FIA-2014-06-25-JDSU - Overcoming the Testing Challenges of ...

Trevor Nord, Application Specialist

Overcoming the Testing Challenges of 40G and Beyond

© 2013 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 2

Agenda

§ Introduction• Increased Demand for speed & capacity in the Enterprise/Data Center• How Enterprises/Data Centers are meeting the demand

§ Fiber Infrastructure• Understanding Parallel Optics & MPO connectivity • Updates to Fiber Test Standards• MPO Test scenarios (10G & beyond)

§ Copper Infrastructure• Why copper in today’s Data Centers?• Copper (10G & beyond)• Testing/Certifying Copper for Category 8 and 40GBASE-T

§ Summary


Introduction


Demand for Higher Speeds and More Data!

q Increased Usersq Broadband everywhere

q Increased Access ratesq Multiple Access schemes,

WiFi, FTTH, LTE, WiMAX

q Increased Servicesq Social Media explosion,

Content on Internetq Massive data requirements due

to video traffic

Google Cisco Visual Networking Index!


Google results…


Can Data Center Supply Keep up with Demand


Fiber Infrastructure


Fiber Infrastructure – the Move to MPO

§ Achieving 40/100 Gbps on Multimode Fiber• Use of Parallel Optics through QSFP/CFP transceivers and MPO

arrays IEEE 40G BASE-SR4§ Mostly Multi-mode preferred for Datacenter applications

• TIA 942-A requires use of OM3 Fiber• 40G needs 8 ports of 12-fiber MPO array• 100G needs 20 ports of 24-fiber MPO array (today)

§ Parallel optics already in use for legacy (1/10G) via cassettes


What is MPO/MTP?

§ Parallel optics – more than one fiber per connector• Typically 12, 24, 48 fibers

§ MPO = Multi-Fiber Push On/Pull Off. Generic term § MTP = Trademark of US Conec. Specific type of MPO connector

§ Used for:• Cable consolidation – 12f backbone to:

Cassettes for duplex connectivity MPO-LC harness for SAN Directors

• 40Gig Ethernet • 100Gig Ethernet

§ Being installed in data centers and other types of networks• Work at 1/10G today with cassettes• Simple transition path to 40G• 100G also possible


Data Center Examples of MPO/Ribbon Fiber

Distribution Switching/Routing

Access Switching

1/10 Gbps Electrical/Optical Ethernet

1/10/40Gbps Optical Ethernet

1/10/40/100Gbps Optical Ethernet

ServersStorage

SAN Switches

Fiberchannel

SAN

12 fiber MPO Link w/Cassettes at either endFiber consolidation and migration pathSFP/SPF+ at each end

6 – 1/10Gbps Ethernet Links

8 fiber MPO Link w/CassetteFiber consolidation and migration pathQSFP at switch SPF+ at server

4 – 10Gbps Ethernet Links

40Gbps Ethernet Link

12 fiber MPO Link (8 fibers used)QSFP at both ends


Ethernet Protocols that Require Ribbon Fiber

§ 40GBASE-SR4 ("short range") • A port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm

lasers. It uses four lanes of multi-mode fiber delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.

• Uses Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) hot-pluggable transceivers

§ 100GBASE-SR10 ("short range") • A port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850 nm

lasers. It uses ten lanes of multi-mode fiber delivering serialized data at a rate of 10.3125 Gbit/s per lane.

• Uses C Form-factor Pluggable (CFP) The “c” stands for the Latin letter C used to express

the number 100 (centum)§ 100GBASE-SR4 is being worked on by IEEE

• 4 lanes – each at ~25Gbit/s

Text and Image from Wikipedia


Polarity and Gender


MPO Polarity


§ Fiber Standards recently updated – or in process• ISO 11801• ISO/IEC 14763-3 • TIA-568.3• TIA-526-14

§ Addresses the issue of uncertainty in loss measurements• Recommends 3 test cord reference method for Channel

measurements• Recommends 1 test cord reference method for Permanent Link

measurements• Requires end-faces be clean in accordance with IEC 61300-3-

35• Requires Encircled Flux test set transmitter launch

Update in Fiber Testing Standards


§ Polarity Issues• Three types of “standard” MPO cords in the market, causing a

lot of confusion• Need for a graphical tool to provide “wiremap” like features

§ Interoperability between 10G->40G links• Most installations use break-out cables/cassettes to get 10G

links • Test Instrument should be able to support LC on one end and

MPO on other§ Gender

• Male (w/pins) and female (w/o pins)• Test cord gender must match “system under test” gender

§ Insertion Loss• Maximum permissible loss of 1.9 dB (40GBASE-SR4 Channel)• Connector loss is critical

Specific Testing Issues for 40G (Ribbon/MPO) Fiber


Single Fiber vs. Multi-Fiber Connectors

SINGLE FIBER CONNECTOR MULTI-FIBER CONNECTOR

§ White ceramic ferrule§ One fiber per connector§ Common types include SC,

LC, FC, and ST

§ Polymer ferrule§ Multiple fibers in linear array

(for example, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72) in single connector providing high-density connectivity

§ Common type is MPO or MTP®


Anatomy of a 12-fiber Multi-Mode MPO Connector

§ The MPO fiber connector has 4 major areas:• Fiber • Ferrule• Alignment pins/sockets• Polarity key Polymer

Ferrule

12 Fiber MultiMode Connector (Female)

Alignment pins/sockets

Fibers

Key


Focused on the Connection

Adapter

MPO Female

MPO Male


Focused on the Connection

Physical Contact

The Physical Contact area is the critical joining point in the fiber network. If there is not a clean physical connection, the light path is disrupted and the connection is compromised.


Top-view Cross Section 12 Fiber MPO - Clean

Physical Contact

Example ofClean Connection(no contamination)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Top-view Cross Section 12 Fiber MPO – Dirty

Particle Dirt

Example ofDirty Connection(contamination causing air gaps, back reflection, insertion loss)

Air Gap1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Dirt

Back Reflection

Insertion Loss


Inspect Before You Connectsm

Follow this simple “INSPECT BEFORE YOU CONNECT” process to ensure fiber end faces are clean prior to mating connectors.


IEC 61300-3-35 Sets Requirements for Connector Quality

Multimode MPO Connectors

CLADDING Zone

CORE Zone

Even for MPO!


Inspect and Clean Both Connectors in Pair!

Inspecting BOTH sides of the connection is the ONLY WAY to ensure that it will be free of contamination and defects.

Patch cords are easy to access and view compared to the fiber inside the bulkhead, which is frequently overlooked. The bulkhead side may only be half of the connection, but it is far more likely to be dirty and problematic.

Patch Cord (“Male”) Inspection Bulkhead (“Female”) Inspection


Inspect ALL fibers in a Multi-Fiber Connector!


What Other Tests Need to be Performed?

§ Polarity Checks• Type A cord – Type B adapter – Type B

cord = ???!!!§ Test from MPO to simplex (SC/LC)§ Insertion Loss Measurement

• Need to be able to perform reference• Loss per fiber w/Pass/Fail

§ Power measurements on live systems


Check Polarity for Fiber Map

§ For existing installations, the end-to-end polarity is often not known

§ Fiber Map shows the polarity of the system or trunk


Test Scenario 1: MPO to MPO

• Easiest way to test• Test permanent link trunks • Test 40G Channels• Ensure polarity and loss

Tester with

MPO RX

Tester with

MPO TX

MPO TrunkMPO BulkheadMPO Bulkhead

MPO Test Reference Cords


Test Scenario 2: MPO to Single Fiber

• One end MPO source – Other end simplex power meter– Testing from MPO to Fanouts or

Cassettes– End-to-end trunks for 10G to QSFP– Fiber Map from MPO to LC/SC

Tester with

MMF RX

Tester with

MPO TX

MPO TrunkMPO BulkheadMPO Cassette

MPO Test Reference Cord

MMF Test Reference Cord


Test Scenario 3: Any Source to MPO

• One end MPO power meter – Other end any source– Fault Isolation – Testing output power from 40G optics

Tester with

MPO RX

Any Source

MPO TrunkBulkheadMPO Bulkhead

MPO Test Reference Cord


Test Scenario 4: 100G Testing Using Array§ Testing 24 fiber MPO Trunks§ Use Array or “Y” cable – 24 fiber MPO to 2x 12 fiber MPO

100Gbps Ethernet Link

20 fiber MPO LinkCXP at both ends


Test Scenario 5: Selected Channels

• Can apply to any of the above scenarios• Allows selection of which of the 12 channels are

active– At the Remote (TX) and at the Local (RX)

• Helps in cases when 8 or fewer fibers are present in MPO links (40GBASE-SR4)

• Results reflect topology• No unwanted “fails” due to nonexistent channels


Things to Remember for Loss Measurements

• Reference first!– Connector gender may require three cord reference test

method– Three cord reference test method is recommended for channel

testing (plugs at both ends)– Check the reference!

• Set limit – Network or Custom (dB)

• Auto-Test Makes it Easy!


Auto-Test Results – Loss and Fiber Map


Copper Infrastructure


§ Backwards compatible with other BASE-T technologies• Auto-negotiate• Migration path vs. forklift upgrade

§ Potentially cheaper than fiber• Installation• Maintenance

§ Uses a well-known and understood media• Category 6A for 10GBASE-T

§ Power over Ethernet• Wireless Access Points

Why Does Anyone Want Copper in the Data Center?


§ Major network equipment vendors have added 10GBASE-T switches to their offerings

§ Servers now come with 10GBASE-T on the motherboard• Copper has always been the cheapest way to connect servers

§ Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) has significantly lowered to power requirements and allowed a low-power mode

Where is 10GBASE-T Today?


§ Achieving 40Gbps in copper is needed because…• Servers of the future will require this speed of connectivity• Large datacenters are connecting servers at 40G today – using

fiber§ 40G over copper standard does exist today

• 40GBASE-CR4• < 7m (used within Racks)• Occupies a lot of space per Gbps compared to BASE-T

§ But most commonly used lengths are between 10m and 30m• Evolving CAT8/40GBASE-T standards support 30m (EoR)

Copper – Moving Beyond 10G


§ TR42.7 is the TIA engineering sub-committee responsible for copper cabling• Since Feb 2011 it has been working to “develop a new

category of cabling to support future applications beyond 10GBASE-T”

• This new category of cabling will be called Category 8 and it will operate up to 2000GHz

• A liaison has been established with the IEEE “Next Generation BASE-T” study group

§ The IEEE has formed a “Next Generation BASE-T” study group• 40GBASE-T (802.3bq)• This group is meeting every month to get this standard ratified

quickly• Preserve existing Ethernet frame structure and min/max frame

sizes• Auto-Negotiate to lower Ethernet speeds

TIA/IEEE Working Groups


§ Likely to be available by 2015§ Will allow an RJ45 connector§ Supports 30m of 40GBASE-T§ Specified to 2000MHz § Shielded cable required§ Primarily targeted at Datacenter

markets with smaller channel length requirement

§ Many limits are already defined§ Please note this standard is not

ratified yet, but very much on its way.

Upcoming Category 8 Standard


Testing/Certification of Copper Cabling

§ ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-C.2 standard requires that installations be field tested to ensure the cabling system (as installed) meets the performance characteristics of a given category

§ Many cable vendors provide warranties on cable installations only if installations are certified according to these specifications

§ Many customers of cabling contractors insist on documented test results


What is Field Tester Accuracy?

§ Defined in ISO/IEC 61935-1/Ed. 2 TIA 1152 • ISO 61935-1 draft Level V is for Class FA (1000 MHz)• TIA 1152 Level IIIe is for Category 6A (500 MHz) – expect 2000 MHz Level VIII

§ Defines baseline, link and channel accuracy of a field tester in comparison with a network analyzer for various parameters

§ Ensures that cable certifiers are precise with minimal internal noise that would impact actual measurements

§ Typically independent verification of Level V and Level IIIe accuracy is required


§ Frequency of Testing• Should be capable of certifying cables up to 2GHz (at least)

§ Accuracy of Field Tester• TIA-1182

§ Speed of Testing• With the increase in frequency test times should not be

inordinate• Legacy testers take 25 Sec for CAT 6A (500MHz)

Certifying Category 8


Summary

§ Data consumption has exploded in the past few years§ Everything in Enterprise/Data Centers is NEW

• Servers / Topologies / Standards / Infrastructure§ New fiber infrastructures built around MPO connectivity

• Supports 1G / 10G / 40G / 100G (already @ 40/100G TODAY)• Specific Testing Issues (Polarity / Interoperability / Loss

Budgets)• Inspect Before You Connect Critical for MPO!

§ Copper is at Cat6A for 10Gbps TODAY• Moving to higher categories and faster speeds• Category 8 (2000MHz) & 40GBASE-T

§ Today’s Enterprise/Data Center test tools must be able to:• Test BOTH Fiber & Copper• Support the latest Standards & Best Practices• Test 1G / 10G / 40G / 100G applications


Thank-You!

FIA-2014-06-25-JDSU - Overcoming the Testing Challenges of ...

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