Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira

Department of Environmental SciencesJahangirnagar university, Savar, Dhaka-1342

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of

Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira

Submitted bySubmitted byMd. Bodrud-doza (101401)

Fahad Ahmed (101399)Mahmud Hassan (101398)

Adib Khondoker Ratul (101393)

Submitted toSubmitted toDr. A. N. M. Fakhruddin

Associate Professor

Acknowledgement

Department of Environmental Sciences of Jahangirnagar University arrange

Field work program each year that aims at the development of the problem

solving capability of the students. Like the other years, we, the third year

students of session 2009-10 have completed a field trip. Besides theoretical

education, we are lucky to have such opportunity to implement various

environmental methods and techniques in to solve potential environmental

degradation as well as beneficial effects. This helps us a lot to watch the

nature more closely and deeply that increases our ability to solve various

complex environmental phenomena easily and effectively. This year, we

visited Shyamnagar Upazila and adjacent areas of Satkhira district that are

famous for their characteristic Bengal Delta formation and recent alluvial

sedimentation pattern. Besides, it is the most disaster prone area of

Bangladesh and the great tropical mangrove Sundarbans is really close to

the area. We are really excited and keen to unfold the mysteries of nature by

exploring ourselves. We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our

honorable teacher Dr. Shafi Mohammad Tareq for arranging such wonderful

field work program.

We would like to pay our profound gratitude to our honorable teacher

Professor Dr. Syed Hafizur Rahman.

We are extremely grateful to our honorable teacher Mashura Shammi.

Without his parent-like care and all time supervision, it would have never

been possible to complete such an excellent field work.

We would like to express our best regards to Mirza A.T.M. Tanvir Rahman

sir for his relentless hard work to make the field trip successful. His

immense patience and excellent management skills support us to complete

an exceptional and effective field investigation.

In the last, but of course not the least, we want to give special thanks and

also acknowledge the excellent support from Mr. Anil Babu and Mr. Harun.

We are very much grateful to all of them for their precious information and

important guidelines and their spontaneous inspiration and friendly

discussion about various difficult topics.

And, thanks to Mr. Ataur Rahman (office assistance) of the Department of

Environment Sciences.

We have no words known to say thanks to our lovely friends. We specially

thank to the members of management committee, transportation committee

and food committee for their hard work to make the field program

successful.

Topic Page No

1. Introduction 01-04

1.1 Background of the study 01

1.2 Location of the study area 02

1.3 Routes of our study area 03

1.4 Aims and Objectives 03

1.5 Limitations 03

1.6 Methodology 04

2. Ecology and Biodiversity 05-19

2.1 Ecosystem 05-08

2.2 Biodiversity 09-14

2.3 Shrimp farming a curse to Biodiversity

15

2.4 The Sundarbans 16-19

3. Health Hazards of the study area

20

4. Conclusion 21

5. References 22

Figure No. Figure Name Page No. Fig-1 Map of the study area 02 Fig-2 Satellite image of the study area 02

Fig-3 Major floral species of the area 12 Fig-4 Major faunal species of the area 14

Fig-5 Shrimp farming area having very low vegetation

15

Fig-6 Image of some flora and fauna of

Sundarbans we had observed

19

Chapter One

Introduction

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar

Upazila, Satkhira.

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Practical implementation of analyzed knowledge is very important for

developing the problem solving ability of a student. Environmental

Sciences, like all other branches of science, requires a proper practical

knowledge and ability to implement analyzed knowledge environment to

minimize possible adverse environmental degradation and maximizing

potential benefits. If an environmental Scientist fails to have a good

knowledge about problems and possibilities in implementing

environmental knowledge in the natural environment, he/she will have to

suffer a lot. By realizing this fact, the Department of Environmental

Sciences of Jahangirnagar University runs a course on field work as an

academic study course each year. As a student of B.Sc. third year, we the

students of the session 2009-10, visited the southern part of Bangladesh

as a part of our field work. In this trip, we visited Shyamnagar Upazila of

Satkhira district. We studied about the coastal environment, their

possibilities and problems. We also tried to investigate the major

resources and hazards of the area. Bangladesh is a small, densely

populated country with a long coastal line of about 700km. These area is

the habitat of a large number of population that are exposed to many

natural as well as anthropogenic hazards that results in a serious

damage of both life and property. We had experienced SIDR, AILA and

many more potentially hazardous calamities in the area. Some quick and

sensible decision regarding these disasters helped us to avoid a huge

amount of potential loss. But we strongly believe that, a proper

investigation of the natural processes and their relationship with these

hazards will help greatly to minimize the possible loss. Besides, there are

many social problems in the area which causes the fall in the standard of

living. The number of people that use sanitary latrine is very rare in the

area while the rate of literacy is extremely low. We also tried to

investigate the social problems like these and find out the possible

remedial measures for these problems.

So, we can say that, this field trip lies on a strong ground of socio-

economic and scientific basis where the availability of information is very

limited and the numbers of studies are extremely few. So, we are hopeful

that this field investigation provides us with important data and

information that will help us in taking decision on the proper

management in the future time including the period of disaster.


Upazila, Satkhira.

2 Introduction

1.2 Location of the study area

Our study areas were:

Shyamnagar Sadar

Padma Pukur

Gabura

Munshiganj

Sundarbans Area

Fig-2: Satellite image of the study area

Fig-1: Map of the Study area


Upazila, Satkhira.

3 Introduction

1.3 Routes of Our Study Area

1.4 Aims and Objectives

The main concern of this field investigation is to observe the

environmental condition, natural process, resource and anthropogenic

influence of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira district and adjacent areas

and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem and environment as a

whole. A very important objective of this trip is to identify the problems of

the area and their possible mitigation process.

Major objectives are-

To observe the environmental change in ecosystem.

To observe the ecology and biodiversity of the study area.

To observe the health hazards of the study area.

To identify change in biodiversity due to human activity.

1.5 Limitations:

Like all other activity, this study also exhibits some limitations in our

investigation as well as decision making. Among them, these followings

are significant-

The data sources of the study tour were basically based on

secondary data sources.

Within such short time, it was difficult to collect all the necessary

information we need.

JU

Shyamnagar Upazila

(Base camp)

Surrounding areas

of Shyamnagar Padma Pukur

Gabura

Munshiganj Surrounding

area of

Sundarban

Back

to JU


Upazila, Satkhira.

4 Introduction

Our budget is limited. So we had to make some choices about an

appropriate data collection method and use of instruments.

Confusion was a major limitation during questionnaire survey that

made us suffer a lot.

1.6 Methodology

Methodology is the way or manner by which the study is accomplished,

which refers to the full outcome of the process at a glance. Methodology

is always a compromise between options and choices and is frequently

determined by the availability of relevant resource and time. It is very

important in the sense that it gives one an idea about how the study has

been conducted. A proper methodology is always necessary for any

report, which helps to organize experiences, observations, examinations,

analysis of data and information and their logical expression in a

systematic process to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the

report.

Main methods which are applied during our field work:

Questionnaire survey method

Key Informant Interview (KII)

Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

Key information collection from major authority

Visual observation

Photography

Chapter Two

Ecology and

Biodiversity


Upazila, Satkhira.

5 Ecology and Biodiversity

2.1 Ecosystem

Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms

interact with each other and also with the physical conditions that are

present in their habitats. "The organisms and the physical features of the

habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem."

Major types of ecosystems of the area:

Mainly two types of ecosystems were found in the area.

Aquatic ecosystem

Terrestrial ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem:

Two types of aquatic ecosystems were observed.

Fresh water ecosystem

Saline water ecosystem

Terrestrial ecosystem:

We found two types of terrestrial ecosystem.

Crop vegetation

Social forest


Upazila, Satkhira.


Union Ecosystem Services

Shyamnagar

Terrestrial

Ecosystem

Crop

Vegetation

Provide food for local

people

Provide food for

household animals

Provide food & shelter for

birds and insects

Social forest

Provide huge amount of

Oxygen

Protects the coastal area

from the destruction of

natural hazards

Provide firewood as a

source of energy

Aquatic

Ecosystem

Fresh water

Ecosystem

Provide habitat for fresh

water fish species

Provide food for fish and

other aquatic organisms

Many fresh water fish

species are cultivated

Used for drinking

purpose

Used for irrigation

purpose

Saline water

Ecosystem

Habitat for many

halophytic plant species

Habitat for many fish and

aquatic organism that

requires saline

environment for their

growth and development

Great contribution in

coastal aquaculture or

shrimp culture

This ecosystem can also

be used for crab culture


Upazila, Satkhira.


Padma Pukur

Terrestrial

Ecosystem

Crop

Vegetation


people

Provide food for

household animals


birds and insects

Social forest


Oxygen



natural hazards


source of energy

Aquatic

Ecosystem

Fresh water

Ecosystem


water fish species

Used for drinking

purpose Used for

irrigation purpose

Saline water

Ecosystem

Habitat for many




requires saline


growth anddevelopment



Gabura

Terrestrial

Ecosystem

Crop

Vegetation


people


birds and insects

Social forest


Oxygen


source of energy


source of energy

Fresh water

Ecosystem


water fish species

Provide food for fish and

other aquatic organisms

Many fresh water fish


Upazila, Satkhira.


Aquatic

Ecosystem

species are cultivated

Used for drinking

purpose Used for

irrigation purpose

Saline water

Ecosystem

Habitat for many




requires saline



Great contribution in

coastal aquaculture or

shrimp culture

Munshiganj

Terrestrial

Ecosystem

Crop

Vegetation


people

Provide food for

household animals


birds and insects

Social forest


Oxygen



natural hazards


source of energy

Aquatic

Ecosystem

Fresh water

Ecosystem


water fish species

Used for drinking

purpose

Used for irrigation

purpose

Saline water

Ecosystem

Habitat for many




requires saline






Upazila, Satkhira.


2.2 Biodiversity

FLORA

Both Mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation are observed. Major plant

species found in study areas are as follows:

Union Major Types of Plants

Local name Scientific name

Mango Mangifera indica

Date palm( Khejur) Phoenix dactylifera

Sil Koroi Albizia lucida

Sofeda Eucalyptus spp.

Sun flower Helianthus annuus

Blackberry Syzygium cumini

Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus

Simul Bombax ceiba

Raintry kory Samanea saman

Kadam Anthrocephalus chinensis

Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni

Barai Zizyphys manuritiana

Coconut Cocos nucifera

Paddy Oryza sativa

Sh

yam

nagar


Upazila, Satkhira.


Palm Borassus fiabillifer


Gewa E. agallocha

Goran Ceriops decandra

Keora Sonneratia apetala

Passur Xylocarpus mekongensis

Dhundul X. granatum



Tamarind Tree (Tentul) Diploglottis cunninghamii

Cactus Blossfeldia liliputiana



Paddy Oryza sativa


Gewa E. agallocha



Padm

a P

ukur

Gabura


Upazila, Satkhira.


Brinjal Solanum melongena

Bean Phaseolus vulgaris

Raintry koroi Samanea saman

Babla Alstonia nilotica

Nim Azadirachta indica


Gewa E. agallocha





Dhundul X. granatum

Paddy Oryza sativa


Mahagani Swietenia mahagoni


Barai Zizyphys manuritiana



Paddy Oryza sativa

Mun

sh

iganj


Upazila, Satkhira.


Fig-3: Major floral species of the area


Upazila, Satkhira.


FAUNA

Among various household and wild animal species, these followings are

significant:

Union Major Types of Plants

Local name Local name Local name

Shyamnagar

Cow Dog King fisher

Hen Crow Mosquito

Goat Pegion Salik

Ram Swan Spider

Duck Snail Crab

Squirrel Monkey Butterfly

Cat Rat Fly

Snake Nilotica Chow

Heron Shrimp Silver carp

Grass carp Kholshe Punti

Padma Pukur

Duck Snail Crab

Squirrel Swan Butterfly

Cat Rat Nilotica

Snake King fisher Shrimp

Heron Mosquito Butterfly

Crab Hen Crow

Ram Goat Pegion

Duck Chiring Butterfly

Gabura

Crab Shrimp Snail

Snake King fisher Cat

Heron Mosquito Snake

Goat Crow Ram

Butterfly Dog Duck

Swan Spider Chiring

Rat Grasshopper King fisher

Munshiganj

Monkey Cow Duck

Silver carp Hen Squirrel

Punti Goat Cat

Kholshe Butterfly Snake

Shrimp Bee Duck

Deer Ram King fisher


Upazila, Satkhira.


Fig-4: Major faunal species of the area


Upazila, Satkhira.


2.3 Shrimp farming a curse to Biodiversity

Actually, it is true that shrimp makes substantial contribution to the

national economy by generating income, employment and by earning

foreign exchange. Despite, positive gains there are some adverse effects of

shrimp farming on the environment and society at large.

Increase salinity of soils within polders leading to serious loss of

soil fertility.

Damage of traditional economic activities such as crop and animal

husbandry.

Decline of livestock population has resulted in manifold problems

for agricultural production.

Damage of household vegetation and social forestry.

Damage to the mangrove forest and loss of biodiversity.

Raising river beds in shrimp growing areas.

Insufficient supply of vegetables and small fishes, local people have

been suffering from imbalance diet.

Destroyed spawning and nursery grounds.

A reduction in fisheries habitats.

An end to natural fish recruitment.

Reduced natural fish food organisms like aquatic insects, mollusks

and invertebrates.

Fig-5: Shrimp farming area having very low vegetation


Upazila, Satkhira.


3.4 The Sundarbans

Location

Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal

habitats in the tropics and subtropics. The word is used in at least three

senses:

1. Most broadly to refer to the habitat and entire plant assemblage or

mangal, for which the terms mangrove swamp and mangrove forest

are used

2. To refer to all trees and large shrubs in the mangal

3. Narrowly, to refer to the mangrove family of plants, the

Rhizophoraceae, or even more specifically just to mangrove trees of

the genus Rhizophora

According to these facts the Sundarbans is the largest single block of

tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, which lies at the mouth of

the Ganges and is spread across areas of Bangladesh (southern part) and

West Bengal, India, forming the seaward fringe of the delta. The forest

lies a little south to the Tropic of Cancer between the latitudes 21°30’N

and 22°30 'N, and longitudes 89°00’ and 89°55’E.

Biodiversity of Sundarbans

Floral composition:

The mangroves of the Sundarbans are unique when compared to non-

deltaic coastal mangrove forest. Unlike the later, the Rhizophoraceae are

of only minor importance and the dominant species are Sundari

(Heritiera fomes), from which the Sundarbans takes its name, and Gewa

(Excoecaria agallocha). The reason for this difference is the large

freshwater influence in the north-eastern part and the elevated level of

the ground surface. The Sundarbans can be classified as moist tropical

serai forest, comprising a mosaic of beach forest and tidal forest

(Champion, 1936). Of the later, they are four types:

Low mangrove forests

Tree mangrove forests

Salt-water Heritiera forests

Freshwater heritiera forests

The vegetation is largely of mangrove type and encompasses a variety of

plants including trees, shrubs, grasses, epiphytes, and lianas. Being

mostly evergreen, they possess more or less similar physiological and

structural adaptations. Prain (1903) gives an account of the flora of the

mangrove forest of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta & Seidensticker and

Hai (1983) report a total of 334 plant species, representing 245 genera,


Upazila, Satkhira.


present in the Bangladesh portion of the delta, and principal woody and

herbaceous species. Of these-

Pteridophytes -17

Monocotyledons -87

Dicotyledons -rest

Almost all mangrove plant species are evergreen, dwarf, shrubby or tall

trees, and grow gregariously without leaving any space on the floor. Most

trees have pneumatophores for aerial respiration. The prominent species

is Sundari (Heritiera fomes) and Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha).

In the Sundarbans the saltwater forest is situated in the south-western

part where Gewa (E. agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Keora

(Sonneratia apetala), Ora (S. caseolaris), Passur (Xylocarpus

mekongensis), Dhundul (X. granatum), Bain (Avicennia alba, A. marina,

A. officinales), Rhizophores, Banchandan, Hijal, Bhatkathi, Amur, Hudo,

Shingra, Bhadal, Khalsha, Hingey, and Hantal (Phoenix pelludosa)

dominate. The typical mangrove species dominate the central part of the

forest. The moderate saltwater forest covers most of the southern parts of

Khulna and Bagerhat districts where Sundari is the dominant species.

There is a thick mat of the Nipa palm or 'Golpata' (Nipa fruticans) by the

side of almost all the canals. Moderately freshwater zone results from the

large amount of water, which flows down the Passur, Haringhata and

Burisher, maintaining the surface water at a lower level of salinity.

Table: Major floral species of sundarban

General name Scientific name

Sundari Heritiera fomes

Gewa E agallocha


Golpata Nipa fruticans



Dhundul X. granatum

Bain Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinales

rhizophores Rizophoraceae

Hantal Phoenix pelludosa

Ora S. caseolaris

Faunal composition:

Sundarban mangrove forest is the single largest home of the Royal

Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris). The Sundarbans and the Royal Bengal

Tiger are almost synonymous. But with the passing time the number of

tigers in the Sundarbans is diminishing at an alarming rate. The number

will be 450 but experts believe that it is more or less 200. According to


Upazila, Satkhira.


different sources, there are 375 species of wild animals in the

Sundarbans. Of them, 10 are amphibians, 63 are reptiles, 261 are birds,

and 41 are mammals and 175 fish species. Different governmental and

non-governmental organizations, including the forest department, are

claiming that there are 200 crocodiles, 80 thousand deer, 20 thousand

boars, 40 thousand monkeys, 20 thousand otters, more than 50

thousand birds and snakes including pythons. Among 175 species of fish

53 of pelagic belong to 27 families, 124 of demersal belongs to 49

families, 24 shrimps of 5 families. Besides, 7 species of crab from 3

families, 2 of gastropods, 6 of pelecypod, 8 of locust lobster & 3 species of

turtle.

This forest harbors a good number of rare and globally threatened

animals including Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), Fishing Cat

(Felts viverrina), Common otter (Lutra littra), Water Monitor lizard

(Varanus saJvatoi), Gangetic Dolphin (Platinista gangetica), Snubfin

dolphin (Orcella brevirostris), River Terrapin (Batagur baska), marine

turtles like Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Green Sea Turtle

(Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill Turtle (Eritmochelys imbricat). Six species of

Shark and Ray, which are found here, are included in Schedule I of

Wildlife (Protection) Act.

Other mammals comprise of Wild boars, spotted deer, Porcupines and

Rhesus macaque. Among the reptiles, the King cobra, the common cobra,

Banded krait, Russells Viper comprise the community of venomous

reptiles, while the Python, Chequered Kil-Back, Dhaman , Green Whip

Snake and several other species constitute the non-venomous snakes.

The common bird species consists of Herons, Egrets, Cormorants,

Storks, Green Pigeons, Sand Pipers, Large and Small Spoonbills, Darters,

Seagulls, Teal, Partridges, great variety of Wild Geese and Ducks.

Cetaceans like Snubfin and Gangetic Dolphin are frequently found in the

estuarine rivers, the former being more abundant. The Black Finless

Porpoise (Necmeris porosus) is also found in the rivers near the estuary.

The marshes and river offer asylum to the Estuarine Crocodile, one of the

most endangered and the largest of crocodiles. A wide variety and

assortments of fish, molluscs, crabs and prawns inhabit the estuaries.

The amphibious mud-skipper fish such as Periopthalmus sp. and

Boleopthalmus sp. arouse considerable interest. Also found are Whale

Shark, Tiger Shark, Hammer Headed Shark, Saw fish, Guitar fish and

some common edible fish e.g., Hilsa ilt'sha, Setipinna breviceps, Setipinna

taty, Gudusia chapra etc. Among the crustaceans, commonly found are

the One Asmed Fiddler Crab (Uca spp) and the two species of trilobite

(Tachypleus gigus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda).

Insects abound in the forests amongst which the honey bee (Apis dorssta)

is a source of considerable income for the poor people living in fringe

areas.


Upazila, Satkhira.


Fig-6: Image of some flora and fauna we had observed.

Tiger foot print

Chapter Three

Health

Hazards


Upazila, Satkhira.

20 Health Hazards

Health Hazards of the study area:

Table: Health problems found in the study area

Health

Hazards

Saline water

related health

problem

Diarrhea

Dysentery

Cholera

Typhoid

Fever(Viral and Bacterial)

Drinking water

related health

problem

Unavailability of safe drinking

water

Taking polluted water as

drinking water

Taking poorly filtered water as

drinking water

Nutritional

problem

Lack of availability of vitamin

Diseases derived from the lack

of vitamin

Malnutrition

Physiological

problem

Weaken the digestive system

Blood pressure

Lowering the eye sight

Lowering Immune system

Lack of healthy muscle power

Skin Diseases

Teeth decay

Looking over aged

Hair loss

Lack of access in

medication

services

Very few number of health care

center

Very poor services in health care

center

Very low availability of

diagnostic center

Harsh Atmosphere

Skin diseases

Inhalation problem

Respiration problem

CNS Damage

Sunburn

Gastrointestinal tract damage

Others Dengue, Malaria

cold/cough/fever


Upazila, Satkhira.

21 Conclusion

Conclusion

By considering literature review into account we can conclude that-

Pure and drinkable freshwater is very rare in the area. Due to an

acute scarcity of drinking water, local people have no other way but

to drink the water of some freshwater ponds. But drinking water

from such sources is not safe and hygienic at all. By drinking such

water, many waterborne diseases may result. We interviewed many

local people who told us that they frequently suffer from gastro-

intestinal disorders and problems.

In some parts of the study area we observed water supply for

drinking and cooking purpose but this facility is not capable of

providing safe drinking water for all those local peoples. Most of

these water supply systems are funded and maintained by either

an NGO or a volunteer organization. But if local government

realizes the need of sufficient water supply system, it will definitely

reduce the sufferings of the local villagers.

Poverty is a serious social issue of the study area. More specifically

after the impact of AILA, many people became homeless, jobless ad

shelter less. Standing of this fact, it is easy to understand that the

poor condition of law and order is nothing but the result of poverty

in the area. If people have sufficient food and shelter, we strongly

believe that the incident of crime will definitely reduce.

In some parts of the area, coastal aquaculture practice is common

and most farmers are moving towards shrimp and crab culture.

But saline water is required for the cultivation of these aqua

species. For this reason, aqua farmers created a large number of

channels through the river. This practice is highly responsible for

the gradual weakness of the dam that aims at the protection of the

nearby road and locality from the devastation of flood and cyclone.

Natural resource collectors should be trained well before they are

permitted to collect nature resource to avoid further damage of

biodiversity and natural resource of the Sundarbans.


Upazila, Satkhira.

22 References

Reference

Publications:

Erach Bharucha, Textbook of Environmental Studies, Universities Press-

India.

Md. Golam Mahabub Sarwar, Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal

Zone of Bangladesh, Lund University

Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A.U., Smoth, J., Aalst, M.V., 2003.

Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Focus on Coastal

Flooding and the Sundarbans, Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD), Paris

Alam, M., 2003. Bangladesh Country Case Study, National Adaptation

Programme of Action (NAPA) Workshop, 9-11 September 2003,

Bhutan.

Ali, A.M.S., 2005. Rice to shrimp: Land use/ land cover changes and soil

degradation in Southwestern Bangladesh, Land Use Policy

[Inpress]

Brammer, H., Asaduzzaman M. & Sultana, P., 1993. Effects of Climate

and Sea-level Changes on the Natural Resources of Bangladesh.

Briefing Ducument No. 3, Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP),

Dhaka.

http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.bangladesh_sundarbans.htm

Chowdhury K. Rezaul et al., Southeast Coastal Belt Study, COAST Trust,

1999.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management of the Government of Bangladesh;

Report on Coastal Livelihoods June 2003

Kausher A, Kay RC, Asaduzzaman M. and Paul S. Climate change and

sea-level rise: the case of the Bangladesh coast. In The implications

of climate change and sea-level change for Bangladesh (eds. R.A.

Warrick and Q.K. Ahmed), Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1996,

(335-396 pp.).

Web resources:

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sundarbans

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/satkhira

http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shyamnagar_upazila

http://www.bdix.net/sdnbd_org/world_env_day/2004/bangladesh

/climate_change_sealevel.htm

http://www.m-h-

s.org/stiftung/upload/download/pdf/zockler_1.Pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Aila

http://www.banglapedia.net/HT/S_0602.HTM

http://www.sundarbantigerproject.info/viewpage.php?page_id=3

Field report on Ecology, Biodiversity and Health hazards of Shyamnagar Upazila, Satkhira

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