was also
built as part of the Third System but at the beginning of the period from 1819 to 1827 as
opposed to Fort Jefferson built towards the end of the Third System period. Fort Pike
was designed by Napoleon’s former Chief of Artillery Simon Bernard while Fort
Jefferson was designed by U. S. Army Chief Engineer General Joseph Totten. Fort
Pike has some problems with cracks in the scarp wall at the embrasures (Fig. 4) that we
could see from the entrance bridge. Also, all three corner bastions show severe
damage. Our tour was conducted by a very enthusiastic park employee, Jordan, who is
currently working on a Master degree in History at Southeastern University in
Hammond, Louisiana. A very interesting fact that Jordan told us was that the fort was
built on a platform of cypress timbers so that the fort would have a firm foundation but
also could rise and fall with the tide. However, during construction the outer wall was
connected to the inner part that was supposed to remain separate in order to take
advantage of the cypress timber platform and this error has caused severe damage.
Also according to Jordan, during Katrina the fort was filled with water plus had fifteen
feet of water above the top (Fig. 1). Having filled up with water before the most severe
surges helped prevent the fort from suffering more damage. Through his exploring of
Fort Pike, Jordan has found bricks stamped with names from at least five places
3 PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
including Brooklyn, Basin Street, Pearlington, J. Noriega, and St. Joe (Fig. 17). Since
St. Joe started in 1891, long after when the fort was completed, we can tell that the St.
Joe bricks were used for restoration purposes. Jordan, who helps maintain the
grounds, also told us about steps that they take at the fort to help preserve the masonry
– the use of small thread in the weed eaters and the use of historic materials safe weed
killer. However, I find the fact that they allow nutria to live on the grounds not good for
maintaining the fort.
The Civil War Preservation Trust listed Fort Pike, grouped with Fort Jackson and
Fort St. Philip, among its ten most endangered battlefields in the U.S. in 2007.
Hopefully, with employees as enthusiastic as Jordan, Fort Pike will be seen as a local
as well as a national treasure.
Before going to St. Joe Brick Works on Friday, we heard from company president
Peter Schneider at the Thursday night lecture. He told us that there are only ten places
that still make wood mould bricks and that of the one billion annual brick production St.
Joe produces about five and a quarter million bricks. Peter also explained the
interesting fact that most of their bricks start off the same color and that the temperature
of the brick in the kiln will determine the color of the brick. I was glad to hear that the
National Park Service used not only an American brick maker but also a local brick
maker for the preservation efforts at Fort Jefferson.
Our trip to St. Joe Brick Works in Pearl River, Louisiana began with a lunch of
po-boys and chips graciously provided by the Schneiders. After lunch, we were given a
short but informative history of the company before taking a tour of the grounds. Our
4 PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
group was broken up into two sections for the tour. I was in the group lead by Peter’s
brother Chris (Fig. 9) who was extremely enthusiastic throughout the tour. My group
saw the brick making process in the reverse order, so we started at the packing line.
From there we went to one of the beehive kilns (Fig. 12) which was being loaded with
green bricks. Chris showed us the inside roof of the kiln and explained how it was
created using bricks. Another kiln had been recently turned and was being unloaded.
We were able to enter the kiln and feel the draft created by the fan below the floor to
cool the baked bricks. The drying shed was an interesting building which was filled with
racks and steam pipes to dry the bricks. The shed has three sections that held 20,000
bricks each which took 24 hours to dry. We also saw where the sides of the shed could
be opened to use the natural breeze to dry the bricks (Fig. 13). The first of two
impressive machines at St. Joe was the enormous boiler (Fig. 11) from a World War I
feed ship used to feed the steam pipes in the drying shed. The next impressive
machine was the Heavy Duty AutoBrik Machine (Fig. 14) made by Lancaster Iron Works
in the 1920s. Chris explained that the machine contained “Real McCoys,” automatic
engine lubricators invented by Elijah McCoy. I find it quite amazing that St. Joe is still
using this 90 year old machine to make 5 million bricks a year. We also saw the packed
bricks that were ready to be shipped to Florida for use on Phase II of the Fort Jefferson
preservation project.
I had a great experience with Chris as our ebullient and enlightening guide on the
tour of St. Joe Brick Works. We were given the opportunity to take home some
souvenirs from St. Joe such as a brick as well as brick mould (Fig. 10). I opted for a
brick and a mould that had ST. JOE 1891-2005 with the 5 backwards.
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Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
Sources Civil War Preservation Trust, America's Most Endangered Civil War Battlefields 2007,
<http://www.civilwar.org/aboutus/news/news-releases/2007-news/civil-war-
preservation-trust-1.html>
Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation's National Register Website.
<http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/historicplacesdatabase.aspx>.
Fort Pike National Register document.
<http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=36025001.
pdf>
National Park Service, Fort Jefferson website
<http://www.nps.gov/drto/historyculture/fort-jefferson.htm>
Preservation Technology class lecuture February 18, 2010.
St. Joe Brick Works, Inc. <http://www.stjoebrickworks.com/>
ii PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
Images
Figure 1: Fort Pike aerial view post-Katrina Figure 2: Fort Pike
Figure 3: Fort Pike embrasure with crack, 1962 Figure 4: Fort Pike embrasure with crack, 2010
Figure 5: Citadel at Fort Pike Figure 6: Fort Pike cracked bastion
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Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
Figure 7: Fort Pike parade ground and citadel, 1967 Figure 8: Fort Pike parade ground and citadel, 2010
Figure 9: Chris Schneider inside Figure 10: St. Joe wood moulds Figure 11: St. Joe steam boiler beehive kiln at St. Joe
Figure 12: St. Joe beehive kiln Figure 13: Green St. Joe bricks in drying shed
iv PRST 6510 - Studio in Building Preservation – G. Cizek, M. Thomas, H. Knight – Feb. 26, 2010
Anthony DelRosario – Master in Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture
Figure 14: St. Joe AutoBrik Machine Figure 15: Peter W. Schneider and sons
Figure 16: Fort Pike parade ground and citadel Figure 17: St. Joe Brick Works bricks at Fort Pike
Image Credits
Figure 1 – Judy B., <http://www.angelfire.com/la3/judyb/FTPIKE.html>
Figure 2 - Taylor Lasseigne,
<http://www.slicesofamerica.com/20110426nolatobiloxi.html>
Figure 3 – Dave Gleason, LOUISiana Digital Library,
<http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/u?/LHP,7413>
Figure 7 – Art Kleiner, LOUISiana Digital Library,
<http://www.louisianadigitallibrary.org/u?/LHP,7028>
All other photographs were taken by the author.