Miologijos Miologijos pagrindaipagrindai

Raumeninio audinio sandaraRaumeninio audinio sandara

Raumens sandaraRaumens sandara

Raumen grupsRaumen grups

Structure of the 3 muscle types. The drawings at right show these muscles in cross section. Skeletal muscle is composed of large, elongated, multinucleated fibers. Cardiac muscle is composed of irregular branched cells bound together longitudinally by intercalated disks. Smooth muscle is an agglomerate of fusiform cells. The density of the packing between the cells depends on the amount ofextracellular connective tissue present.

Striated skeletal muscle in longitudinal section (lower) and in cross section (upper). The nuclei can be seen in the periphery of the cell, just under the cell membrane, particularly in the cross sections of these striated fibers. H&E stain. Medium magnification.

Skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. Note the striation in the muscle cells and the moderate amount of collagen (yellow). PSP stain. High magnification.

Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle fibers. Note the dark-stained A bands and the light-stained I bands, which are crossed by Z lines. Giemsa stain. High magnification.

Aktinas

Miosinas

Miofibril

Sarkolema

Endomysiumas

Perimysiumas

EpimysiumasRaumens sandara

Electron micrograph of skeletal muscle of a tadpole. Note the sarcomere with its A, I, and H bands and Z line. The position of the thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere is shown schematically in the lower part of the figure. As illustrated here, triads in amphibian muscle are aligned with the Z line in each sarcomere. In mammalian muscle, however, each sarcomere exhibits 2 triads, one at each AI band interface x35,000.

Transverse section of skeletal muscle myofibrils illustrating some of the features diagrammed in Figure 1011. I, I band; A, A band; H, H band; Z, Z line. x36,000.

Muscle contraction, initiated by the binding of Ca2+ to the TnC unit of troponin, which exposes the myosin binding site on actin (cross-hatched area). In a second step, the myosin head binds to actin and the ATP breaks down into ADP, yielding energy, which produces a movement of the myosin head. As a consequence of this change in myosin, the bound thin filaments slide over the thick filaments. This process, which repeats itself many times during a single contraction, leads to a complete overlapping of the actinand myosin and a resultant shortening of the whole muscle fiber. I, T, C are troponin subunits.

Schematic representation of the thin filament, showing the spatial configuration of 3 major protein componentsactin, tropomyosin, and troponin. The individual components in the upper part of the drawing are shown in polymerized form in the lower part. The globular actinmolecules are polarized and polymerize in one direction. Note that each tropomyosinmolecule extends over 7 actin molecules. TnI, TnC, and TnT are troponin subunits.

Segment of mammalian skeletal muscle. The sarcolemma and muscle fibrils are partially cut, showing the following components: The invaginations of the T system occur at the level of transition between the A and I bands twice in every sarcomere. They associate with terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), forming triads. Abundant mitochondria lie between the myofibrils. The cut surface of the myofibrils shows the thin and thick filaments. Surrounding the sarcolemma are a basal lamina and reticular fibers.

Electron micrograph of a transverse section of fish muscle, showing the surface of 2 cells limiting an intercellular space. Note the invaginations of the sarcolemma, forming the tubules of the T system (arrows). The dark, coarse granules in the cytoplasm (lower left) are glycogen particles. The section passes through the A band (upper right), showing thick and thin filaments. The I band is sectioned (lower left), showing only thin filaments. x60,000.

Electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of the skeletal muscle of a monkey. Note the mitochondria (M) between adjacent myofibrils. The arrowheads indicate triads2 for each sarcomere in this musclelocated at the AI band junction. A, A band; I, I band; Z, Z line. x40,000.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre, showing in particular the organization of the transverse tubules (orange) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (buff). Mitochondria (blue) lie between the myofibrils and a muscle nucleus (green) at the periphery. Note that transverse tubules are found at the level of the A/I junctions, where they form triads with the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Ultrastructure of the motor end-plate and the mechanism of muscle contraction. The drawing at the upper right shows branching of a small nerve with a motor end-plate for each muscle fiber. The structure of one of the bulbs of an end-plate is highly enlarged in the center drawing. Note that the axon terminal bud contains synaptic vesicles. The region of the muscle cell membrane covered by the terminal bud has clefts and ridges called junctional folds.The axon loses its myelin sheath and dilates, establishing close, irregular contact with the muscle fiber. Muscle contraction begins with the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles of the end-plate. This neurotransmitter causes a local increase in the permeability of the sarcolemma. The process is propagated to the rest of the sarcolemma, including its invaginations (all of which constitute the T system), and is transferred to thesarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The increase of permeability in this organelle liberates calcium ions (drawing at upper left) that trigger the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction. Thin filaments slide between the thick filaments and reduce the distance between the Z lines, thereby reducing the size of all bands except the A band. H, H band; S, sarcomere.

A neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle. The expanded motor end-plate of the axon is filled with vesicles containing synaptic transmitter (ACh) (above) and the deep infoldings of the sarcolemmal sole plate (below) form subsynaptic gutters.

Muscle spindle showing afferent and efferent nerve fibers that make synapses with the intrafusal fibers (modified muscle fibers). Note the complex nerve terminal on the intrafusal fibers. The two types of intrafusalfibers, one with a small diameter and the other with a dilation filled with nuclei, are shown. Muscle spindles participate in the nervous control of body posture and the coordinate action of opposing muscles.

Drawing of a Golgi tendon organ. This structure collects information about differences in tension among tendons and relays data to the central nervous system, where they are processed and help to coordinate fine muscular contractions.

NERVIN RAUMENIN VERPST

NERVIN SAUSGYSLIN VERPST

Structure and function of skeletal muscle. The drawing at right shows the area of muscle detailed in the enlarged segment. Color highlights endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.

Cross section of striated muscle stained to show collagens type I and III and cell nuclei. The endomysium is indicated by arrowheads and the perimysium by arrows. At left is a piece of epimysium. Picrosirius-hematoxylin stain. High magnification.

Striated skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. In the left side of the photomicrograph the insertion of collagen fibers with the muscle is clearly seen. Picrosiriuspolarized light (PSP) stain. Medium magnification.

Longitudinal section of striated muscle fibers. The blood vessels were injected with a plastic material before the animal was killed. Note the extremely rich network of blood capillaries around the muscle fibers. Giemsa stain. Photomicrograph of low magnification made under polarized light.

Sausgysl, raumens prisitvirtinimas prie kaulo

Raumens dalys:galva, pilvelis, uodegaRaumens prisitvirtinimas:Sausgysl ir sausplv, fiksuotas takas, judamasis takas, raumens pradia, raumens pabaigaRaumens vartai

A generalized example to illustrate the biomechanical effects of the force generated by a muscle. The muscle (which does not represent a specific anatomical muscle) arises from a fixed base or origin, crosses a single multiaxial joint, and is attached at its insertion to a mobile bone.

Raumen priedai: FascijaTepalins sausgysli maktys, tepaliniai maieliai (tepalinis sluoksnis).Intarpiniai sausgysli kauliukai

RaumenRaumen rrysys::Ilgieji (eiviniai, vienplunksniai, dviplunksniai, juostinius), platieji(trikampiai, rombiniai, kvadratiniai, trapeciniai, iediniai), trumpieji, iediniai

paprastieji ir sudtiniai (dvigalviai, trigalviai, keturgalviai, keturuodegiai, dvipilviai, daugiapilviai)

Vien-, dvi-, daugiasnariai

Raumen vard sudarymo principai:morfologija (trapecinis raumuo, kvadratinis launies raumuo,)topografija (poodinis kaklo raumuo)funkcija (sukamasis galvos raumuo)skaidul kryptis (tiesusis pilvo raumuo)raumens galv skaiius (dvigalvis sto raumuo)prisitvirtinimo vieta (krtininis polieuvio raumuo)raumens dydis (didysis sdmens raumuo)

Agonistai atliekantys pagrindin funkcij

AntagonistaiSinergistaiFiksuojantys raumenys

SVERTAISVERTAI:Dviej pei -

pusiausvyros

Vieno peties -greiiojgos

SVERT TAKAISVERT TAKAI:

atramos jgos veikimo ( raumens prisitvirtinimo) pasiprieinimo (svorio)

GRIAUI RAUMENYSGRIAUI RAUMENYS

GalvosKakloLiemens: nugaros, krtins ir pilvoGalni: virutins ir apatins

Galvos raumenysVeido raumenys: antgalvinis (kaktinis ir pakauinis pilveliai, sausplvinis almas), nosinis, iedinis akies, iedinis burnos, burnos kampo nuleidiamasis, virutins lpos keliamasis, apatins lpos nuleidiamasis, burnos kampo keliamasis, andinis.

Kramtymo raumenys: kramtomasis, smilkininis, oninis ir vidinis sparniniai.

Kaklo raumenysPaviriniai raumenys: poodinis, galvos sukamasis.Virutini bei apatini polieuvini raumen grups: malamasis polieuvio raumuoGilieji raumenys: onin ir vidin grups

Liemens raumenysNugarosKrtins Pilvo

Nugaros raumenysPaviriniaigalniniai nugaros raumenys: trapecinis, plaiausias nugaros, didysis ir maasis rombiniai, ments keliamasis. savieji nugaros raumenys: apatinis ir virutinis upakaliniai dantytieji, dirinis, Gilieji : ilgieji - nugaros tiesiamasis, trumpieji

Krtins raumenysGalniniai krtins raumenys: krtins didysis ir maasis, priekinis dantytasis.Savieji krtins raumenys: ioriniai ir vidiniai tarponkauliniai, diafragma.Diafragma: juosmenin, onkaulin ir krtinkaulin diafragmos dalys, sausgyslinis centras, aortos, stempls ir tuiosios venos angos.

Pilvo raumenysPriekiniai tiesusis pilvo raumuo (tiesiojo pilvo raumens maktis, skersin fascija.)oniniai - iorinis ir vidinis striiniai bei skersinis pilvo raumenys, baltoji linija, bambos iedas. Kirkninis raitis ir kanalas. Pilvo presas.Upakaliniai - kvadratinis juosmens raumuo.

VIRUTINS GALNS RAUMENYS(I) Pei lanko raumen grup: deltinis, antdyglinis, podyglinis, maasis ir didysis apvalieji, pomentinis raumenys;(II) asto raumen priekin (lenkiamj raumen) grup: dvigalvis asto (ilgoji ir trumpoji galvos), snapinis asto, astinis raumenys;(III) asto raumen upakalin (tiesiamj raumen) grup: trigalvis asto (ilgoji, onin, vidin galvos) raumuo;(IV) Dilbio raumen priekin (lenkiamj raumen) grup: pavirinis sluoksnis - apvalusis nugriamasis, rieo stipininis lenkiamasis, ilgasis delno, rieo alkninis lenkiamasis, pirt pavirinis lenkiamasis raumenys; gilusis sluoksnis - pirt gilusis lenkiamasis, nykio ilgasis lenkiamasis, kvadratinis nugriamasis raumenys; (V) Dilbio raumen upakalin (tiesiamj raumen) grup: pavirinis sluoksnis- astinis stipinkaulio, ilgasis rieo stipininis tiesiamasis, rieo alkninis tiesiamasis raumenys; gilusis sluoksnis - atgriamasis, nykio ilgasis atitraukiamasis, nykio ilgasis tiesiamasis, smiliaus tiesiamasis raumenys.(VI) Delno raumen vidurin grup.(VII) Rankos nykio pakylos raumen grup.(VIII) Maylio pakylos raumen grup.

Apatins galns raumenys(I) Dubens raumen grup: klubinis juosmens, didysis, vidurinis ir maasis sdmens, vidinis ir iorinis utvaros, kvadratinis launies raumenys;

(II) launies raumen priekin (tiesiamjraumen) grup: siuvjo, keturgalvis launies (tiesusis launies, oninis, tarpinis ir vidinis platieji) raumenys;

(III) launies raumen upakalin (lenkiamjraumen) grup: dvigalvis launies, pusgyslinis, pusplvinis raumenys;

(IV) launies raumen vidin (pritraukiamjraumen) grup: skiauterinis, ilgasis, didysis ir trumpasis pritraukiamieji, graktusis raumenys;

Apatins galns raumenys(V) Blauzdos raumenpriekin (tiesiamj raumen) grup: priekinis blauzdos, pirtilgasis tiesiamasis, kojos nykio ilgasis tiesiamasis raumenys;

(VI) Blauzdos raumenupakalin (lenkiamjraumen) grup: pavirinis sluoksnis - trigalvis blauzdos raumuo (dvilypis blauzdos ir plekninis raumenys), kulninsausgysl, gilusis sluoksnis -upakalinis blauzdos, pirtilgasis lenkiamasis, kojos nykio ilgasis lenkiamasis raumenys.

(VII) Blauzdos raumen onin(atitraukiamj arba eiviniraumen) grup: ilgasis ir trumpasis eiviniai raumenys.

Apatins galns raumenys(VIII) Pdos nugaros raumen grup;

(IX) Pdos nykio pakylos raumen grup;

(X) Pdos maylio pakylos raumen grup.

AtsiskaitymaiAtsiskaitymaivadas anatomijos studijas.

Histologiniai tyrim metodai. Lstels ir audini sandaros pagrindai.

Bendroji osteologija.

Bendroji artrologija: jungi apibdinimas, anatomin ir funkcin klasifikacija.

Miologijos pagrindai; raumen grups.

Bendroji neurologija, smegen dangalai ir nugaros smegenys

Galvos smegenys: dalys ir morfofunkcinis apibdinimas.

Periferin nerv sistema. Nugarini nerv rezginiai. Galvini nerv morfofunkcinis apibdinimas. Autonomins nerv sistemos dariniai.

Sensorini sistem anatomija bei morfofunkcinis apibdinimas. Uosls, regos, klausos ir pusiausvyros bei skonio sistemos. Somatosensorins ir somatomotorins sistem apibdinimas.

Splanchnologijos pagrindai. Kvpavimo organ anatomija.

Virkinimo organ sandara

lapimo organ sistema. Lytini organ anatomija

Kraujas, irdies ir gysl anatomija

Limfin ir imunin sistema

Belataki liauk morfofunkcinis apibdinimas. Odos sandara

Miologijos pagrindaiStructure of the 3 muscle types. The drawings at right show these muscles in cross section. Skeletal muscle is composed of larSchematic representation of the thin filament, showing the spatial configuration of 3 major protein componentsactin, tropomyoSegment of mammalian skeletal muscle. The sarcolemma and muscle fibrils are partially cut, showing the following components: TElectron micrograph of a longitudinal section of the skeletal muscle of a monkey. Note the mitochondria (M) between adjacent mUltrastructure of the motor end-plate and the mechanism of muscle contraction. The drawing at the upper right shows branchingMuscle spindle showing afferent and efferent nerve fibers that make synapses with the intrafusal fibers (modified muscle fiberStructure and function of skeletal muscle. The drawing at right shows the area of muscle detailed in the enlarged segment. ColCross section of striated muscle stained to show collagens type I and III and cell nuclei. The endomysium is indicated by arroStriated skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. In the left side of the photomicrograph the insertion of collagen fibers witLongitudinal section of striated muscle fibers. The blood vessels were injected with a plastic material before the animal was