Ferris State University & Michigan Department of Career Development 1 Radiation Safety Study Guide.

Ferris State University & Michigan Department of Career Development •1

Radiation Safety

Study Guide


Radiation

� What is radiation?


Nonionizing

� What are 4 types of non-ionizing radiation?


Ionizing

� What are 2 types of ionizing radiation?


Radiation

� What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?


Nucleus

Electron

Orbital path

Atomic Structure

� Define Nucleus:

� Define Electrons:

� What are atoms held together by?


Types of Ionizing Radiation

� What are types of ionizing radiation that are important in healthcare setting?


Sources of Exposure

� What are the sources of exposure to ionizing radiation?


Sources of Exposure

� What are some examples of environmental radiation?


Sources of Exposure

� What are some examples of medical sources?


� What are the characteristics of x-rays?

X-Ray


� State the penetrating needs for steel, and the human body:

� Rays come from outside the body, but cause damage inside the body.

X-Ray


Sources of Exposure

Exposure Source Exposure Level

Coal-burning power plant 0.165 mrem/year

X-rays from TV set (1 inch) 0.5 mrem/hour

Airplane ride (39,000 ft) 0.5 mrem/hour

Nuclear power plant (normal operations at property line)

0.6 mrem/year

Three-mile Island (dose at plant, duration of accident)

80 mrem

Building materials (concrete) 3 mrem/year

Chest x-ray 8 mrem/year

Shoe-fitting fluoroscope (per use) 170 mrem

Radionuclides in the body (potassium)

39 mrem/year

Dental x-ray 10 mrem/year


Biological Effects of Radiation

� What is allowable background exposure per year?

� What do the effects on body depend on:



What do effects from externalsource depend on?

-Penetrating ability

Alpha

Beta

Gamma or x-ray

Electron



Parent

cell

Celldivision

Normal cells



Irradiated

cell

Celldivision

Cells damaged

Parent

cell



� What are the somatic effects of radiation?

� What are the genetic effects of radiation?



� List the sensitive cells, from most sensitive to least sensitive:



� List the sources of health hazard data:


Units of Measurement

� What are the units of measure associated with radiology?


Roentgen (R)

� Exposure to x-rays and gamma rays in air is expressed in:


Roentgen Adsorbed Dose

� Describe RAD:


Roentgen Equivalent Man

� Describe REM:


Units of Measurement

� List the what the effect of ionizing radiation is determined by:


Standards and Guides

Why is there a difference between occupational limits and public health limits?

� Occupational limits

� Public health limits

� Dose limits



� What is the permissible dose for the whole body, per quarter?

� What is the permissible dose for hands, forearms, and feet, per quarter?

� What in the permissible dose for the skin of whole body per quarter?



� What should be posted in a radiation area?

� What should be posted in a high radiation area?

� What areas are to be labeled?

Posting Requirements



What is theUniversal symbol?


Monitoring Instruments

� What are the 3 monitoring instruments?


Monitoring Instruments

� List 3 things that personal monitoring might include:


Basic Safety Factors

� What 3 things aid in keeping exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)?



� How does time affect ALARA?



Distance: Inverse square law: by

doubling the distance from a source, the exposure is decreased by a factor of 4.

I1R12 = I2R2

2



I1R12 = I2R2

2

Inverse Square Law

I1 = initial intensityR1= initial distanceR2 = new distanceI2 = new intensity


Basic Safety FactorsInverse Square Law

If a source emits 10 mR/hour at a distance of 1 foot, what is the exposure level at 4 feet away?

I2 = I1 x (R12 / R2

2)

I2 = 5 mR/hour x ( 1ft2 / 16 ft2)

I2 = 0.625 mR/hour



� How does shielding affect ALARA?



� Shielding


Nonionizing Radiation

� What are two forms of non-ionizing radiation?


Biological Effects

� What types of light do lasers emit?


Safety Factors

� What are made for a specific wavelength of laser light?

� You should make sure the safety glasses are specifically rated to what?

Ferris State University & Michigan Department of Career Development 1 Radiation Safety Study Guide.

Documents

Transcript of Ferris State University & Michigan Department of Career Development 1 Radiation Safety Study Guide.