Fibre Channel technologies - Storage Networking Industry ... · Fibre Channel Technologies ... –...

EDUCATION

Fibre Channel Technologies“Current & Future”

Presenters: Dr. M. K. Jibbe, LSI Logic (ESG)Tom Hammod-Doel, LSI Logic (ESG)Steven Wilson, Brocade Communications Systems, Inc.

2/28/2007

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Fibre Channel Technologies© 2007 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

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SNIA Legal Notice

• The material contained in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA.

• Member companies and individuals may use this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions:– Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without modification– The SNIA must be acknowledged as source of any material used in the

body of any document containing material from these presentations.

• This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee.

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The objectives of this tutorial are:• Provide the user with a Primer on Fibre Channel • Project the market outlook and roadmap of Fibre

Channel • Share what is New in Fibre Channel Standards for

Protocols APIs, and Management.

Abstract

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What can FC provide today?

1. Flexible, Scalable relative to Topologies, Speed, Performance, Distance, Node connectivity and Low cost

2. Communication and Data Overhead (Framing, Data Communication, Latency, Efficiency, Routing Control, and Access Control),

3. Redundancy, Availability, and Failover, 4. Applicability in SAN (Easy of use), with large IT User

Base

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FC Topologies

Switched FabricUp to 2/24 ports in a switched interconnectMultiple concurrent communications for high aggregate

throughout • Fibre channel supports a 24-bit address space

Provides 2 ^24 addressesFC routing is done based on NPort ID

assigned on login (24-bit addressing consisting of Domain ID, Area ID, and Device ID)

• FC Device ports are uniquely identified by a MAC ID (Worldwide Name)• Address lookup is provided by the Fabric Switch using the Name Server portion of Directory Services

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FC Topologies

Arbitrated Loop → Up to 127 ports on a shared loop

Point-to-Point → Two ports on a dedicated link

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Topology Comparison

Note 1: Frame Delivery Ordering is switch implementation dependent

Note 1

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Flexibility and Scalability

• Uses a common transport mechanism to support:– Physical interface types: Multi/Single Mode Fiber, and Cu– Traditional Channels: SCSI, IPI3, SBCCS, and HIPPI– Traditional Networks: IP, IEEE 802, and ATM

• High-speed -100/200/400/800/1200 MB/s, Reliable data transmission:– 100/200/400/800/1200 MB/s– BER < 10-12

• Provide scalability of performance and cost• Encourage industry support through open standards• Designed to fulfill the needs of SANs

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Speed

Established in late 1980s, first standardized by ANSI T11 in 1994 • 4GFC & 10GFC TODAY! 8GFC & 20GFC in 12 – 18 months

– ISL rates to keep step with edge rates at 2.5x-3x bandwidth premium over edge rates– 4G edge uses 10G ISL, 8G edge uses 20G ISL, 16G edge uses 40G ISL, etc..

• $9.9B Fibre Channel SAN Market in 2007 & growing faster than total storage market• Over 50% of all external storage is FC and over 90% of all SAN is FC• TB of FC: 604K 2005, 1.4M 2007, forecast to hit 4.4M Terabytes of FC storage by 2010 (50%

CAGR)• FC Switch and HBA port count growing at 35% CAGR• 4GFC at the same price as 2GFC and 1Gb/s Ethernet• 4GFC is plug-compatible with 1 and 2GFC (devices auto negotiate w/o user intervention)• Applications are driving higher data rates (i.e. Video, back-up times; more data to backup, less

time to do it)• R/W operations on 4GFC HBAs show dramatic improvements with 98.5% real utilization on

saturated lines• Serial SCSI; FCP protocol• Minimal error rates for network technology• Credit-based flow control (no dropped frames)

1997Fibre Channel

1GFC Fibre Channel SANs

2GFC Fibre Channel

8/16GFCFibre Channel4/10GFC

Fibre Channel

1999

2001

2004

Future

1997Fibre Channel

1GFC Fibre Channel SANs

2GFC Fibre Channel

8/16GFCFibre Channel4/10GFC

Fibre Channel

1999

2001

2004

Future

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Maximum Distance

• 2 Km distance with Multi- mode Fibre• 10 Km distance with Single Mode Fibre• 5000 Km distance with FC over IP

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Frames

• Flexibility – Fly by Frame handling – Out of order

• Speed• Routing

Transmission Words2112

Where frame is being sent to

Where the frame came from

Frame Control fieldSequential count of frames

Responder Exchange ID

4 24 4 4

Data FieldFrame Header Optional

HeadersPayload

(information being transported)Fill

BytesFill

Wor

d

Fill

Wor

d

Sta r

t- of-f

ram

e

E nd-

o f-fr

ame

Fill

Wor

d

Fill

Wor

d

Fill

Wor

d

CR

C

Frame type and content/function

Class-specific control information

Protocol Type in this frame

Sequence this frame belongs to

Originator Exchange ID

Multi-purpose parameter field

R_CTL

CS_CTL

TYPE

SEQ_ID DF_CTL

OX_ID

Destination Address (D_ID)

Source Address (S_ID)

Frame Control (F_CTL)

SEQ_CNT

RX_ID

Parameter Field (PARM)

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Data Traffic with Exchanges

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Establishing Operating Environment

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Flow Control: Access Control, Latency, and Efficiency

Login Buffer to Buffer• Node to Fabric• Fabric to Node

Login Node to NodeFlow control is credit based

• Buffer-To-Buffer Credit• Control pace of frame transmission• Each R_RDY received increments the

available BB_Credit valueLatency

• Across a single switch, average latencies are less than 400 nanoseconds.

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FC Routing

- Connect Any to Any- Maximize Connectivity- Simplex and Duplex

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FC Access Control

Provide AccessibilitySoft Zoning: Employs the Name Server to limit the information returned to an initiator in response to a query. Hard Zoning: Enforced by the Fabric

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Redundancy, Availability, and Failover

- Multi-Path- Full Redundancy- Path Failover

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FC Products Dominant in Enterprise Datacenter

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Detailed RAID Storage:Array Module with Different Drive Technologies

There’s a lot more under the Fibre Channel hood than appearances reveal:

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FC Product Performance – IOPS: Host Interface – Drive Interface

Drive Type

Dual4 GFC

Quad4 GFC

Future8 GFC

Burst I/O rate cache reads (512 byte) 125K 125K 200K

Sustained I/O ratedisk reads (4k – R5) FC 40k 40k 80K

SAS 70K

SATA 12K

Sustained I/O ratedisk writes (4k- R5) - CMD FC 9k 9k 15K

SAS 8K 10K 12K

SATA 2K 2K 4K

Number of drives required for benchmark test and code thread

FC, SAS, / SATA

96D / 8T 96D / 8T 96D / 8T

- FC continues to evolve with different technologies

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FC Product Performance –MB/sec

Drive Type

DualFC

QuadFC

Future8 GFC

Sustained throughputcache read (512k) 1600 MB/s 1800 MB/s 3000 MB/s

Sustained throughput disk read (512k) FC 850 MB/s 850 MB/s 1600MB/s

SAS 800 MB/s 800 MB/s 1200 MB/sSATA 800 MB/s 800 MB/s 900 MB/s

Sustained throughput disk write (512k) FC 800 MB/s 800 MB/s 1600 MB/s

Cache mirroring disabled SAS 750 MB/s 750 MB/s 750 MB/s

Cache mirroring disabled SATA 750 MB/s 750 MB/s 750 MB/s

Number of drives required for benchmark

test and code threadFC 48D / 8T 48D / 8T 48D / 8T

- FC continues to evolve with different technologies

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Current Cost Comparison Table

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What’s New?

A Roadmap to the Future!

The report of my deathwas an exaggeration.

Fibre Channel is Here to Stay.

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Continuous SAN Market Growth

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FC has been the major storage system interconnect since the mid 90s• FC dominates the SAN and external storage market place

How will FC continue to Meet customers’ evolving needs?• Faster speeds• Bandwidth/Cost leadership• Investment protection• Additional capabilities• Lower cost solutions• Simplified solutions (Plug-n-play)

Fibre Channel’s Continuous Evolution

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Continuous Back-EndMarket Growth

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FCIA Fibre Channel Speeds –3 Connection TypesFC specifies 3 connection types

• FC-Base2 • FC-Base10 • FC-BaseT• All speeds of each type Auto-negotiate best

speed w/o any user intervention!• Each speed within its connection type is

backward compatible 2 generations!

FC-Base2• Predominant FC interconnect• Used for fabric Edge and ISL• Also used for Disk and Tape Drives• All speeds single lane serial streams• Optics and copper cabling, SFP/SSF

FC-Base10• Used for ISL (2.5x-3x bandwidth of edge)• 4G Edge/10G ISL migrates to 8G Edge/20G ISL

migrates to 16G Edge/40G ISL, etc

FC-BaseT• FC using Cat5e/6/6a infrastructures• Copper only (Cat5e/6/6a cables)• RJ-45 connector• User can use FC without changing any existing

or new Ethernet cabling!

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FCIA Fibre Channel Speed Roadmap

*Base2 used throughout all applications for Fibre Channel infrastructure and devices. Each speed maintains backward compatibility at least two previous generations (I.e., 4GFC backward compatible to 2GFC and 1GFC)**Base10 commonly used for ISLs, core connections, and other high speed applications demanding maximum bandwidth. ***BaseT used in common Ethernet copper infrastructures incorporating CAT5e/6/6a cables and RJ-45 connectors†Line Rate: All Base2 speeds are single-lane serial stream ‡Dates: Future dates estimated

Courtesy of FCIA

1GFC 200 1.0625 19962GFC 400 2.125 20004GFC 800 4.25 20038GFC 1600 8.5 200616GFC 3200 17 2009

ProductNaming

Throughput(MBps)

Line Rate(GBaud)†

T11 Spec TechnicallyCompleted (Year)‡

Market Availability(Year)‡

19972001200520082011

Base2*

32GFC 6400 34 201264GFC 12800 68 2016

128GFC 25600 136 2020

Market DemandMarket DemandMarket Demand

Base10**

10GFC 2400 10.52 2003 200420GFC 4800 21.04 2007 200840GFC 9600 42.08 TBD Market Demand80GFC 19200 84.16 TBD Market Demand160GFC 38400 168.32 TBD Market Demand

BaseT***

1GFC 200 1.0625 2006 20072GFC 400 2.125 2006 20074GFC 800 4.25 2006 20078GFC 1600 8.5 TBD Market Demand10GFC 2400 10.52 TBD Market Demand

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FCIA “Condensed” Roadmap (Speed Gb/s)• FC-Base2 (Edge, Backend, and ISL)

– 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC shipping today– 8GFC Ships in 12-18 months – 16GFC, 32GFC, 64GFC, 128GFC

• FC-Base10 (ISL)– 10GFC shipping today– 20GFC ships in 12-18 months – 40GFC, 80GFC, 160GFC

• 100GFC under study (leverage IEEE 802.3 work)• FC-BaseT (Edge)

– new 2006 standard for Ethernet RJ45 Cat5/6 copper)– 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFCF, ships in 12-18 months– 8GFC, 10GFC

• 8GFC follows typical FC trend• 10G follows typical Ethernet trend

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Fibre Channel Is Being Improved According To Real Customer Requirements

• New Fibre Channel Standards for– Management And Ease Of Use– Operational Flexibility and

Scalability– Security

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Management Improvements

• Fabric Device Management Interface– HBA Information Can Be Retrieved From The Fabric

• Fibre Channel Open Management– SMI-S– SNMP MIB Development

• Improvements to the Fabric Configuration Server– Advanced Topology Discovery and Bulk Data Retrieval

• Common Transport– Session Semantics Have Been Added

• Diagnostic Tools– FC Trace Route and Ping

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Operational Flexibility

• FAIS: Fabric Application Interface Specification– Allows fabric to host certain applications

• Event Server– More Granular Event Registration

• Virtual Channels– Enables Traffic Differentiation On Links

• Enhanced Commit Service– Fabric Locking More Granular

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• Frame Tagging– Enables Virtual Fabrics

• Routing Architectures and Models– Allows Devices On Distinct Fabrics To Communicate Without a

Merge

• FC-SATA: SATA Tunneling over FC– Brings native tiered storage to FC– FC SATA: An FC-4 mapping of the Serial ATA storage interface

protocol to Fibre Channel

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• What Is NPIV?– Acronym for N-port ID virtualization.

– Additional attribute of an F-port.

– FLOGI request allocated the base PID 0xddaa00.

– FDISC(SID=0) requests allocate virtual PIDs: 0xddaa01, 0xddaa02,

0xddaa03 …

– Used by multiple virtual machines emulated on a physical machine.

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NPIV OverviewVirtual Machine

OS Instance

OS Instance

OS Instance

OS Instance

FLOGI (FFFFFE, HWWNN, HWWPN)

FLOGI ACC: Base PID: 0xddaa00

FDISC (SID=0, VWWNN1, VWWPN1)

FDISC ACC: VPID0: 0xddaa01


FDISC ACC: VPID: 0xddaa02





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Storage Virtualization

• Three types of storage virtualization

Refer to SNIA Virtualization Tutorials

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Fabric Based Virtualization

• FC-Fabric Application Interface Specification (FAIS)

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Virtual Channels• ISL buffer credits are assigned to traffic flows to provide

Quality of Service (QoS) between switches

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Virtual Fabric Tagging

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Inter-Fabric Routing

Layer 2 – SwitchingFSPF = Fabric Shortest Path First

ISL = Inter-Switch Link

Layer 3 – RoutingIFRSPF – Inter-Fabric Routing

Shortest Path FirstIFR = Inter-Fabric Router

Simple Routing

1 2

3

4 5

6

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FC-SATA Configuration

FC-SATA

SATA Storage

Shelf

map to SATA FIS,wrap in FC-SATA

SATA FIS

FC-SATA

Virtualize, or simply pass through

SATA FIS

FC-SATA

SCSI Storage

Shelf

Server

Server

Server

FAST RAIDSwitch

FCP

SCSIFCP

FCP

SCSI

ATA

SATA FIS

SATA FIS

FC-SATA

FC-SATA payloads

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Security

• FC-SP Has Completed Letter Ballot and Will Soon Be A Standard

• Addresses– Infrastructure (Passwords, PKI, Secrets)– Authentication (FCAP, DH-CHAP, FCPAP)– Authorization (Security Policies)– Data Integrity (Hash, Keyed-Hash, Signatures, ESP)– Confidentiality (ESP)– Policy Distribution

Refer to SNIA FC-SP Tutorial

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Fibre Channel: The Storage of Business

Dominates the SAN market todayFibre Channel has a clear roadmap to provide:

• Higher performance• Additional capabilities (Security, Tiered Storage, Intelligence…)• Enablers for new markets

Easy to learn, use and implementProtects and future proofs storage investmentsComprehensive end to end solution

Fibre Channel Meets the Challenge

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Q&A / Feedback

• Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to

SNIA: [email protected]

Many thanks to the following individuals for their contributions to this tutorial.

SNIA Education Committee

Dr. M. K. JibbeSkip JonesSteve WilsonTom Hammod-DoelHoward GoldsteinRobert Peglar

mailto:[email protected]

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Continue Your SNIA Education Experience At SNW• Attend Hands-On Labs in:

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