The first institution, the Palmer School of Chiropractic, started in 1897 as the Chiropractic School and Cure (left, circa 1907) . The second school of record was the American School of Chiropractic in Cedar Rapids (below), which operated for some 14 years (1904-1918) .

Carver Chiropractic College (below with exterior and auditorium views, circa 1910) existed in Oklahoma City for over half a century (1906-1958), merging with Logan College. The authors believe that fewer than 190 schools actually existed in any regular, systematic offering of the D.C. degree.

Chiropractic History Volume 8, No. 1 • 1988

27

How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree

ALANA FERGUSON, M.S.*

GLENDA WIESE, M.A.** ,

Medical literature has often repeated early and unsubstantiated statements to the effect that "as many as 500 different schools of chiropractic have seen the light of day." Research by the authors, which initially resulted in a listing of chiropractic institutions known to have existed from 1897 to the date of the publication in 1985, indicates a far smaller figure. Allowing for mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools, the figure for the past 90 years may be nearer 190. An updated list ofthese institutions, including those located since this original work, is part ofthe appendix of this study. They are categorized by states and provinces, location and dates of operation when known.

The authors originally published a historical directory of chiropractic colleges three years ago, in response to several requests for a list of all the chiropractic schools and colleges that had ever existed. The authors chose to publish the direc­tory in its incomplete form, hoping that it would be useful while they continued to add to the list (Wiese and Ferguson 1985). The directory that is the appendix to this paper contains the information in the 1985list plus the names of 130 additional schools and colleges. The authors are confident that the im­portant schools in the profession's history have been noted, and that schools not appearing on the list were ephemeral in nature. Although the authors will continue to note the exis­tence of additional schools, the omission of these institutions in the appendix of this paper should not influence the analysis of the development of chiropractic schools and colleges.

In the compilation of the 130 schools not found in the 1985 directory, the authors relied almost exclusively on advertise­ments and school catalogs found in the Palmer College Ar­chives. A 1914 directory of chiropractors was also useful in locating several early names (Michel1914, 93). The authors also wish to thank the readers who responded with additions and corrections to the first historical directory. Their con­tributions have been incorporated in this listing.

No attempt has been made to credit each source. In many instances, information was corroborated in more than one source, from directories, catalogs, advertisements and simi-

- <Coordinator, Palmer Research lnslilute ••Reference Librarian, David D. Palmer Health Sciences Library Correspondence to 1000 Brady Street, Davenport, IA 52803 Delivered at the Eighth Annual Conference on Chiropractic History at Cleve­

land Los Angeles on June 4, 1988.

Jar listings. In other instances, they found only one listing in a directory or an advertisement to indicate that the school existed. They have chosen to report all listings separately except for name changes. A name change will be mentioned in the listing under the most current college or school name.

Sources often gave conflicting information as to dates. The authors have chosen to report the broadest range of dates, if the credibility of the sources was equal. If one source ap­peared to be more accurate, the information in that source was reported. An example of such distinctions would be the date of a newspaper advertisement being more credible than the dates given in a secondary source.

Street addresses have been omitted from this listing for the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address is unknown to the authors. Starting and closing dates of schools are indicated by dates without brackets. Brackets around a date indicate dates of existence where opening and closing dates are not certain. The symbol -) preceded by a date indi­cates the institution was no longer in existence at that time but that the closing date is unknown.

Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence often reach as high as 600 (Lin 1973, 77). Indeed, one chiropractor testifying before a Senate Commit­tee in 1926 claimed, " .. . we had, at one time 200 schools in the State of Michigan. " (Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licen­sure 1926, 5) The authors' research indicates that these claims are exaggerated, although an estimate of 500 may not be too far off the mark if one considers only a listing of the names of schools from around the world. The list of school names appended to this article numbers 436 if one considers all the name changes, and will probably continue to grow slowly.

' 1988 Association tor th• History of Chiropractic

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 28

If one looks more closely at the information provided, how­ever, one notices that several names are changes in name only (i.e., Palmer School to Palmer College, National School to National College, Drown College to Hollywood College, etc.) By eliminating these changes "in name only" the list shrinks to 392 names. One can further reduce the number of names if the researcher eliminates the different branches of the same school (i.e. , Carver Colleges in Wichita, Kansas City, Denver, New York; Ratledge, Darling and Darling, etc.) The number of schools decreases from 392 to 376. If one chooses to eliminate schools outside the United States from this discussion, the list is further reduced to 346. Merged schools have been counted in the totals (i.e., Carver into Logan, Universal into Lincoln into National) as these schools stood alone for a number of years.

Of the remaining 346 schools, a researcher might question whether all of these were legitimate institutions of higher education. The earliest graduates were licensed to "teach and practice" and research indicates that many early graduates did just that. Their advertisements would solicit both patients and students. No information has been found for many schools indicating that they operated for more than a period of a few months, or even that they had any students. Although the authors chose to include these in their list, if one choses to eliminate names of schools for which no record of existence for longer than a year can be found, the number of names shrinks from 346 to 188.

Any evaluation of the remaining 188 names must be subjec­tive. One criteria could be: did the school offer a DC degree after a resident course? Two more names can be eliminated­American University and Palmer School of Correspondence­both of which operated solely by correspondence courses. (American University 1916, 1917; Palmer School of Corres­pondence 1911). Schools which offered residence courses in addition to correspondence courses have not been removed.

In many instances, the authors had little to go by other than lists. When catalogs or bulletins for the institution exist, some information is available. Even so, many of the bulletins are vague about the school's starting date and number of graduates, leaving one to conclude that the institution's actual dates of existence may have been brief.

In a few instances, even when evidence of several graduates exist, the authors question the quality of the educa­tion as measured against the prevailing standards for chiro­practic schools at that time. B. J . Palmer alludes to the prob­lem:

"The curse of Chiropractic is the army of schol­astic pretenders, who, leech-like, have fastened themselves to the pedagogical phase of the voca­tion for the money there is in it." (Palmer 1916, 4-5).

In preparing a 1922 report to the Universal Chiropractors Association, an investigator visited the campuses of approx­imately 25 schools. When considering the number of full time faculty, classroom hours, testing facilities, and evidence of 'graft' as criteria for judging a school, several fell short of the UCA's standards (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922).

It appears that another common failing of many of these early institutions may have been a course of study shorter than the standard eighteen months after 1912. The American University received notoriety as being a "diploma mill" in a 1915 Harper's Weekly expose (Creel1915). Evidence indicates that Indiana Chiropractic College may also have been in the 'diploma mill ' category.

In analyzing the patterns of growth of the chiropractic schools and their student populations, the authors have chosen to use Gibbons ' categorization of periods of activity: the Tuto­rial Period, 1897-1905; the Classical Period, 1905-1924; the Proprietary Period, 1924-1960; the Professional Period, 1960-(Gibbons 1980, 339) .

The Tutorial Period, 1897-1905, was characterized by rela­tively few schools. Although the list of those in existence dur­ing this period numbers 17, documentation of graduates from these schools can only be found for a few. D. D. Palmer's schools in Davenport and Santa Barbara and Langworthy'S' American School could not have accounted for more than 100 graduates (not DC's but graduates), and the majority of them (57) were from Palmer. Although Palmer may have graduated students from Portland, the authors could not docu­ment the school's existence, or any evidence of graduates during this period. The early existence of the Sinclair College in Santa Rosa is problematical, but is cited in a 1950 study as being in existence for 14 years (Stanford Research 1960).

The Classical Period, 1906-1924, saw an explosion in the number of chiropractic schools and their student population. By referring to the graph in Figure 1, the researcher finds that the number of schools in existence increased from 17 in 1906 to 64 in 1924. Reed's assessment that there were as many as 79 schools in existence in 1920 is probably high (Reed 1932, 79). The graph in Figure 1 indicates there were 58 schools in 1920, but the figures exceed his estimate in 1925, when 82 schools were in existence. The student enrollment for this period increased tremendously. At the Palmer School, enroll­ment went from eight in 1906 (Lin 1973, 76) to almost 2300 in 1921. There was a dip in enrollments during 1917-1918 due to World War I (Turner 1931, 34-36). Again, the authors' inability to document the existence of many of the schools of this time for more than a year suggests that many were not viable schools and may not have graduated any students.

Little evaluative material is available on the chiropractic schools in existence during this time. Aside from catalogs of some of them, a primary source for this period is the Univer­sal Chiropractors Association's 1922 report on chiropractic schools. Most of the 25 institutions evaluated were housed in a suite of rented rooms with only a modest amount of equip­ment. The report tends to be more understanding of these deficiencies, than of the questionable motives on the part of the founders. On the American School of Chiropractic the investigator for the UCA, one Frank Myers, wrote:

"My opinion, with relation to Chiropractic is that they have taken on this subject for its commercial possibilities and are not devoting any of their time to specializing on it. . . . Nevertheless their graduates are being turned out and practicing their mode under the name of Chiropractic" (Uni­versal Chiropractors Association 1922) .

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 29

DISTRIBUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGES BETWEEN 1895 AND 1988

On the Indiana Chiropractic College, Frank Myers reported:

"Requirements for degrees: Stick around fo( a while. I saw two diplomas in two so-called chiro­practors offices from this school, although the school has been running only four months. One of these men had been a farmer and got his diplo­ma four months ago. The other was a chiropodist and writes D.C. in pen and ink on his business card" (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922).

Not all of those investigated received negative reports. Advanced School (New York) , Carver Chiropractic College (New York), Los Angeles Chiropractic College, and Chiro­practic University (Kansas) received generally favorable re­ports. In spite of the questionable academics and short life· span of many during this time, it was established that the eighteen month course became the norm. A few schools (Na­tional, Carver, and Universal) offered an optional three or four year course. It was also during this period that a pioneer effort was made by the International Association of Chiro­practic Schools and Colleges to discuss standardization, cur­riculum, and other educational policies (Gibbons 1980, 344).

Proprietary 1924-60: A decline in the numoer of schools followed the NCM controversy and then the economic de­pression. The number of schools and their population dropped from 82 in 1925 (See Figure 1) to 69 with a total student popu­lation of 2,000 in 1927 to 59 schools with a total enrollment of 1,400 in 1932 (Figure 1; Reed 1932, 36). The number of schools indicated by the authors' chart is considerably higher than the figures given by Reed. The authors chose to use his enroll­ment figures , because they suspect the additional schools had very few students, and no other enrollment figures are avail­able.

The Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association issued a scathing report on the chiropractic educational system in 1927 (American Med­ical Association 1928) . The medical educational community had been struggling successfully to improve its own standards of education and were highly critical of the lack of standards in chiropractic. In 1910, the Council on Medical Education, in cooperation with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance­ment of Teac.hing, had issued the Flexner Report (Flexner 1910). Highly critical of the medical education at that time, the Flexner Report became an invaluable catalyst in the fight to raise the education level in America's medical schools. In the years following its publication, enormous progress was made in raising the standards of medical education.

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 30

During the 1930's a similar effort was made by the National Chiropractic Association to raise the educational standards of the chiropractic profession. In 1935 the Committee on Edu­cational Standards was created. In 1947 the Council on Chiro­practic Education was created and received the support of the NCA (Schaefer 1976, 34) . During the period 1941 to 1960, the committee, under the leadership of John Nugent, worked to strengthen chiropractic education. Many weaker institu­tions were merged with other institutions and some substan­dard institutions were closed. An increase in the number of new schools following World War II was predictable, but most had merged by the end of the 1950's . By 1960 the number of chiropractic schools had decreased to 22.

Although student enrollment figures are not available for most of this period, the economic depression and World War II took a terrible toll on student enrollment. Enrollment climbed steeply after the war, largely because of the in­creased student pool and the influx of funding created by the G.l. bill.

Professional. 1960- : The next two decades saw important advances in profession-wide standards. The National Board of Chiropractic Examiners was formed in 1962 and the first exams were held in 1965. The CCE was incorporated as an autonomous organization in 1971 and was officially recognized by the U.S. Office of Education in 1974 <Schaefer 1976, 34). P artially as a result of the profession's increasing educational

standards, and partially because of the maturation of the first of the "Baby Boomers" the early 1970's witnessed increasing enrollments in all chiropractic colleges.

By 1975 there were 5,000 students (Schaefer 1976, 71 ) and by 1978 enrollment stood at 8,570, (Wardwelll980, 30) . Today there are over 12,000 students (FACTS 1986, 19). The number of colleges decreased from 22 in 1960 to 11 in 1969-1972, com­parable to the number of schools in existence in 1903. The mid-1970's saw an increase in the number of schools and the number has r emained stable for the last decade. Pasadena, Life, Life-West, Palmer -West, Sherman and Pennsylvania Straight were founded in this decade.

The demographic distribution of the schools by state is represented in Table 2. The number of schools in each state closely parallels the practitioner concentration (i.e., Califor­nia, 47 ; New Yor k, 31 ; Iowa, 16; etc.) . If all the branches of the colleges were included in the count, the numbers would be even greater in states like California and New York. •

Although references to as many as 436 chiropractic school and college names have been located by the authors, the number of viable colleges in North America that graduated a significant number of chiropractors is much lower, under 200. As the profession raised its educational standards, the potential for profiting from ownership of a school decreased. Thus fewer new schools were opened and many of the weaker schools closed or merged with a stronger school. The story

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS

1895-1988 100

(/) 90 _J

0 80 0 I 70

(.) 60 (/)

LL 50 0 (/)

40

a: 30 w OJ 20

~ 10 ::::>

z 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 I() 0 I() 0 1()00 0> 0 0 ..- ..- N N (") (") ~ ~ ll) I() <D <D ,.... ,.... 00 0000 YEAR 00 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0>0> ..- ..- ..- ..- ,.... ..- ,.... ..- ..- ,.... ..-

of the chiropractic schools parallels the story of the profession as a whole-self-sacrifice on the part of many institutions and educators as they struggled to ultimately bring the profession

REFERENCES American University Extension Department. 1917. Chiropractic: the Sci­

ence of Spinal Adjustment. Chicago: American University. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia. 1926.

United States Government Printing Office. Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical

Association. 1928. Schools of Chiropractic and Naturopathy in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (18) : 1733-1738.

Creel, George. 1915. Making Doctors While you wait : Mail order miracle men and easy money doctors. Harper's Weekly, 1915.

Flexner. Abraham. 1910. Medical Education in the United States and Canada. Boston: D. B. Updyke, Merrymount Press.

The Foundahon Cor the Advancement or Chiropractic Tenets and Science. 1986. Facts Bulletin, 2: 19.

Gibbons, Russell W. 1980. "The Rise o£ the Chiropractic Educational Establishment," Who's Who in Chiropractic International, ed. by Fern Dta· man. Littleton, CO: Who's Who in Chiropractic, International Publishing Co., Inc.

Lin , Phyllis Lan. 1973. The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A Study of the Sociology of an Occupation. Ann Arbor, MI: University Micro­rums.

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSONJWIESE 31

up to the standards necessary to insure the inclusion of chiro­practic as part of the health care delivery system of North America.

Michel, G. H. 1914. Directory of Chiropractors and Chiropractic Colleges of the United States and Canada. Cleveland : Michel and Co.

Palmer, B. J . 1916. The Chiropractor. Davenport, lA : Palmer School of Chiropractic.

Palmer School or Correspondence. 1911. Lessons in Chiropradic. (Palmer College Archives.)

Reed, Louis S. 1932. The Healing Cults, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Schaefer, Richard C., ed. 1976. Chiropractic Health Care, Des Moines, Iowa : Foundation for the Advancement of Chiropractic Tenants and Sci­~nce.

Stanford Research Institute. 1960. Chiropractic in California. Los Angeles: The Haynes Foundation

Turner, Chittenden. 1931. The Rise of Chiropractic. Los Angeles: Powell Publishing Co.

Universal Chiropractors' Association. 1922. Report to the Education Committee.

Wardwell. Walter I. 1980. "The Present and future role of the chiroprac­tor," Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic," ed. by Scotl Haldeman. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.

Weise, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson. 1985. Historical Directory of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges. Research Forom 1(3):79-94.

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 32

Chiropractic schools of record, 1897-1985 NO LOCATION Adams Chiropractic Institute [1925 1 American Chiropractic Drugless College [19231 American University of Sanipractic [1919) Barnes Sanitarium and School of Chiropractic [1923-•1925) Barnett School of Chiropractic [ •1923) Black Hills College of Chiropractic [n.r.1923J Bramerd School of Chiropractic [ -1918] Burton College of Chiropractic Central Scientific College of Chiropractic [1925) College of Original Chiropractic [1925] College of Scientific Chiropractic [ -1918) Columbia University of Physicians, Inc. [1922] Colyer Chiropractic College [1923-•19251 Evans School of Chiropractic [19211 Francis School of Chiropractic [19??-19181 Gordon School of Chiropractic [19??)-•1923 Dr. Harley Institute [1925] Konkler Chiropractic Institute [19??-·1918] Major College of Chiropractic fl925) George F. Murray Private School of Chiropractic [1925] National Metropolitan f •1956) National School of Spinology -•1923 North Western Chiropractic School [-<1923) Pennington Chiropractic School [1918-<1923) Potomac University [-•1923] Potter School of Clinical Chiropractic [ -•1918) Riedl Chiropractic Institute [ •1923] Royal Blue College of Chiropractic [1925] Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. [1922-1923] Sharp School [1915] Volmer School of Chiropractic [1904] Waterloo College of Chiropractic l-<1923] Weigert School of Chiropractic [-<1918] Wolverine College of Chiropractic 1-<1923]

ALABAMA Carver Chiropractic College of the South, Montgomery Southern Chiropractic College, Montgomery 1922-[1923)

ARKANSAS Progressive College of Chiropractic, Fort Smith [1919-<1923)

CALIFORNIA American College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1936] Berkeley Chiropractic College, Berkeley 1922-1932 Bullis Chiropractic School - Oakland Chiropractic College,

Oakland 1913-1920 Cale College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles 1925-1931 California Chiropractic College, Oakland 1913-1963 California College of Electro-MechanoTherapy [1925] California College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles

1938-1946 Formerly Cale College of Naturopathy 1927-1933 Formerly the Chiropractic College of America 1933-L1943]

Chiropractors, Inc. , Los Angeles 1920-[1921] Cleveland Chiropractic College of Los Angeles, Los

Angeles 1951-Formerly Ratledge College of Chiropractic 1911-1951

College of Drugless Healing, Los Angeles 1939-1942 College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons, Los Angeles 1920-

[19--J Columbia College of Chiropractic, Sacramento l1943] Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy, Sacra­

mento 1953-1955 Formerly Columbia College of Chiropractic (Alameda)

1933-1953 Continental Chiropractic College, Berkeley 1936-1943 Continental Chiropractic College, Los Angeles [1940]-1946 Davis College of Neuropathy, Los Angeles f1914] Golden State College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles 1923-1926 Hollywood College of Chiropractic, Hollywood 1949-1963 •

Formerly Drown College of Chiropractic 1948-1949 Formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic 1922-1948

Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1926] Life Chiropractic College - West, San Lorenzo 1982-

Formerly Pacific States Chiropractic College 1976-1981 Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier 1911-Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles

- 1938-McMillan's [Swedish Medical Gymnastic and Naturopathic]

Institute, San Jose 1924-1926 Dr. H. B. Moore, San Diego [1914 1 National College of Drugless Physicians Naturopathic Institute of California 1905-1951 Oakland Chiropractic College, Oakland [1905-1918] Pacific College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapeutics,

Berkeley 1927-1937 Pacific School of Chiropractic, Oakland [1905-1910] Palmer Chiropractic School, Santa Barbara 1903-1904 Palmer College of Chiropractic-West, Sunnyvale 1981-

Formerly Northern California College of Chiropractic 1978-1981

Pasadena College of Chiropractic, Pasadena 1980-Formerly University of Pasadena, College of

Chiropractic 1973-f1980] Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools, Los Angeles 1907-San Diego School of Chiropractic, San Diego 1910-ll914] San Francisco Chiropractic College, San Francisco [1927-

1938] San Francisco College of Chiropractic, San Francisco 1933-

1944, 1946-1951 Formerly West Coast Chiropractic College, Inc.1922-1933

San Francisco College of Chiropractic and Drugless Physi­cians, San Francisco 1925-1946

Formerly San Francisco College of Chiropractic 1924-1925 Sierra State University, San Francisco 1938-[19??]

Formerly Golden State Chiropractic College (Berkeley) 1927-1938

Sinclair College of Chiropractic, Santa Rosa 1900-1912 Southern California College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles

1938-1947

Formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons 1930-1938

Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Oakland 1922-1938

Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Sacramento 1922-1937 Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. , San Francisco 1922-1944

Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., San Jose 1922-1939 State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians,

San Jose [19381

Storeys School of Chiropractic l1909-•1921 ]

Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy, San Francisco 1923-1927

Formerly Western College (School) of Chiropractic 1920-

1923 Western University of Chiropractic, San Diego 1935-[1943]

Formerly Clewell Chiropractic College [1911-1938]

COLORADO Carver College, Denver Denver Chiropractic Institute, Inc., Denver [1931-1932]

Denver School of Chiropractic, Denver [1914]

Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic, Denver University of Natural Healing Arts, Denver 1935-1965

Formerly Colorado Chiropractic University 1923-1935

Western College of Chiropractic, Denver [ 1938-1943]

CONNECTICUT Central College of Chiropractic, Hartford [1926)

Connecticut College of Chiropractic [1932]

Eastern Chiropractic Institute (or College), Hartford [1925]

University of the Healing Arts, Hartford 1935-[1938]

DELAWARE Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Royal Institute of Chiropractic

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Capital School of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic Research Institute 1922- [19--]

Chiropractic Research University ll927]

Eastern Chiropractic College National University of Therapeutics Riley Chiropractic College (Riley School of Chiropractic) Standard School of Chiropractic Washington, D.C. School of Chiropractic [1914-1926]

GEORGIA Atlanta Chiropractic College, Atlanta [1927]

Grant Chiropractic College, Columbus 1940-1949

Life Chiropractic College, Marietta 1975-

ILLINOIS American Institute of Chiropractic, Rock Island [1911-1918)

American School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1915]

American University of Chiropractic, Chicago [1918-1927]

Eclectic College of Chiropractic, Inc. - 1920

Formerly American College of Mechano Therapy, Chicago 1907-1920

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 33

Bernarr McFadden Healthatorium, Chicago [1914]

Chicago Chiropractic College, Chicago [1913]

Chicago University of American Sciences [1925) Chiropractic University of Chicago, Chicago [1921]

Howard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1914)-1922

Kent College of Chiropractic, Chicago 1908-1913

Lincoln College, Chicago [1917-1921]

Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics, Chicago [1916)-

1930 National College of Chiropractic, Lombard 1920-

Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Davenport) - 1906

Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Chicago) 1908-

1920 National College of Drugless Physicians, Chicago 1930-1963

National School of Drugless Therapy, Chicago [1920]

National University of Sciences, Chicago -<1956

Palmer-Gregory School of Treatment, Chicago l-<1918]

Peerless c.ollege of Chiropractic, Chicago 1922-1927 Formerly Eclectic College of Chiropractic 1907-1923

Progressive College of Chiropractic, Chicago 1921-1927

Standard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [-<1923]

Wellington University, Chicago [1929]

INDIANA Bebout College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1946-[1965]

Bremer Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1922-[<1925]

Central States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1921-

[1927]

College of Universal Sciences Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc., Evansville [1927]

Genetic Chiropractic College, New Albany 1942-

Indiana Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1921-1923J

Indiana School of Chiropractic, Anderson [1913]-1918

Indianapolis Chiropractic College l1921]

International University of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1921-

[1922]

Lincoln Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1926-1968)

Oliver College of Chiropractic, Marion [1983] O'Neil College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne 1911-1929

O'Neil-Ross Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1929-[1953]

Pennsylvania Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [1941-1950]

Peskin College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne [1921] Ross College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne 1907-1929

United College of Chiropractic, Marion [1914]

United States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis

IOWA American School of Chiropractic and Nature Cure, Cedar

Rapids 1903-1918

Ball Sanitarium and Health School, Colfax 1919-[19-]

Branett School of Chiropractic Chiropractic School and Cure, Davenport, lA 1897-1902

Columbia School of Chiropractic, Cedar Rapids [1903] Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1911-1914

Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1912-1921

Formerly Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic 1911-

1912

Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic, Davenport [ <1923) -[1932]

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 34

Des Moines School of Chiropractic [1918) International University of Chiropractic (1920) Iowa College of Chiropractic, Des Moines L1915) Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport 1961-

Formerly Palmer's School of Magnetic Cure 1896 Formerly Palmer School and Cure 1897-1902 Formerly Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute

1902-1904 Formerly Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic

1904-1921 Formerly Palmer School of Chiropractic 1921-1961

Palmer School of Correspondence, Davenport Parker College (or School) of Chiropractic, Ottumwa 1905-

[ <1918] Universal Chiropractic College, Davenport 1910-1918 Dr. AI White, Brighton [1914) Weigert School of Chiropractic, Waterloo [1913]

KANSAS Carver Chiropractic College, Wichita 1919-[19-??]

Formerly Carver College- 1917 Chiropractic University Colvin Chiropractic College, Wichita [1914-1943) Darling and Baker, Wichita [1914-1925] Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College, Wichita Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, Wichita 1912-[1917) Foy's Chiropractic College, Topeka [1910) Harris Chiropractic College, Wichita Kansas City School of Chiropractic, Kansas City Kansas School of Chiropractic [1917] Kansas State Chiropractic College, Wichita [1943-1958] Dr. H. S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc.,

Topeka [1943] Ratledge College of Chiropractic Wichita College of Kiropractic 1909-1910

KENTUCKY International College of Chiropractic, Inc., Lexington 1938-

[1943)

MARYLAND Columbia College of Chiropractic, Baltimore 1946-1954 Maryland College of Chiropractic, Baltimore 1925-1928

MASSACHUSETTS New England College of Chiropractic, Boston 1914-[1918] Riley School of Chiropractic, Boston [1925) Washington School of Chiropractic, Boston [-<1956)

MICHIGAN Alma Chiropractic College, Detroit 1920-[1922) Detroit Chiropractic College, Detroit [1913-1944] Detroit Chiropractic Institute, Detroit [1914-1918) International College of Chiropractic, Detroit [1910) International College of Chiropractic Spondylotherapy

[ <1922) Michigan Chiropractic College, Detroit 1909-1911 Michigan College of Chiropractic, Grand Rapids [1910-1932) Michigan Kiropractic College [1910) Wells Academy of Chiropractic, Lansing, MI

MINNESOTA Carroll School of Chiropractic [1916-1932) Chiropractic School and Cure, Duluth - 1904-Chiropractic School and Cure, St. Paul1902-1905 Duluth School of Chiropractic, Duluth [1925 Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure, Fairmont [1904-) Hammerle Chiropractic College, St. Paul 1905-International University of Chiropractic [1920) Mankato School, Mankato -<1923 Marshoto School, Marshoto [1902] McCandy School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis 1964-[19??] Midwest College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [19261 Minnesota Chiropractic College, Minneapolis 1912-1946

Formerly Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy 1908-1909

Minnesota School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1904] Modern School of Chiropractic, Brainderd <1956 Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Bloomington 1941-0rtho Chiropractic College, Minneapolis Ramsay College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1926) St. Paul College of Chiropractic, St. Paul1912-1938 Wentworth Chiropractic College, Inc., Duluth [ -<1923]

MISSISSIPPI Mississippi State Chiropractic College

MISSOURI Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College, Kansas City

1946-1951 Chiropractic Institute and College, St. James 1904-[19-J Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City, Kansas City [1914] Chiropractic University, Kansas City [1913-1927] Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City, Kansas City

1922-Formerly Central Chiropractic College 1922-1924

College of Chiropractic Research Foundation, St. Louis [1943] Excelsior Chiropractic Sanitarium, Excelsior Springs U934-

1938) Hughes College of Chiropractic, St. Joseph Hunter School of Chiropractic, Springfield [1925) Logan College of Chiropractic, Chesterfield 1955-

Formerly Logan Basic College of Chiropractic 1906-1955 Mid-West School of Chiropractic Missouri Chiropractic College, St. Louis 1906-1964 Missouri Chiropractic Institute, St. Louis Missouri Chiropractic Institute and College Ratledge College of Chiropractic St. Louis Chiropractic College, St. Louis 1909-[1922) Spino-Neural Chiropractic College [1925) Springfield Chiropractic College, Springfield [ -1922) Western Chiropractic College, Kansas City [1927-1943)

MONTANA James Chiropractic College [19??-<1923) Montana Chiropractic College

NEBRASKA Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic, Lincoln Lincoln Chiropractic College, Lincoln [1922-<1925) Nebraska Chiropractic College, Lincoln 1908-[1927) Western Academy of Science [-<1923)

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NEW JERSEY Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Eastern College of Chiropractic, Newark (1918-1920) First National University of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences,

Inc., Newark [1926-1930) Mecca College of Chiropractic, Newark 1916-[1943)

Formerly New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy 1910.1916

National Eclectic Institute, West Hoboken [1917-1923] Nature Science College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic, Newark [1917-1918]

NEW YORK Advanced School of Chiropractic, New York [1918] Amalgamated Chiropractic Colleges, New York [1918) American School of Chiropractic, New York 1905-[19311 American School of Naturopathy, New York 1896-1923 Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute, Brooklyn 1945-1964 Bronx School of Chiropractic, New York [192?-1932) Carver Chiropractic College, New York [1920] Carver Chiropractic Institute, New York 1919-1934 Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York [1914) Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York 1944-1968

Formerly Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic [1944]-1945

Continental School of Chiropractic, New York [1921-1925] Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, New York [1915-

1917] Eastern Chiropractic College, Nerw York [1936-1946] Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York [1931-1944) Empire Institute of Chiropractic, New York 1919-[1925] Institute of the Science of Chiropractic, New York [1931) International College of Chiropractic, New York 192o-(19? ?) International School of Chiropractic, Buffalo [1932) Interstate Chiropractic School, Buffalo 1922-[19??) Manhatten College of Chiropractic, New York [1919) McFadden Institute of Physical Culture, New York - 1938-Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic, New York [ 1923-1925] National Eclectic Institute, Manhattan - 1922-National Eclectic Institute, New York [1918-1926] New York Chiropractic College, Glens Head 1977-

Formerly Columbia Institute of Chiropractic 1919-1977 New York College of Chiropractic, New York 1919-(19221

Formerly Chiropractic University of New York [1918)-1919

New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, New York I 1927 J New York School of Chiropractic, Bronx [1932] New York School of Chiropractic, New York [1919)-1944 Premier School of Chiropractic, New York Standard School [Institute) of Chiropractic, New York [1920) -

1944

OHIO Akron College of Chiropractic, Akron 1922-[1932) Bloodgett Chiropractic College, Cleveland [1927] Central College of Chiropractic, Cleveland [1926] Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic, Eaton

1941-1962 Cleveland Chiropractic College, Cleveland Deshler College of Chiropractic, Deshler [1926)

HOW MANY CHIROPRACn C SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 35

Dickinson Chiropractic College, Columbus [1922-1926J Or. W. J. Haney, Cleveland [1914j International College of Chiropractic, Dayton [1948-55) Inter-State Chiropractic College, Cleveland 1921-(1922) Metropolitan and Cleveland College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Chiropractic College, Cleveland [1927-19451 Metropolitan College of Chiropractic and Mechano-Therapy,

Cleveland [1943-1960) Nesmith College of Potomac University Ohio State Chiropractic College Reaver School of Chiropractic, Dayton 1945-1952 Standard College of Chiropractic, Akron [1923-1938)

OKLAHOMA Carver Chiropractic College, Oklahoma City 1907-1958

Formerly Carver-Denny Chiropractic College 1906-1908 Carver College of Relatolity, Oklahoma City [1940J Chirof>ractic Institute of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City

[1914-<1923] Northwestern School of Chiropractic Oklahoma Chiropractic Univerrsity 1907-[19??] Oklahoma College of Mechano Therapy Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic, Oklahoma City

1907-1908 Ratledge College of Chiropractic, Tulsa (1908) Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College [ -<19181

OREGON Oregon State Chiropractic College [1925] Pacific College of Chiropractic, Portland 1903-1913 Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy 1910.1913

Formerly D.O. Palmer School of Chiropractic [1903)-1910 Formerly Portland College of Chiropractic 1902-1910

Western States Chiropractic College, Portland 1932-Formerly Pacific Chiropractic College 1913-1932

NEW MEXICO Reaver School of Chiropractic, Roswell 1952

PENNSYLVANIA American Chiropractic College, Philadelphia Central College of Chiropractic Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [1924-

1932] Lafayette Institute, Philadelphia 1947-[1950) Marchand College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia 1912-1915,

1922-[19--] National Chiropractic College, Philadelphia [1927] Neff College, Philadelphia -<1926 Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [19501 Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic, Levittown

1984-Formerly Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic 1977-1984

Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1914)-1919 Philadelphia College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia Dr. C. H. Sheway, Connellsville [1914] Union College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1925) Universal Chiropractic College, Pittsburgh 1917-1944 Washington School of Chiropractic, Washington [1914-1918)

HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS • FERGUSON/WIESE 36

SOUTH CAROLINA Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic, Spartanburg 1973-

TENNESSEE Nashville College of Chiropractic, Nashville 1925-[1943] Tennessee Academy of Arts and Sciences, Inc.

TEXAS Dallas Chiropractic College, Dallas [1903-1 Fort Worth Chiropractic College, Fort Worth [1922] Grant School of Chiropractic, Waskom Parker College of Chiropractic, Irving 1982-Richmond University of Chiropractic, Hereford 1938-[1943] San Antonio Chiropractic College, San Antonio [ -•1923] Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences,

Dallas [1943] Southwestern College of Chiropractic, Cisco 1978-[1983] Southwestern Chiropractic College, Sweetwater Texas College of Chiropractic, Pasadena 1908-

UTAH Medlin School of Health, Salt Lake City [1914] Salt Lake College (School) of Chiropractic [-<1923] Utah Chiropractic College [1925)

WASHINGTON Grace University, Seattle [19301 Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Seattle [1932] Restview Chiropractic College (or Restview University of

Chiropractic), Seattle 1906-r 19531 Seattle College of Chiropractic, Seattle [1927-1931] Seattle School of Chiropractic, Seattle fl918l Spokane School of Chiropractic, Spokane [1914-•1918] Universal Sanipractic College, Seattle [1926] Western Drugless College Western Therapeutic College

WISCONSIN Antigo College of Chiropractic, Antigo [1912-1918] Wisconsin Chiropractic College, Milwaukee [1923-1932]

CANADA

NO PROVINCE Imperial College of Chiropractic [19??]-•1923 National University of Therapeutics

MANITOBA Manitoba School of Chiropractic, Winnipeg

ONTARIO Canadian Chiropractic College, Hamilton [1913-1923] Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto 1945-Duval School of Toronto [1925] Ontario Chiropractic College, Ontario [1925] Robbins Chiropractic Institute, Sault St. Marie 1910-[ •1923) Toronto Chiropractic College, Toronto 1920-[19?? ]

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