FIAFcholesterol1303AP
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Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in food pro-duction. However, the future of this growth will depend largely on
availability of raw materials and development of new nutrient sources from vegetable or animal origin.
One of the essential nutrients for shrimp is cholesterol. Driven by the increasing scarcity of conventional sources of cholesterol, Sonac recently developed Phosterol. This hydro-lyzed protein of animal origin is produced in accordance with all relevant EU regulations and is readily available from renewable natural sources. The uniqueness of Phosterol lies in the natural combination of cholesterol and phospholipids. Trails on shrimp have shown a strong synergy between cholesterol and phospholipids, the two main components of Phosterol.
Phosterol is a unique protein hydrolysate with high content of cholesterol and phosphol-ipids like phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol. Cholesterol and phospholipids are essential building blocks in cellular membranes and are part of several biological processes. Together with the high amount of fat, Phosterol is a good ingredient in aquafeeds, especially shrimp feeds. Shrimps rely upon a dietary source of cholesterol for optimal molting.
The origin of Phosterol is porcine tis-sue which has been collected in dedicated European slaughterhouses and after enzy-matic hydrolysis further processed to a beige brownish and heat stable powder.
Gelko Powder is a new hydrolysed animal-based product that contains highly digestible proteins for fish and shrimp. It hosts a combination of important amino acids, making aqua feed attractive and palatable. Naturally present nucleotides,
phospholipids and minerals increase its nutritional value.
EU Feed lawAccording to EU Feed law, Phosterol and
Gelko are permitted for use for all animal spe-cies. No limitations are imposed on produc-tion facilities, transport systems or use at farm level. No additional labeling texts are required.
Growth trial with Phosterol and Gelko
Three diets were formulated to contain equal amounts of cholesterol. The refer-ence diet contained crystalline cholesterol. One diet contained 0.9 % Phosterol and the third diet contained 2 % Gelko, a protein soluble (See Table 2). Feeds were produced with a pellet mill on a 2 mm die, using preconditioning with steam (>90°C) and post-conditioning (>90°C) for 20 minutes.
Shrimp trialThe trial was performed at the AFT-
CreveTec research centre. Forty shrimp of 1-1.4 g were put in 12 nets of 150 litres. All nets were placed in a bigger tank, so all nets had the same water quality. Water quality in the big tanks was maintained with bioflocs.
Each net was equipped with a feeder. The feed gift was adjusted daily according to an expected growth curve and average weight from initial and last measurement.
ResultsGrowth (average weight)We can not observe a statistical difference
in growth between the different feeds. Gelko seemed to be doing a little better in the mid-dle of the experiment, but towards the end the Reference diet was the best.
Table 1: Composition of Phosterol and Gelko
Composition Phosterol Gelko
Moisture 4% 4%
Crude Protein 48% 68%
Crude fat 34% 18%
Crude ash 9% 11%
Cholesterol 10% 0.10%
Total phospholipids 24% 9%
Phosphatidyl choline 7.80% -
Phosphatidyl inositol 0.90% -
DHA 2.30% -
Table 2: Experimental diets - Diets were formulated to contain 38 % proteins and 8 % lipids.
REF Gelko Phosterol
Corn gluten 5 5 5
Fish meal 26 24 26
Squid meal 2 2 2
Wheat 16.9 16.9 16.9
Wheat flour 25 25 25
Soybean meal 15 15 14.2
Soyalecithin 2 2 2
Fish oil 2 2 2
Wheat Gluten 4 4 4
Premix 2 2 2
Cholesterol 0.1 0.1
Phosterol 0.9
Gelko 2
Total 100 100 100
Natural sources of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteinsby Geert van der Velden, Carine van Vuure and Anke van Doremalen, Sonac BV, The Netherlands
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2013
FEATURE
March-april 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 47
ConclusionPhosterol is a valuable alternative source of
cholesterol and gives similar results in growth and lower FCR than the pure source. It also shows lower mortality.
Gelko can replace high quality fish meal with a minimum of 2 % with no growth loss, and results in a lower mortality.
Due to the composition, Phosterol has many benefits in aquafeeds:• Fat and protein mixture• Rich in cholesterol (10%)• Rich in phospholipids (24%)• Good suspension• Good emulsifier• Attractant and palatant in shrimp diets• Improved growth rates, molting fre-
quency and survival in farmed shrimp• Cholesterol is heat stable (3 hours
133°C)The advantages of Gelko:• Fat and protein mixture• Rich in phospholipids (9%)• Good suspension• Attractant and palatant in shrimp diets• Soluble proteins with extreme high
digestibility
More InforMatIon:Website: www.sonac.biz
Table 3: Growth of shrimp (g/week) on diets containing Phosterol and Gelko
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average
Reference 0.89 0 .41 1 .16 2 .00 2 .65 2 .39 1 .58
Phosterol 0.83 0 .43 1 .41 1 .63 2 .62 2 .15 1 .51
Gelko 0 .82 0 .52 1 .55 1 .75 2 .22 2 .44 1 .55
Overall, the observed growth was good, given the fact that shrimp were relatively small at the start of the experiment. Once they reached 3-4 g, they grow above 2g/week.
Table 4: FCR of shrimp on diets containing Phosterol and Gelko
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
REF 0.81 2.02 1.18 1.39 0.99 1.36 1.18 b
Phosterol 1.09 1.81 0.69 0.87 0.86 1.41 0.99 a
Gelko 0.7 1.71 0.76 0.98 1.61 1.17 1.07 b
The feed with Phosterol showed the best FCR, and was statistically better than the other diets
Table 5: Summary of results
Initial weight
Final weight
Growth (g/week) % Growth Mortality FCR
Reference 1.31 10.81 a 1.58 826 % 9.53 % 1.18 b
Phosterol 1.17 10.25 a 1.51 872 % 5.94 % 0.99 a
Gelko 1.26 10.56 a 1.55 838 % 6.41 % 1.07 b
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2013 March-april 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 47
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