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XXI lnternational Grassland and VIll lnternational Rangeland Congress

XXI lnternational Grassland Congress and Vlll InternationalRangeland Congress was jointly organized at the capital of InnerMongolia (Hohhot), PR China from 29th June, 2008. It was thefirst occasion when International Grassland Congress (lGC) andInternational Rangeland Congress (!RC) met together to allowan international exchange and discussion on the multi-functionof grasslands and rangelands in a changing world. Dr A Chandraand Dr. (Ms) N B Biradar, Senior scientists from IGFRI, Jhansipafticipated in the congress as congress sponsored delegates.They presented posters in the congress and had interactions wlthscientists gathered from different parts of the world. IGFRIpresence was highlighted during the congress through its dailynewsletter. Seven research articles; "Grasslands - a resource forsustenance in south India", by Trivedi, B K et al.; "Productivity ofdesigned silvopastoralsystems in five agro-ecological regions of lndia", by Roy, M M ef a/.; "Hole of soil seed bankon persistency of pastures in tropical grasslands of Kangayam", bV Natarajan, S et at.; "Private ownership ofgrazing land in tropical semi-arid tract spurs community action for sustainable management of grassland", by AnilKumar et al.; "Diversity and dynamics of soil mesofauna associated with natural grasslands in central lndia", bySharmila Roy and Ruqua.eya Bano; "Marketing of seeds of Stylosanthes - atropical legume in lndia", by NagaratniBiradar et al.; and "ldentification, evaluation and molecular characterization ol Stytosanthes sebrana - a potentialand nutritious range legume having wider applicability in lndia", by Chandra, A et al.,were submitted from iCfnt tothe congress.

The scientific programme of congress focused on three major themes: grasslands/rangelands resources &ecology; grasslands/rangelands production systems; and grassland#rangelands people and policies. Besides, it

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lnnovativeness across the posters - Views from lndia: ln session B - 4, theme, :

Developing improved plants, Amaresh Chandra, an lndian delegate. presentedhisposteron:Styloimprovementandutilizationforbetterlivestockproduction.HestatedthatmanypostersinthesessionWerethought.provokingandinquisi.tive. They generated a lot of interactions among the researchers, development ,

agents, policy makers and farmers. Such efforts are well appreciated and weapplaud the efforts made by IGC/lRC 200p. The efforts of some of the delegates ;whoplacedprintcopiesoftheirpostersandpapersbelowtheirrespectiveposterreally helped those who wished to read them thoroughly. :

has been a significant' milestone in thehistory of IGC and IRC, and in research anddevelopment of grasslands and rangelandswhere more than 1000 overseas scientistsf1-om more than 70 Countries par:ticipated inthe programme, besides the Chineseparticipants. The Chinese Grassland Societyand the lnner MonEolian Governmenterm rwneff*fiiy' ffi c o m ed,, t h6-s#ntistsfrom different parts of the world and providedexcellent opportunities in terms of scientificexchanges, tours to different parts of thecountry larg,ely covering grasslands andrangelands.

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0973-7960 April

XXf lnternational Grasslamd *ongr*ssWilXfi International Rangelamd Congness

Dr. Amresh Chandra

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, iForage b-ased legding system for efficient livestock production ,

fne l'lvetinOod oi a ,large segment of people in lndia is,' r rhibrid napier, etc. Anothe r 20ok otlheir requirementca,n

intricately woven with the livestock sector. The livestock also be met through tuber crops like sweet potato, tumip,sector in lndia accounts for 24.72 "/o of the agricultural sugar'beet etc. A recent study by ACIAR fras concUO#pneal!about4.367,of ihetotai,GDp.rThisisderived thal when pigs are fed with Sfzlosanthes gui",riiii,fJom a livestock populatio:n,of about 185 million cattle,', I thre average daily gain increased f rom 1 00g to 2509 for98 rnillion b,uffaloes, 6l mi.lliOn sheep, 124 million goats, virtually no extra cost, under village conditions in South-13 rnillion pigs and,458 million poultry including 1 1 million East Asia and the pigs could be sold in six rather thanother livestock. lndia ranks first in milk production (98 m 10 months.tons), third in egg production andeighth in the world's meatproduction (4.8 m tons). The milkproduction in the world is expectedto increase from 568 m tons to 700m tons between 2000 and 2020;and the meat production from233m tons to 300 m tons.Withincreasing income and changingdietary habits, the demand forproducts from animal origin isincreasing. To keep pace with thedemand, the livestock sector hasto gear itself by increasingproductivity through cost effectivemeasu res. To achieve theprojected increase in milk andmeat, there is need to promotefeeding systems which is primarilyforage based. This would result inred ucing the total f ood g rainrequirement of the country.

Of the total world cereal consumption as animal feed(660 m tons) in 1997, developed countries used about425 m tons (64'/") which is expected to increase to thetune of 51 1 m tons by 2020. Livestock production indeveloping countries including India is mostly based ongrazang and crop residues (mixed farming system) withlittle supplementation of agro-industrial by-products.Poultry are the major consumer of cereals like maize,barley, jowar, baj13

_e_tc: In lndia, poultry enterprises

consumes around 50% of maize, 30"/o of barley,sorghum and other cereals produced. A part of thiscereal grain could be saved for human consumption byadopting alternative approaches. Studies have shownthat use of Stylosanthes leaf meal in poultry feed canbe economical besides increasing the acceptability ofeggs because of more yettowneJs of tht y;ik. oih;tnon ruminants species can also be given higher levelsof green forage in their ration. Pigs cin be feJ with up to2A/o green fodder like succulent jowar, guinea grass,

The cost of feeding accounts for about o}-Ta % ofthe total cost of animal production in ruminants like cattle,buffalo sheep and goats. Livestock production basedon green fodder is not only economical but also goodfor the general health and well being of the animals,which in turn adds to the income of the livestock ownerson a sustainable basis. Ruminants require 7-10 kg feedto produce one kg of meat. Although: poultry ur. veryefficient feed convefters, requiring 2 - 2.5 kg of feed perkg meat

?nd jy".n. Iess per kg for egg production andpigs require 2.5-4 kg dry matter per kg pig meat, theycannot utilize the crop residues and green forage in largequantities. Forages like oats, sorghum , maize, napiergrass, lucerne and berseem are the cheaper source ofdigestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients thanconcentrate. The cost of DCP and TDN from oats,berseem and lucerne is around Rs. 20 per kg and fromsorghum and maize is around Rs. 25 per kg while fromconcentrate sources it varies from Rs. 40-59 per kg.

L/The experiments with all forage diets have shown

that 400-500 g average daily gain in heifers and milkyield of about 8-10 liters in lactating buffaloes and cowscan be achieved. The well-managed green foddershaving a dry matter digestibility sg% are able to provideall the required nutrients (1.0 kg DCp,T.g kg TDN, 51 gcalcium an d 37 g phosphorus) for a coMbuffalo of 400-500 kg body weight, yielding B-10 titers of milk. Theresults suggest that the first S liters of milk in buffaloesand 10 liters of milk in cows can be produced exclusivelyon high quality forage diet without any concentratesupplementation. For additional milk production requiredenergy may be prcvided from energy rich concentratefeeds.

There is need to change the production practices totake advantage of natural process, by-passing theenergy intensive grain-f ed operations that havedominated in the developed countries Iivestockproduction systems for last several decades. The foodproducts of green fodderl grass-fed ruminants (mutton,lamb, beef. milk) are nutritionally superior and containmuch more omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated lineolicacid (CLA) than those products obtained from grain-fed animals. ln fact, grass/ forage fed animals canproduce 300-500% more omega-B fatty acids and CLAthan cows fed with the typical diet of 50% hay and silagewith 5a% grain. On the other hand, green fodder and

crop residue combination based feeding system is abieto reduce the methane emission to the extent of 8-3 O%depending upon the type of fodder used and itsproportion in the diet.

There is great potential to meet the feed & foddershortage through 19.34 million hectares underpermanent pasture and grazing lands, 108 .42 millionhectares under degr"aded forest and 18.1S millionhectares under agricultural land inside notified forestarea. Even rt 50% of this land is brought under grasslandand silvipastoral system, there is potential to produce200 million tons of dry matter to meet shortage of fodder,being faced now.

ln the country Iike India, adoption of forage basedfeeding regimens for livestock production would ensureIesser methane emission from enteric fermentation aswell as nutritionally superior animal products for humanconsumption besides ensuring a better environment tolive in. Moreover, the cost of production of milk and meatwill come down providing better income to the millionsof farmers.

(K.A.Singh)Director

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Opening new frontiers in breeding crops, scientists fromthe Space-breeding center of the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences sent 21 S kg of seeds ofvegetables, fruits, grains and cotton on board therecoverable satellite Shijian-8 in 2006 for a 1S day spaceodyssey. The experiment was aimed at studying theeffect of cosmic radiation, micro gravity and magneticfields on germination and sprouting of plants. During itsflight, the satellite sent back high-definition digital imagesof sprouting vegetables. The seeds which were plantedafter their journey into space have produced pumpkinsof over g0 kg; 72 kg winter melons, 23 cm chilli, g00gtomato and 60 cm cucumbers!

Scientists have yet to offer a definitive explanationof why space causes the seeds to mutate. But theybelieve that cosmic radiation, micro gravity and magneticfields may have a role to play. After space travel thegenetic sequence may change or a gene maydisappear. While the world debates over the effectof GM crops, the Chinese have opened yet a new frontier

in breeding crops. The Chinese scientists claim thatspace fruits and vegetables are better than the originalwith Vit. C content higher by 3 times in some vegetables.The yield of rice havealso reported to be 25percent higher.Research also showthat certain spaceb reeds useproportionately lesswater than theirtrad itional prede-cessors so they couldbe perfect for aridareas.

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Space melon

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Nutritional mapping of crop residue: Macro and micro mineralsln lndia , livestock production system is mainly basedon crop residues of wheat and rice with meager amountof concentrate supplements. On such feeds ino foddersmineral deficien cyl imbalances are generallyencountered, which limits the production performanceof livestock. Therefore, for devising an area specificmanagement strategies for different regions of thecountry, mapping of macro and micro elernents in majorcrop were undertaken. Macro (Ca, P and Mg) and micro(Cu , Zn and Fe) mineral content of the wheat strawsamples collected from eight major wheat producingstates (Bihar, Haryaflo, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh,Rajsth?n, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal)covering 22 districts, were analyzed to ascertain ih.adequacy of these minerals in meeting the dietary needsof livestock. Calcium content was sufficient (0.59 to0.82%) to meet the daily requirements of dairy animals.However, phosphorus (0.04-aio%) was deficient as

compared to its required level (0.22%) in invariably allthe states. Similarly, magnesium content was also low(0.14-0.25%) in major wheat producing areas exceptMadhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Copper (4.40 to g .Tgppm) and zinc (12.20 to 18.36 ppm) contents of wheatstraw varied greatly f rom region to region. Copper wasbelow the required level in all the samples except fromBihar (9.79 ppm), whereas , zinc was invariably deficientin all the states, lrcn concentration in wheat strawsamples was much higher (117-358 ppm) than therequired level (50-100 ppm). From the results, it isevident that in wheat straw only Ca content wasadequate whereas. P. Mg, Cu and Zn were deficientthus necessitating their dietary supplementation. Higherlevels of Fe also require's suitable counteractive rnineralsupplementation strategies.

(KK Singh, MM Das and AK Misra)

Production of quality Aonla planting material through 'bench grafting'bags havingsoil: FYM: leafmou ld in theratio of 1 :1 :1 .

The grafts arethen coveredwith 20x3cmpolycap andopen end ofcap is buried insoil. Soil of

was watered to saturation, Complete grafts with filledpolythene bags were placed in nursery under shade.The transpired water accumulating as vapour inpolythene tube provides a sofi of mist microclimate tothe grafts and scion sprouts in 15-25 days. After about20 days, upper end of polythene tube was cut in orderto allow straight growth of sprout and after 35 days it isfinally removed. ln about one year from sowing (JLne tonext year July), 90-95 per cent plants propogated withthis method became ready for sale. At this institute plantprepared by this method gave 100 per centestablishment. This technique offers production of betterquality of saleable sapling with a favourable root systemf or f ield establish ment in one year compared toconventional patch budding method requiring at leasttwo years of nursery growth. Thus, this technique isproven to be very very useful and profitable for nurseryowners and farmers interested in developing orchard ofimproved cultivars of Aonla.

(Sunil Kumar and AK Shukla)

y Fly Ash - A cheap amendment for conserving water in vertisolsFly ash, a waste product generated by coal basedthermal power plants has a vast potential for use inagriculture, forestry and wasteland reclamation. lnIndia, nearly 73o. of the total installed powergeneration capacity is thermal, of which g0% is coal-based. Owing tc its physico-chemical characteristics,application of fly ash into soil has been found toincrease the \vater holding capacity, hydraulicconductivity and porosity; and decrease rn bulkdensity, modulus of rupture and surface encrustation.Providing a niche for enhancing the infiltration andreducing runoff in Vertisols. Bundelkhand region ischaracterizec by erratic and low rainfall with highlyheterogeneo.rs soils having poor physico-chemicalproperties. This results in low soil moisture reservefor crop grc''r,'th and development. ln an experiment

at lGFRl, coarse textured fly ash from ParichhaThermal Power Plant (PTPP) was applied to mediumblack soil where moisture conservation was limitedby poor infiltration and hydraulic conductivity.Application of fly ash resulted in significant increasein the water content at field capacity and permanentwilting point of the soil (Table). lt also improved soilaeration and moisture movement by decreasing bulkdensity and increase in porosity after three years ofapplication. Thus it provided a better enviroRment forcrop growth for a longer period during dry spell thrivingon conserved water. The farmers of Bundelkhandregion can use this technology easily as fly ash isavailable free of cost from PTPP. They can reap betterharvest from fields for at least five years once the flyash is applied to the field.

Effect of fly ash on bulk density and water holding capacity of medium black soil after 3 years of application

Treatments Bulk Density (g/cc) Water Holding Capacity(%)

1 5 bar pressure 113'd bar

No fly ash * sole inorganic nutrients (control)50 t ha' ol,l, ash + sole inorganic nutrients100 t ha f ly ash + sole inorganic nutrientsC.D

1.2821 .230..1.220..0.032

5.3445.572.5.7450.1 51

16.859

17.643..18.588..0.753

level, ** = significant at 1% level) (SK Das and Arvind K Rai)

Institute Flesearch ffimaxs?trE$

The lnstitute IRC for the year 2008-Og was held from31't May to 7r June, 2008 under the Chairmanship ofDr. K A singh, Director. Sh. K C Pandey, Secretary IRCbriefed the house on divisional level pre-lRC exercises,During the lRC, fourteen new research proposals werefinalizeo. Tne chairman, emphasized the need to embracemodern technology in the changing agricultural scenarioand take up the new projects to solve the problems offarmers. He also emphasized that the recommendationmade by QRT, RAC & PME should be adequatelyaddressed. He advised the scientists to use the existingresources judiciously and asked all the divisions to joinhands with the extension scientists in ToT activities.

F*eseffir#h Adw$s*ry ffi*ms?rt$€teeThe Research Advisory Committee for the lndianGrassland & Fodder Research lnstitute, Jhansi andNational Research Centre for Agro-forestry, Jhansi hasbeen reconstituted for a period of three years w.e.f.8.5.2008. The committe inclucies eminent persons togive proper directions to the research of the two lnstitutesto meet the future challenges. Dr. M C Saxena has beennominated as Chairman of the RAC and the membersare Dr. R P S Grewal, Prof. H Sekhar Sethy, Dr. S DRai, Dr. V K Misra, Dr. A K Misra. Dr. K A Singh, Director,IGFRI & Dr. S K Dhyani, Director NRCAF, Dr. S NShukla, ADG (FFC), Dr. A K Gogoi, ADG (AF), Sh riZafarAkhtar and Shri Puran Sharma.

@*i*technologyoverseasAssociateship2s$7.08The following three Scientists of IGFRI were awarded the above Associateship by the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of lndia

1. Dr. D.R. Malaviya, Principal Scientist : Short term Associateship for 3 months to UK on

2. Dr. A.K. Misra, principal scientist In:"J1}rtff.t#;,',::l'p for 6 months to France onFeed Biotechnology and

3. Dr. P. Kaushal, Senior Scientist : Long term Associateship for 1 year to ltaly on Apomixisresearch in grasses.

Remunerative forage based crop sequences for central region

Productivity of livestock in centralreg ion is low because of poo ravailability of fodder and feedresources. Most of the states of thecentral region are deficit in dry matterrequired for their livestock. Balancednutrition to livestock through feed andfodder has been possible in selectedm ilk shed areos, where intensivefodder production is practiced.Therefore th. role of forage and feedresources is crucial. The productivityof cultivated forage crops is generallylow at farmers'field because it get leastpriority and share in the productionresources. There is a need to educatefarmers about advantages of growingforage crops by adopting appropriateforage species, _varieties andmanagement techniques to obtainbetter yields and sustain soilproductivity.

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(Sunil Kumar, G,S, Rathi, S,H. Pathan,M.R. Patet and V.K. Kauthale)

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"lndian agriculture must continuously evolve to remain ever responsive to manage the change andto meet the growing diversified needs of different stake holders in the eniire produciion toconsumption chain. An attempt has been made to visualize an alternate agricultural scenario frompresent to twenty years hence to capitalize on it, an in-depth analysis of the Strength, Weaknesses,Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) was undertaken to place ourueserrcriand technologydevelopment efforts in right perspective so that we succeed in our pursuit of doing better than thebest. Accordingly, researchable issues are identified, strategies drawn and programmes indicatedto commensurate projects and relevant activities coinciding with launch of ine Xt Five year plan.

It is expected that realizing the Vision embodied in the document would further ensure that thelGFRl, Jhansi continues to fulfill its mandate to make lndian agriculture locally, regionally andglobally competitive."

... Dr. Mangala Rai, Secretary DARE & DG iCAR

The presence of IGFRI in theNorth-West Himalayas (JammuKashmir & Himachal Pradesh)has made a significant impact onthe fodder resource development.This is an effort to look back uponthe work already done , analyzeand bring them into a comprehen-sive publication, containing thesignificant research results. Thisdocument will help the policymakers, researchers and scien-tists.

Bimal Misri, S Radotra andlnder Dev

To meet the challenge of wide gapin forage demand and supply inpeninsular lndia, the RegionalReesarch Station of IGFRI atDhanruad, since its inception in1987 has made significant contri-bution through interdisciplinary re-search programmes. The presentcompilation embodying the re-search activities of the past twodecades at this centre will be ofimmense use to researchers,planners and farming community.

K Sridhar, NB Biradar,S Karthigeyan, DVKN Rao, AK Roy

The need for increasing thelivesto cWfarm animal productionand productivity at a rapid rate isimminent. Keeping in view thelocally available feed resourcesand sharing the experiences oneconomic feeding of farmanimals.This publication givesguidelines for feeding farmanimals in peninsular lndia.

AK Misra, SK Mahanta andKK Singh

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This is an attemt to review ourknowledge on efficient use of wa-ter for fodder and Iivestock produc-tion and identify the researchableissues which may be carried out toascertain the conditions underwhich "more fodder with less wa-ter" is possible. This publication de-scribes a frame work to visu alizeand understand different compo-nents of fodder and livestock waterproductivity in agricultural systems.

MJ Baig, Sultan Singh,

SK Rai, JB Singh, AK Misra, NBBiradar, OPS Verma and Anil Kumar

Production and utilization of im-proved fodder crops helps in in-creasing the milk production. Farm-ing community in lndia is largely un-aware about the importance of fod-der crops. lt is important to makefarming community aware aboutthe availability of a wide range offodder crops for different farmingconditions. This publication broughtout by RRS, lGFRl, Dhanruad is astep fonrvard in this direction.

NB Biradar, K Sridhar andS Karthigeyan

This is a compilation of informationon below ground diversity associatedwith major fodder production systemslike fodder crop, grasslands, silvi/hortipastoral system based on theresearch work carried out at lGFRl,Jhansi. This publication will not onlyprovide good technical materialfor re-search workers but will also serue asa needful reference for planningahead.

Sharmila Roy, Pradeep Saxenaand MM Roy

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land management for IGFRIbuilding for communityScientists

Fublished,hyl]th6,Dkector; lhd-iqn GralbElandgnd,'Fddds{,Resparsh,lns!{ute,{lndian Council of furicultural Research), Jhansi - 284 003Telephone:0510-2730666 Fax:0510-2730833 E-mail:igfri@igfri.ernet.in;igfrijhansi@yahoo.co.in Website: http://igfri.ernet.in;http://www.igfri.org and printed at M/s Royal Otfset Printers, A-89/1 , Naraina lndustrial Area, Phase-1 , New Delhi-110 028

Editors: Anil Kumar, KK Singh, Sunil Kumar, AK Rai, N Shahid, BS Meena and AK Saxena Assistance : AK Singh

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