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Fibre Optics Under the SeaPeter Jamieson IEng MIET, MSCTE, MCMI
Principal Engineer, Core Network Engineering – Liberty Global.Chairman, European Subsea Cables Association.
07771506713
Global Network
2017 – 428 submarine cables in service globally, = 1.1 million km
99% of global communications carried by submarine cables.
UK Connectivity
As an Island nation UK
virtually wholly dependant
on submarine cables for
connectivity.
Submarine cables
contribute £65 Billion to the
UK economy.
(University of Huddersfield)
Data Generators
Data is the new oil
• Short Haul Systems typically < 500km single span. High fibre count 24F – 300F.
Long life span. Upgradeable.
07/06/2017 Template examples5
Short Haul / Long Haul
557km 90.2dB
G.654 fibre 1.6dB/km
• Long Haul Systems typically trans-oceanic 6,000 – 8000km. (Sea-Me-We 3 = 39,000km)
Typically 25yr life span, upgradeable (to a point), requires repeaters (amplifiers) every 70km,
Low fibre count 4F – 24F, Requires power to feed the repeaters.
07/06/2017 Template examples6
Short Haul / Long Haul
Submarine Cable Construction
Deep Ocean Continental Shelf
Submarine Cable Installation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gsoo_BOwrrM
Where do they land?
Where do they land?
What damages submarine cables?
These Do
What damages submarine cables?
These Don’t
How do you repair a submarine cable?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6qTk5WNq9E
Submarine Cable Ages
1858 – 1956 = Telegraph Age
1956 – 1988 = Co-axial Age
1988 – Present = Optical Age
1988 – Optical Age – Consortia
1998 – Optical Age – Private Cable
2015 – Optical Age – Content Cable
Submarine Cable AgesNorth Atlantic- no new cables installed between 2002 – 2015.(1998 – 2002, 7no. Trans-Atlantic cables installed. )
Apollo 2002 – design capacity of 3.2Tb, upgraded in 2015 to 32Tb
Hibernia Express – 2015 120Tb, AE Connect – 2016 104Tb
4no. Planned - MAREA - 2017 160Tb, Midgardsormen – 2019, Fibre Atlantic - 2019, Brexit‘1 – 20??
New systems being driven by the OTT/content providers -
A diagram of the traffic volume across Facebook’s network, and the split between
M2M and user traffic. (Source: Facebook)
The Future
Content Players
Data Centres - Ireland, Netherlands, Finland, Belgium
Datacentres – Sweden, Ireland, Denmark (under construction)
Datacentres – Ireland, Germany, UK (London), France
Datacentres – Ireland, Netherlands, Finland, Austria
Datacentres – Ireland, Denmark
The Future
The Future
The Future
UK is still well served by the upgraded capacity installed
during the .Com Bubble
Content player’s traffic moved onto specific cables will
ease burden.
Upgrades – 400G and beyond on new systems.
New systems on traditional routes will be required in
5-10 years