Fetal Retardation

8/3/2019 Fetal Retardation

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FACTORS

CAUSING FETALGROWTH

RETARDATION


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MATERNAL FACTORS CAUSING FETAL

GROWTH RETARDATION

Cyanotic heart disease

Chronic lung disease

Malnutrition

Severe anemia

Smoking

Surgical bypass proceduresDrug addiction


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PLACENTAL FACTORS CAUSING FETAL

GROWTH RETARDATION

Circumvallate placenta

Abnormal implantation site

Abruptio placenta


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FETAL FACTORS CAUSING FETAL

GROWTH RETARDATION

Congenital anomalies

Trisomies

Intrauterine infections

AIDS

TORCH


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TOXOPLASMOSIS, OTHER AGENTS, RUBELLA,CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, HERPES SIMPLEX

Infection with any of these may cause a

constellation of similar symptoms in

affected newborns. These may include fever;

difficulties feeding; small areas of bleedingunder the skin, enlargement of the liver and

spleen; yellowish discoloration of the skin,

whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes

(jaundice); hearing impairment;abnormalities of the eyes.


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Itendhere...


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CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE

also known as bronchopulmonary

dysplasia (BPD)

Chronic lung disease is a condition in

which damaged tissue in a newborn

baby's lungs causes breathing and

health problems.


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CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE

also called Right-to-left cardiac

shunt; Right-to-left circulatory shunt

Cyanotic heart disease is a heart

defect, present at birth (congenital),

that results in low blood oxygen levels.


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ANEMIA

Normally during pregnancy, erythroid

hyperplasia of the marrow occurs, and RBC

mass increases. However, a

disproportionate increase in plasma volumeresults in hemodilution (hydremia of

pregnancy): Hct decreases from between 38

and 45% in healthy women who are not

pregnant to about 34% during late singlepregnancy and to 30% during late multifetal

pregnancy.


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MALNUTRITION

Malnutrition is the condition that

occurs when your body does not

get enough nutrients.


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SURGERY DURING PREGNANCY

Major surgery, particularly intra-

abdominal, increases risk of preterm

labor and fetal death. However, surgery

is tolerated well by pregnant women

and the fetus when appropriate

supportive care and anesthesia

(maintaining BP and oxygenation atnormal levels) are provided, sophysicians should not be reluctant to

operate; delaying treatment of an

abdominal emergency is far more


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SMOKING

Smoking during pregnancy affects

you and your baby's health before,

during, and after your baby is born. The nicotine (the addictive

substance in cigarettes), carbon

monoxide, and numerous other

poisons you inhale from a cigarette

are carried through your

bloodstream and go directly to your

baby.


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DRUG ADDICTION

Taking drugs during pregnancy also increases

the chance of birth defects, premature babies,

underweight babies, and stillborn births.

Exposure to drugs such as marijuana -- alsocalled weed, ganja, dope, or pot -- and alcohol

before birth has been shown to cause behavior

problems in early childhood. These drugs can

also affect the child's memory andattentiveness. In addition, some findings show

that babies born to women who use cocaine,

alcohol, or tobacco when they are pregnant

may have brain structure changes that persist

into early adolescence.


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CIRCUMVALLATEPLACENTA

A circumvallate placenta is a placenta

that does not form properly. This

placental abnormality occurs in less

than two percent of pregnancies and it

is not the fault of anything the mother

does or does not do. It occurs because

of variations in placental developmentthat are beyond the control of the

body that the fetus is gestating in.


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ABNORMAL IMPLANTATION SITE

The abnormally implanted gestation

grows and draws its blood supply

from the site of abnormal

implantation. As the gestation

enlarges, it creates the potential for

organ rupture, because only the

uterine cavity is designed to expandand accommodate fetal development.

Ectopic pregnancy can lead to massive

hemorrhage, infertility, or death.


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ABRUPTIO PLACENTA

Abruptio placentae is premature

separation of a normally implanted

placenta from the uterus after 20 wkgestation. It is an obstetric

emergency. Manifestations may

include vaginal bleeding, uterine

pain and tenderness, hemorrhagicshock, and disseminated

intravascular coagulation.


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CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

The risk of having a child with

congenital anomalies is higher if a

parent or a sibling has acongenital anomalies -- the risk

increases from eight in 1,000 to

16 in 1,000.


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TRISOMY

all individuals with Trisomy are affected by

mental retardation and distinctive malformations

of the skull and facial (craniofacial) region. In

some instances, additional physicalabnormalities may also be present, such as other

skeletal defects, structural malformations of the

heart that are present at birth (congenital heart

defects), and/or other findings. In some cases,

the trisomy appears to result from a balancedchromosomal rearrangement in one of the

parents; in others, it is thought to arise from

errors very early in embryonic development that

occur for unknown reasons.


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AIDS

Most aids infections in children

are passed from mother to child

during pregnancy, labor anddelivery, or breastfeeding.

Fetal Retardation

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