Ferret Relatives The domestic ferret is a member of

the mustelid, or weasel, family. Other members of the weasel family

include badgers, ermine, and otters. The endangered black-footed ferret

is considered more of a cousin than a direct ancestor to the domestic ferret.

Skin and Hair Coat:

Three naturally occurring coat color patterns Sable is the most commonly observed but albino and

cinnamon are also seen Sable ferret is also known as “fitch” and has been

reported as a cross b/t the European polecat and ferret

• They typically have black-tipped guard hear, cream undercoat, black feet and tail, with a black mask

In the US, enthusiasts have developed over 30 color combinations

• Some of these include silver, chocolate, panda, and Siamese

• http://www.ferret.org/events/colors/colorchart.html

Anatomy

Conformation: Has an elongated body that allows for animal

to enter small areas and holes for the pursuit of prey

• This provides challenges for both owner and vet staff in caging and handling

Remember: wherever the head goes so follows the rest of the body

Males are larger than the females and their weight fluctuations vary according to season, as does that of dogs, cats and people

Skeletal:

Veterbral formula: C7, T15, L5(6), S3, Cd18

Anatomical considerations of interest include a small sternum and thoracic inlet, nonretractable claws and a J-shaped os-penis

Digestive Tract: Has 30 deciduous teeth and 34

permanent teeth Permanent teeth erupt b/t 50

and 74 days Dental formula:

2 x (3/3I, 1/1C, 3/3P, 1/2M) = 34 Have five pairs of salivary

glands Care must be taken not to

confuse the mandibular salivary gland w/ the lymph nodes in that area

Stomach is simple and can expand to accommodate large amounts of food

Small intestine is short in length and has an average transit time of 3-4 hours

Heart and Lungs:

Heart lies approximately b/t the 6th and 8th ribs

Lungs consist of six lobesLeft lung has two lobes and the right

has four

Spleen:

Varies greatly in size, depending on the animal’s age and state of health

When enlarged, the spleen extends in a diagonal fashion from the upper left to the lower right quadrant of the abdominal cavity

The size of the spleen is a very distinct finding during P.E.

Reproduction During estrus, the vulva becomes enlarged Natural breeding season is from March to

August Fertility in both genders is dependent on the

photoperiod Females are seasonally polyestrous and

induced ovulators Ovulation occurs 30-40 hours after copulation Gestation:

• 41-42 days If fertilization does not occur, pseudopregnancy

often occurs and will last 41-43 days

Reproduction cont.

If these females are not bred, a large percentage of these individuals will remain in estrus with the potential for bone marrow suppression due to elevated estrogen levels

Estrus-induced aplastic anemia

Birth condition:

• Born blind• Eyes are open at 21-37 days• Can start solid food at 14 days• Wean at 8 weeks

Females are called jills, and males are hobs.

Baby ferrets are called kits. In North America, spayed females

are sometimes called sprites and neutered males called gibs.

A group of ferrets is a "business of ferrets."

Lifespan 5-8yrs

Females are 13-14 inches long and weigh anywhere from 0.75 to 2.5 lbs, whereas males are on average 15-16 inches long and weigh 2-3.5 lbs if neutered and are even larger (4 or more lbs) if not neutered.

Most ferrets obtained in North America are spayed or neutered and descented at a very young age before being sold.

Behavior/Appeal

Sleep 75% of day Vocal Interactive, playful, entertaining Relatively easy to care for Thieves Independent Should not be left alone with small

children or other pets

jplehmann.com

Legal restrictions

Housing

Groups or individual Indoor or outdoor Recommended caging

Indoor- multi-level, wire or solid, no glassOutdoor- protection, escape proof

Play areasSlings, shelves, hammocks in cageBoxes, bags, plastic tubing

www.petcratesdirect.com

www.ferretlove.co.uk

Housing

Enclosed sleeping areaTowel, old shirt, commercial productOne per ferret

Litter boxHigh sidesPellated instead of clumping litterShort GI transit time

Housing

Ferret proofing your houseBlock off holesCover bottom of chairs, couches,

mattressesRestrict access to reclinersNo foam or latex rubber items- cat/dog

toys, athletic shoes, rubber bands, headphones

Video (Cage-Housing)

Nutrition

Ferrets are strict carnivores and have very different nutritional requirements than dogs and cats.

Ferrets need a high protein, high fat diet that is made from animal proteins.

Protein levels should be between 36% and 37% and come from high biological value (BV) sources (chicken, chicken byproduct, egg, or liver for example).

Cat or kitten food is not appropriate for ferrets!

A raw, chicken based diet is probably the best choice, but very few people have the time or resources to provide their ferrets this diet.

Totally Ferret® and Natural Gold from Pretty Bird® are most likely the best prepared foods currently available.

Treats

Ferrets definitely enjoy treats, but usually it’s not something they should be eating.

Don’t give your ferret sugary treats, fruits (including raisins), or chocolate. These can lead to serious health problems.

Vitamins and Supplements

If a ferret is on a quality ferret food there shouldn’t be a need for any vitamins.

One “supplement” every ferret should get is Laxatone® (hairball prevention paste). Give a dime-sized amount every few days, especially during shedding seasons!

In dry areas skin can become dull and dry. Offering a small amount of a fatty acid oil like Ferretone® daily can help with this problem.

Supplements to dry foodWhole prey (Pinkies or juvenile

mouse)Fresh raw organ (liver) or muscle

meatOmega-2 oils, fish oils, meat fat

Difficult to change an adult ferrets diet Water Video (Proper diet)

Enrichment

Instinctive behaviors for play, hunting, marking, digging, going through tunnels

3 hours exercise/day Appropriate toys Enclosed area for sleeping Video (Toys, playing)

www.getelastic.com

P.E.:

Should follow routine small animal veterinary protocol Questions:

Coughing Sneezing Vomiting Diarrhea Discharge:

• Eyes• Nose• Any other body orifice

Diet and appetite Drinking water excessively or increased urination or straining

to urinate Active/alert

Restraint

The proper technique for restraining a ferret. The scruff of the neck is held by one hand, and the other hand supports the body. Often this technique will elicit a “yawn,” at which time the oral cavity may be examined.

P.E.

Normal Body temperature:• 101-104F

HR• 200-250 bmp

Respiration• 33-36

Medical Considerations

Grooming (video) Spay/neuter/remove anal glands Ear mites, fleas, heartworms Vaccinations- rabies, distemper Physical exam/blood work

recommendations:Annual until 4-5 yearsBiannual

Medical Considerations

Young- foreign body, traumatic Old- insulinoma, adrenal gland

disease, lymphoma, dental disease

Dr. Eckermann-Ross

www.afip.org

Routine Wellness Procedures

Depending on ferrets age and lifestlye, you may recommend other procedures like deworming, ADV (Aleutian Disease Virus) testing, and routine bloodwork.

It is highly advisable to run bloodwork on ferrets at least annually. Many diseases have been detected early by running bloodwork when the pet was healthy.

Blood collection

Page 251 Jugular vein Caudal artery Cephalic vein 10% Videohttp://www.bva-awf.org.uk/resources/tutorials/BVA02-Introduction.html

Clin Path Considerations(A Ferret is Not a Cat nor is it a Dog)

Ferrets normally have high PCV and low WBC.PCV (43.0%-55.0%)

Persistent lymphocytosis does NOT mean lymphoma.

Hepatic enzymes are usually elevated simply as a result of inanition in the ferret.

Older ferrets are commonly mildly hypoproteinemic due to chronic bowel inflammation due to coronavirus or Helicobacter infection).

Ferrets with adrenal disease rarely have abnormalities on routine CBC/chemistry.

Surgical Considerations

Use inhalation anesthesia without premeds. Injectable anesthetics are very unpredictable in ferrets.

Isoflurane safest with mask or chamber induction.

Heating pad suggested during and after surgery ferrets get hypothermic very quickly.

Should provide fluid therapy for all surgeries more serious than neutering

Diseases on Ferrets

A ferrets normal life span is from 5 - 8 years, and beginning at the age of 2-3 they are susceptible to two very common serious illnesses:

1. Insulinoma 2. Adrenal Disease,

(both require medical and/or surgical intervention, which could become quite costly).

Insulinoma

Insulinoma is a very common problem in ferrets. Small tumors form on the pancreas and cause an overproduction of insulin in the body. This in turn causes the blood sugar to drop dangerously low!

Symptoms of insulinoma include: staring into space, staggering when walking, pawing at the mouth, lethargy, and possibly seizures.

Action needs to be taken immediately if your ferret exhibits signs of insulinoma. If you suspect your ferret’s blood sugar level is low you can rub some Nutrical® or Karo syrup on their gums. This will provide the body with some sugar to help lower the insulin level.

Islet cell tumor (Insulinoma)

May be function or non-functional Inappropriate secretion of insulin resulting in trances, hindlimb paresis, salivation, seizures and coma.

Pancreatic islet cell tumor in a ferret

Diagnosis

-History and clinical signs -Blood glucose test 60-80 g/dl - questionable <60 positive -Insulin testing generally not necessary -Unfortunately, 40% of ferrets will experience recurrence within 10 months.

Normal pancreas in a ferret (note gastric and jejunal arms)

Adrenal Disease

Tumors on the adrenal glands occur in about 75% of domestic ferrets

Symptoms include: hair loss, excessive itchiness, swollen vulva in females, prostate problems and sexual aggression in males, and an inability to keep weight on

The best option is to remove the tumor(s) with surgery.

Medical treatments include Lupron injections (a human hormone product) or Melatonin implants

Adrenal-associated endocrinopathy

Extremely common

Due to hyperestrogenism. Proliferative lesions (hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma have identical clinical signs)

Classic bilateral truncal alopecia in ferret with AAE

(Photo courtesy of Erik Stauber)

Clinical signs

• Bilateral truncal alopecia

• Vulvar swelling in spayed females

• Dysuria in males • Return to intact sexual

behavior

Treatment

Surgical treatment - treatment of choice Adrenalectomy Cryosurgery Medical treatment

Lupron Lysodren

Normal anatomy of adrenal glands in the ferret

Intestinal Blockages

Ferrets tend to eat a lot of things they shouldn’t and often these objects get lodged in the stomach or intestines and must be removed surgically.

Hairball blockages are also common in ferrets. Prevent these by giving your ferret some Laxatone a few times a week.

Symptoms of ferrets with blockages include: pawing at the mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite.

Gastrointestinal foreign bodies

NO house is completely ferret-proofed!

Very common in ferrets High index of suspicions in ferrets less than 1 year of age. May be seen in bored, caged ferrets.

Latex, rubber, cloth, and hair most popular. Only show up on X-rays <10 percent of time.

Donot wait on surgery for confirmation! Cut on first suspicion!

Gastrointestinal foreign bodies

Electrical cord injury

Other types of injuries may occur from exploring the environment with their mouth.

(Note broken canine teeth and wood oral foreign body )

Electrical cord injury with oronasal fistula and amputation f tongue

Contagious viruses in ferrets

Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis

ECE, or “green slime diarrhea,” is most likely a corona virus that attacks the lining of the intestines and the stomach causing diarrhea and dehydration.

ECE is highly contagious and great care should be taken to keep it from spreading. Adults are most susceptible and even after recovering ferrets can have bouts of diarrhea

There is no prevention or vaccine for the virus and it is believed that the virus can be shed for up to 6 months, even if the ferret appears healthy.

ECE can be deadly if not treated. Symptoms include: diarrhea that looks like bird seed or is neon green, watery, contains mucous, or has a foul fishy odor as well as lack of appetite and dehydration.

Keeping a ferret with ECE hydrated is critical and aggressive fluid therapy is vital!.

Ferret Coronavirus

Epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE)

High morbidity, low mortality

Asymptomatic carriers often pet store kits.

Older animals more severely affected

Prolonged shedding of virus

Diagnosis

• Clinical signs and history • Histology • Immunohistochemistry • Clinical pathology not

specific

Jejunal inflammation and atrophy with

malabsorptive feces in ferret with ECE

Pathogenesis

-Viral infection of villar tips

-Necrosis of cells

-Loss of surface area and

brush border enzymes

-Passive secretory

diarrhea

-Malabsorption

-Mucus hypersecretion

-Villar atrophy fusion, and

blunting

Note the lack of body fat and the forest green unformed feces distending the colon

Aleutian Disease

Abdominal viscera of a ferret infected with ADV.

Resurgent disease in ferrets new strain? New outbreaks have almost 100% morbidity and mortality. Insidious disease with long latency periodInnocuous parvovirus resulting in hyperimmune response

Aleutian Disease

Characteristic appearance of glomerulonephritis in ADV-infected ferret

Classic Disease

Glomerulonephritis Disseminated vasculitis Coagulation defects Hypergammaglobulinemia Death in 2-3 years

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Canine Distemper

-100% fatal in ferrets -12-45 day progression -Most commonly seen in pet store kits or as a facility outbreak -Diagnosis should be made on clinical signs, followed by euthanasia of all affected animals -Antemortem FA testing available but not recommended. Moribund and severely affected CDV ferrets

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Clinical signs:

Oculonasal Discharge

Hyperkeratosis of Nasal Planum and Footpads

Skin rash Diarrhea Weight loss Lethargy Pneumonia

Clinical signs

-Oculonasal Discharge Hyperkeratosis of Nasal Planum and Footpads -Skin rash -Diarrhea -Weight loss -Lethargy -Pneumonia

Mild footpad hyperkeratosis, ferret

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Clinical signs cont..

-Oculonasal Discharge -Hyperkeratosis of Nasal -Planum and Footpads -Skin rash Diarrhea Weight loss -Lethargy -Pneumonia

Diarrhea and nasal hyperkeratosis in CDV ferret

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Rabies

-Uncommon disease -Less than 50 diagnosed cases -Ferret susceptible to skunk, bat, and raccoon strains -Dumb and furious presentations -Should be a ruleout for all neuro cases.

Negri bodies in mink brain

Rabies

-No treatment -Quarantine period in most states -Annual IM vaccination for all ferrets beginning at 15 weeks

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Imrab-3 vaccine

Bacteria and more…

Helicobacter mustelae

Ubiquitous disease - all ferrets infected by 2 wks of age.

Contributes to debility in older ferrets. 10% will show clinical signs during

lifetime. Gastric damage due to physical

destruction of gastric mucosa coupled with profound lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

Associated with gastric ulcers Gross lesions usually absent

Helicobacter mustelae

-Chronic atrophic gastritis with resultant loss of acid production -Bacteria damage to mucosa via three mechanisms:

1. Direct cytotoxic effect to mucus neck cells

2. Inhibitory effect on parietal cell acid production

3. Non-autoimmune inflammatory disease (lymphoplasmacytic gastritis)

Lymphofollicular gastritis in ferret with H. mustelae (HE, 20X)

Gastric Ulcers

-Common in ferrets and other mustelids under stressful conditions or with concurrent disease -May be associated with Helicobacter mustelae

Hemorrhage associated with non-lethal ulceration

Clinical signs

-Often nonspecific -Inappetence -Lethargy

Bruxism Tarry Stools -May be found dead

Tarry stool (contrast with fresh blood)

Gastric Ulcers

Pinpoint ulcers in pyloric stomach

Perforating pyloric ulcer

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

(Photo courtesy of John King)

Proliferative colitis

Grossly thickened colon in ferret with Ileobacter infection

-Sporadic disease of young male ferrets -Ileobacter (Desulfovibrio) sp. -Affects colon only in ferrets -Frequent painful defecation with frank blood and mucus.

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Diagnosis

-Clinical signs and history -Thickened, cobblestoned, painful colon on abdominal palpation -Colonic biopsy

�Cobblestone appearance to colon in ferret with PC�

(Photo courtesy of Lois Roth)

Proliferative colitis

Ileobacter bacteria within apical colonic epithelium

Silver stains reveal numerous apical intracellular bacteria.

Splenomegaly

-Commonly seen, especially in older ferrets -Stereotypical response to chronic smoldering inflammation -Less than 5% are neoplastic

Marked splenomegaly in a ferret

Splenomegaly

-95% are benign extramedullary hematopoiesis -Splenectomy is treatment of choice in lethargic ferrets

Splenic extramedullary hematopoeisis in enlarged ferret spleen

Common Incidental Findings

Fatty livers

-Common physiologic finding -Due to inanition and mobilization of peripheral fat stores

Fatty Liver in a Ferret (Photo courtesy of Richard Montali)

Common Incidental Findings

Renal Cysts - Over 25% of ferrets have benign renal cysts

Fatty liver in a ferret

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

More tumors…

Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)

Most common malignancy in ferrets

-1-2 years - Juvenile (Lymphoblastic) - visceral distribution -2-7 years - Lymphocytic - lymph node distribution 2-7 years - Immunoblastic-

polymorphous

Lymphocytic lymphoma in an adult ferret

Diagnosis

-Clinical signs -Organ-specific changes in clinical pathology data -Biopsy of enlarged lymph node or organ -Can not diagnose on CBC

alone!!!

Lymphoblastic lymphoma in a young ferret

Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)

Prognosis -Poor prognosis except in primary cutaneous cases -Chemotherapy regimes available, but less than 10% respond.

Renal lymphosarcoma in an adult ferret

Malignant lymphoma (Lymphosarcoma)

Cutaneous variant -Few reports -Longest survival times -May have good prognosis if completely excised early -May represent cutaneous metastasis

(Photos courtesy of Randy Belair, above and Betty Janner, below)

Neoplasms

Sebaceous epithelioma

-Most common skin tumor -Warty appearance -May be multiple -Surgical excision is curative.

Other Neoplastic Goodies

Tail tip chordoma in a ferret

Chordoma -Axial skeleton -Usually tip of tail -Very invasive low grade malignancy -Poor prognosis if other than tail tip.

(Photo courtesy of Jeff English)

Neoplasms

Mast cell tumor -Invariably benign -May be multiple -Affected animals often develop more over time-No systemic complications

(Photo courtesy of Steve Sanders)

Mast cell tumor

Surgical excision curative, good prognosis!(?)!!!

Other Neoplastic Goodies

Mandibular SCC in a ferret

Squamous cell carcinoma

-Mandible a common site, but may see anywhere in skin Poor prognosis in oral cavity

Other Neoplastic Goodies

Hepatic SCC in a ferret

Hemangiosarcoma -Neoplasm of vascular origin Low grade malignancy in skin Much worse prognosis if seen in viscera.

(Photo courtesy of Mike Garner, Northwest Zoo Path)

Other Neoplastic Goodies

Osteoma in a ferret

Bone tumors

-Osteomas much more common generally flat bones

-Osteosarcomas flat and long bones

(Photo courtesy of John Gorham)

Parasites- Earmites Earmites are the most

common ectoparasite in ferrets and are caused by Otodectes cyanotis . The same organism is found in dogs and cats, and the disease can be passed between species

Ivermectin 0.5 mg/kg Topical half dose in each ear, repeat 2 weeks

Fleas

Fleas are occasionally seen in ferrets, especially in households with multiple pets, and can be transmitted between ferrets and other household pets. Diagnosis is by visualization, and treatment is the same as for cats

Heartworms Dirofilaria immitis Preventive in heartworm endemic areas use

Ivermectin Liquid formulation of 100mcg/suspension of

Ivomec in propyline glycol (in amber bottle) given at dose of 0.1 ml. per pound BW

Alternative 0.5-1 tablet of ivermectin for small dogs.

Ferrets over 6 months of age should be tested

Fungal Diseases:

Ferrets are susceptible to Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Transmission is by direct contact or fomites and is often associated with overcrowding and exposure to cats.

Infection is more common in kits and young ferrets and is often seasonal and self-limiting.

VIDEO (behavior, medical considerations)

Preventive medicineVaccinations

There are currently two vaccinations for ferrets – canine distemper and rabies.

Technically, the rabies vaccine is required by law, but the distemper vaccine is not. It is vital that ferrets be vaccinated with a ferret vaccine for canine distemper, not the one they give to dogs – it could kill them.

Canine distemper vaccines for ferrets should be of chick embryo or recombinant origin

PureVax Ferret Distemper

Vaccine Reactions

Unfortunately, ferrets have a high incidence of vaccine reactions.

Ferrets should be vaccinated at ~6 weeks old with booster every 2-3 weeks until 14-16 weeks (distemper).

Vaccine reactions occur frequently in ferrets and it is recommended that vaccinated animals be monitored for 20-30 min following vaccination

Profuse vomiting, diarrhea, and a skyrocketing temperature are the most common symptoms of vaccine reactions and they can be fatal!

Questions???