Field necropsy techniques in mammal and poultryvphcap.vet.cmu.ac.th/GHI-Thailand2012/download... ·...
Transcript of Field necropsy techniques in mammal and poultryvphcap.vet.cmu.ac.th/GHI-Thailand2012/download... ·...
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Field necropsy techniques in mammal and poultry
Kidsadagon Pringproa, DVM, MS, PhD
Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary Medicine
Chiang Mai University2012
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What is a necropsy?
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• Systemic examination of animal carcass aimed to search for
lesions and study the processes involved in disease situation
• The important diagnostic tool to support other procedures in
the diagnosis of disease outbreak
• A good necropsy involves carefully observation of lesions,
labelling and storage
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Objectives in necropsy
• To investigation the caused of ill or death animals by defining
possible etiology and pathogenesis
• To provide information and support other procedures of
disease diagnosis (collection of specific organs, etc....)
• To provide initial strategy in control and prevention of un-
infected herds
The better job you do with the field necropsy, the better the chance that wildlife disease specialist can
determine what killed animal.
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Necropsy requirements
• at the discretion of attending veterinarian
• When a high death loss occuring
• When a significant unexplained death occuring
• When a strong chance of infectious disease in present
A necropsy must be performed;
The necropsy must be performed by or under the direct
supervision of a veterinarian experienced with species
being necropsied.
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5http://vetmed.illinois.edu/envirovet/programdeveloped.html
Necropsy requirements
It is recommended but not required that all death elephants be necropsied.
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Objectives for this session
• Get an idea how pathology involves in “one health” concept
• Use images to review step-by-step procedures for field
necropsy procedure
• Understand the collection of appropriate tissue specimens for
diagnostic investigation
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Limitation of necropsy
• Time for necropsy
• Place for necropsy
• Animals died from suspected transmissible, zoonotic or
exotic diseases should be examined in a laboratory !!!
• Disposal of the carcass
• Basic equipments and protective clothing for necropsy
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Necropsy equipment
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Equipment for sample collection
10% formalin Microbiology collection tools
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Carcass submission form
1. Signalment: species, breed, sex, age, weight, identify marks
2. History and clinical diagnoses
3. Clinical pathology
4. External appearances
State of nutrition
Mucous membrane, body orifices
General conformation, superficial lesions
Hair coat, parasite
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History taking
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Very important in determining the potential zoonoticdiseases, organs should be collect and types of laboratory
test should be performed !!!
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Necropsy techniques in large and small
animals
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Necropsy procedure
• Follow external examination (general appearance)
• Follow internal examination ( necropsy )
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General appearances
– Natural orifices
– Eyes
– Posture
– Limb and joint palpation
– Lymph nodes
– Skin surface
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External examination
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Open the carcass
• dorsal recumbency• Reflect front and rear legs
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• Make a tab of skin beginning under
the mandibles
• Pull up on the tap and reflect skin
while cutting through the sternum
Open the carcass
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Small animal
Dorsal recumbency and cut the sternum through the costochondral
junction
Large animal
Left lateral recumbency and cut the ribs by using a pincer
Open the thorax
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Examine the lesions and prepare for collecting samples
stomach
trachea
lung
liver
intestine
Open the carcass
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Open the thorax
Remove the tongue, esophagus, trachea, lung and heart
heart
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Examine the lung, check for pneumonia and collect samples
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In a large animal, intestinal and thoracic organs may have to be remove separately
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Remove the intestine by cutting of the large and small intestines
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Examination of the stomach
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String out the small intestine by cutting the mesentery
Examination of the intestine
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• Randomly sectioning of the intestine
(5-10 cm.) to observe the intestinal
mucosa
• Jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon:
two 10 cm section fresh/chilled, four 1
cm section fixed
Sampling techniques of the intestines
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Examine the liver
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Examine the pericardium Fibrinous pericarditis
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Examine the myocardium and endocardium
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Nasal swab and snout scoring
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Open the joints to examine the synovial fluid
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Necropsy technique in poultry
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http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/Avian-Necropsy-Examination-Introduction
Additional resources
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Before necropsy
Wet the feathers with soapy water to avoid masses of flying feathers
Be careful of nasal and mouth orifices
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Physical and external examination
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Check for the mucus membrane, and nasal swab if desired
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Open the abdominal cavity
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Keel bone
Intestine
liver
Open the abdominal cavity
trachea
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Open the thorax
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Open the trachea
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lung
Examination of the visceral organs
heart
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Examination of the visceral organs
intestine Gizzard and proventriculus
proventriculus
gizzard
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Examination of the bones and head
Bone and skull are opened
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Necropsy report
Morphologic findings
Morphologic diagnoses
Tentative diagnoses
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Tissue preservation for histopathology
Fixative
1. Neutral buffered formalin 10% (1 liter)
• Formaldehyde (40%) 100 ml.
• Distilled water 900 ml.
• Sodium phosphate mono. 4 g.
• Sodium phosphate dibasic 6.5 g.
2. Bouins solution (for endocrine disease, eye)
3. Glutaraldehyde (for electron microscopy examination)
4. Alcohol (not a good fixative)
Fix 24-48 hrs. Room temp.
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Tips for sample collection
Formalin fixation
Work TM. 2000. Avian necropsy ,manual for biologist in remote refuges.
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Summary
• Necropsy technique in small mammal
• Necropsy techniques in poultry
• Tip for sample collection from carcass
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Acknowledgements
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University
• Assist. Prof. Panuwat Yamsakul, DVM
• Kittikorn Boonsri, DVM, MS
• Jiraporn Sritan, DVM, MS
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