Ferdinand de Saussure - from: 'Course in General Linguistics' (1913)

10
e rI1 z rI1 Fo rC FF 2H c s2 m -l lr( o en H .t a a b QS +\a :"* *Fl. :+ s ws ';,9 Eq d r-r Y lda *O * J:- .YH 3 JT HF \.x d PE A4 c".- !. \-. I tr: Eql-{ i.a'\ \i, H$ otrl -i\ .-\ .E FS FqrD - \'. - L^j !-{ ijj F 3$ FE r-, H l<1 H E F' t'jk EDS F 4., a hi H z E l-'{ FI F o a tr.{ ?rd 5H o' *F rr Ed ld H

description

de Saussure&#39;s pioneering work where he argues for the arbitrary relationship of word and referent (&#39;signifier and signified&#39;)...

Transcript of Ferdinand de Saussure - from: 'Course in General Linguistics' (1913)

erI1zrI1ForCFF2Hcs2m-llr(oen

H.taabQS+\a:"**Fl.:+s ws ';,9

Eq d r-rY lda *O* J:- .YH3 JT HF

\.x d PE A4c".- !. \-. I tr: Eql-{i.a'\ \i, H$ otrl-i\ .-\ .E FS FqrD

- \'. - L^j !-{ijj F 3$ FEr-, H l<1 H

E F' t'jkEDSF 4.,ahiHz

El-'{FI

Foatr.{

?rd5H

o'*F

rrEd

ld

H

ry- c,r

-oll xt+B !];6F;,ix--ri i! oF.tr t:ifFdBx 6 b-aDi't ::*zEdi=.HhioioIE-- -tsEdO{!d{*cj:<BFE@^^J.E'6Bte(

lf g)S^, Fe f<EEro i'dilF E'

UCY;iBs.d9+o5.(Doain{.-'U5.?D

a-o-.

\XtrE:X.E

-D'H

le

a.

oczdrflz-tcn

E '-tFIH

es(Dl0c+

eFOa

ef(DE

cfL!:EPa--t) efLrl o

P

\JH:. Ar nn€+t-o

"ts E

-9 t ii n\J o ,i.;. !jO o g(o NH+D-L

1.so!sL.-H^-o iiF-to g-

p'(D*gE "3

5

i.4- ii'F H EE H H F3 AugA^4Ntr ;=< ASYq3 :;s I+ li Lr'

/.JJ5 oEt :).-='\Jd'3. Z6ao,

-1 Hi33I.eiOts{F90Se,1 1='n2e 8-.ts trtrv^oR'jH-+id rr j !.q q6 o 6'g g-. :d :6

H f FE a se.''.J^^ 'O-VHF;lff9 3tr.P E-r X o :t rD r;5 riqJFH R-)/

iE.qFEHfiE'oc X'L^P o odq + E r-'r id =' H'

*5 gf E '"*oA-?s3(Dle trX" X -3 -8 s.ts * i'B r-5 Pry:6 3 a+-^q+*ru)g ,€ r4-x"Ep

=' :.:-

=. Eiia;gt@ t o-'H*. fi;r&L:"iia't!^otD E'0q

= 6<

daoa-k <xldCDahi'-g

aa6o Y-(nFa 'fd

-<iOCDH(D

@ 0q ^-rB F'J

oiI

d'

(oo))4

oc

o-

HrEsn!to ldts!';tsaaae

0'a +iUUP1O

+=

5.x(D"

|c b9HHrrCrJ O{Crts{gJ q, C^, \l 19 N9 bJrF C^) N) CO \f c)r Cf9

F

ootrariz-)

zEd

tstrFHz!l

HaFiHou)

h!AA'

!e i a'oqr, g;5P.!DiH3O^6Ft9d\vv(D(O- 5-N+^L. \! A /5^+!0cg€5Rarq x x+*st*o (e-P

=.F" +o'x !\- s-XQFll

-N:'PUU6q 5'5 .'

E A EEr^-AN* P -.L-'- !,4 ef djb o X'-a=A

Gfi o e0)i+v>+N' H6 a'

d'.o r;iE.=PH'Uotro!Ft'L)3 a

t9t9

iio(e!-aa2H

xF5-a.4. 6

rU

t-l

zrt1

SSg$E5'P$ E:E' !-F+r,EiE=*F5itrS

sFlfEeF$;rHE$ zE-=1iF*fiFqix*s. tfifr ge.=J l b'5'g A; - H

3;l€s*1r;fe€"; F h'+S+lia+E€F'ils' : i#iEqf E'eE.s:JgS I o"=.*iggF$ir$res ; Ft

SFFiaEF$if,ifi H s p

9iE*lgiifl-Fi z R 5=.=E=!.J.e"d F5. H Oasg+Ei16 +F 3 5.i;SElgrF E3 T F*;rrE:E*g;. H o

ilrE+t*; +A z

='6.5 6 3 6 o fi fr d

;;F*FE5H FT

LbUo!s

hoov2

(D

U)@o

+H

U

ooa.!.oFotsaOi.-(o0q5tr0!

2.aoa r5Pii

F [rq(< !:.

6-0C^ov

tr-O-+

d5

irA $gi56 [s+s+iitFirFg E

EFil$fgIi [EIESFF$gEF-$ F

r++i+**agfsg[$rggsF i 2

5i*ig[g:;g;i'[egqIr e F

$5$i[$titifsrgfElEtr gafglteifr' $*F3*s F x

E$g€Fg[gFEggg*ggI

,t#

dI.Il,fiil$ I\l/<t--{(

lgEi$FF- e sF:961;i; =[9.!F.-.E'FEH o " aD

iEFtF+sg i #3F.^ r: - *!.8 H a+z 4 =

it g F 3.R * Li o$'rgeffig {:5=3E:!91*' -6I.F: g:T *r,E B.q r

<a5-gO

lE=i'F!H c o tl-: in X *q 6 g.=.51! i iEt 1a i.E H Ld.3 e" 3 d .- EX'L;xLd- o,Fe;s;ia:.S gF iiias tri E s:- -.ts { 6ci o F ;'=.g 5;j':':5-.r '- 6 6-

[; esi+g f 3:sg:aaI=[ s f airoq ? o

^r^- a _. i: -IdxPEsE € !-3?rE -E =f - E.'g(y." |!JiE u = ^ P P

n2"'-c';1 jg -ttr3:3gi.l 6 d 3lei!6EB s-AESE.f6Fo'q "o EiE *+E€ 3.!i. i. &..5ae.?i!e a'i H"

gqFFE f eE; q

rF" I ** i $ $ ; $fi3$**$'€F9 2qi$r "l;iF1f

E=E;''- o aS d g FE6;et16 ,rF g

+a*5;B'F gI eqcP,ol3? .95' :iD +$" ' .;' 4' *;- =-

F 3 --a ;itrdd'x$H.5' 5$ Eap oq:6 g. e.5 FIe s 3iE' s 3.f6_EB-5n" og

C-.;i-*o I *E Ho-x (r o +6 a * ab i5^5 cc ca X - rlP E e F ^ eo d{< XqE$EH; if e+r;f,'qE s"F e,

6 E:-q'g I #EE 3 c*?+ 5&9+5i;to.g xo'i 8'36 s A q€

e;;.f1g. fE R

/"t\w

.H(H

@+_<

ers$rt$a1;+ig[$ssl*s

ai-Ei $F$ iil$iFFIFF

**;FFFE$Fisg$iFglfis geFi Fi *ri$i

artFc$$gfigggrse+I

*geggaF*'i++ggul

@

oH

aH

HzOEdztrtsFr

FHz!rl

H(n€H

a

-'-' u'gg[aig+gaa[g[ffiggg*igggrs+ggF

;gg+ISE*g*IllBIr*gggE**a*e s- Eig*BEB

[Eg+g[EgEFEFgFFgF[EEgg[Egg EilF[EiEgFrag*ilggaEgg*IEI i*- *=*

giiu[*utaila+i?EF IfFH;u,*iu

zFl

14Lal

(.Jt:n

HHH

tstHza)

HaFlHr_)

aHoz

:Eg$gxIl;i;*iIigg pirig[[ii+; rFriiE€Eg

gi iF 1Fg 1g 19 1glgg

s +t + +r*aEg lggg 1g*S;

g

1

E *Ig*aFBg-' '

$t*E*=* iauu 1*F€ FFrH+l'' 1'

FEgg[Ei I lE gggilB

[*EaEE lE1fg6gg*E F * i +t

FtAEiiTFgEF$iEri

r$IBFlagillggla1glgE-EiFialEgI FEglig

i e3:[13st$qilE 1gg*E*3*=l € "E3 "-

e -1f;;iru

rcEsE ;6$$Ffq$ Fgf*

$ FigFFrF$cEE.ggF$iFH *F$ Fr$r H

i ++$s6r*ss1rr*'tFFrFg$ $irA E

$ e[agggffi[*gga lrggge+e :gE* li rEEiiifii$sf,[iEf i?sF$$

g! F H

rg$rt3F*rr+se[[$g${$gg$

H

vqFl

EdHFH

z

Fl

EdHtsHFl

ohd

FiHEq

aHoz

{

?zFl

tdHFH

z

6>lH\rFl

o4Hll)4EC

ali.1

z

EEiB

EEFBIi HEIEI EEEEItE?EIBiiEEEEHIIEE ;

[!} ggg3iallraa

[[[[$[g [gi$[[$${g[[Ii e

i+sFE1Eg[g[$aEi+g$f s I H ; r

= I * s F * * P Cg t $-E[3Fr"1=1'Fi€Bf

EE iEEr$s_c6qi;;r?it;fF E

+HgigEeii€rEEiE["a A:|5rg'aKy.,d e p a r! =." [ [ H I d fi E fr +i E

u"a'i;+F*+[$g$gs**E E9*fE:i.F*u;79F*.F r t $ 3 Fir: p€ F $ + ; I6 [iarcg*gre51;x]$s n + i6 3 g. x i5 3 3 * E 3 Ag' ; H ;F; * H H s *s # r a g

g $*ti$tri33$*$efiE E

t)--.-....-.---

r,=h\17<--<(

g e^, *ssg3.3*5'F$Fs ;3{ 3sE i.g H

H sE f;i ra ie s€ t+ti Fg*qF;Ear

E$F $[3[Brg;frsF iClF: isSgf E: tgE e3$; Isa.FN, B E:*-AI $E.F

ieR [kgi*r;gdp'€ aEH":;:sp*E 9' FEE E ]F? P&€g FH:3*8E:+5'; s u *f ["1: r: IFt tAn9r*FF-

EiiIg[ElEgggF$iElEEiiFIEEEgggFIrgBEI1 ;

FlFliFBFE[ $igflg1IrFIEgIFgFi gEE

$EI E

lFlFiF1$gF rilr3i[$1F1iF11f*,tiF11 FFg H

EggE$ilBI1F Ei$gifEF FiaBaEl gEg

F*g

FHzt)a4HoF;Ho

F-1It

(o

Ita

uc+te

o

ef

(+ot!HJ6o

oQ+

(+atoEr.tloC+oa:f@

ao

p.I

EI!0

0eoHoH

+ots{.A

EtHl0 !- r-lry?d#(9EA+0:i-:^H; 0-dHTPE.

ai Edd fi-YaF:

la '-o

F0q (D

Hfi'Aao'- o19p'a.-> diz.:lo

siJ<+;sc rkx +h7-oo-

- Er5+cD

=a?6'Oa5lltx:o9.: e-u-)9tr +9?6

dt

<fu

ocDH

(+

o

0c

B

o

)oa

<+

tro

Ehb(o

H

afa

Eo(D

(Du

ryoo

Ft

+(DE\a(D

+lort

o

Focc+d

h

ets

Ho

a+

efa)

PIn

e+

olo

coFLF

<-f

!J;.$

tsoo0co

dH

a5'(D

oa

4(D

oaCD

o

a

0c

iE 3Fltly: o o PV 3< oa<-+*5lo<o+i s x: s Hfr e"

8EB;*EEFa/9;4g

H Ffi? 9 P.S*:8 sd 6 s j 5+!.(DF=vF

A L:H 6 te + F)

= d F F +s8 S.

= EE.ts l3 eo E i

aa;lEf$*-i.=H-U<

= r'r;€ f *t

H tr? 3qE; [Tg5 g +;38';p-5 5 o sE +Fq: i g 3q H 6_s;p iiitsf p*rB E;6o$"5 eS€ iHry A S 6-ctrd (D X

E"$.59aFF-*

r.t

Clo0c

ef

c+

+

)(D

efU

pHP

U<f

ef

tD

lod

Fl

Haa

cF

CDr.t

a

+eF

t!o

)<+

o

r.1

o<+

p

pNo9-

o4cts

(o

oa

el

opo'o

o6o

a

0c

ef4

a

H|&a

Eho|1oefl0eFo9.def

o

0q!

0!

!+ra

t

ao

aao6

o

atEou

c+

HoH(opop

!3

o.oe+eoPio

ef

Ha)

eF+o

a

I

raF(D

t4

a

oc+

(tao

a

oef

0cr.io

+oH

aa)

to

uac+oH

tr

oa

u@

p.(D

+

a+

o

+lo+ua)

a(Dr.t

PtH<+

0c

I

€oliaao

a0c

a

o.A

a

4ef

0qc+o

E

4a

tro

oI

!g'ts{a

a)af

lo+

c+

ooaaoH

oel

FloU)

0c

a

ao.

gc

0oF.:o

Filell

efP(Dr.t

.A

o

I

Xlo

tJ

o+I

oo

o-oH

l0

ef

ov)

p.6

d

Ar&ID

0q

pa+

U

BH t*r5r"cr rlxxa.'pl0G:

49.HH

iD$*o4a)4a

14F.

F<

E'q3

Hto9e,o5tr ir-+<gd:h<<(Dets

c+

|.L:

C0

\t1

gaggrtIl*g[ggllagrglgEgt

ag}iEalaltEag ;; $ ig ar+r

*gglFIiggggIAIEgg[Igagll

-aiggg*a*riia

E

giEEEEglEgagEig[[IEiIEEEIFEEEEIEI=

HHzOdHv)FlH

tsA

\t

etsP

v1

o+

oo

(+aef

-f

0c

0c

s0v)

+n2

+

oc

(D

a?

e+

ooHats

oc+

aaa

gho|lo

oaacF

ucl

I

o

og+

o

oc!a(:

a

!-

alIootrtr4o i+ii>aJ.

50-ts=si-iri

*Ba'.aBH<oP?;.-!!5<od5a

.'o6H. r-lets$ef

it oToPQ<E-

+gl-aNUY

-

* Sgre'6a, O :'do'H-J

;io 6Da:i' D +

ol00

paef

a

C]or.{+a

U)

11

o

o(+

a

ts

c+

aaI

q e*,"3EsdsF.t +<y 5'oX -.uJ

S.i 3

+^ i

< R.{ols oX N.+tst + (t6Ftaao!0rr5+<rJoi:Q-a=c'^LG +.,NCo x..,+cDidiP.F..

* 6.3tr *E-O ci.xH\S;?anoo H'XooxHHU.TFb

H

-F

oao

F0c

oEp

H

{f.l

Ilo

o

stoE

d

4

U

6

G

6G

|{

(:

:G

g0

f,

2pa

<+

or*lo

-f

le'I

cts

oo

Poaoc

lD

e+

!c+)<f

cf-

aaooop.

0c

cto

0ea

oaa

/+Ior.ia<+eftsJ

le

otronU)o

llc<

6+lo

(oF.J

o

o

Fl

(D

o

(+

P

l!ao

ae|oE1

XI

tredq,a

q+

/:+!-.0c)Pef A:

oQ.Ia

O.o'de+Aa:da++voHry

ftitrop.ef<

oogH

ra e+0qNl;r

E

o EndlA A+F't'EpjE'Eli+,- e ifR t3.--'rH9€P g.; (9

X''Qo-lo r osr5,5dHEPR-*HEso A) gS co Frd^HUg.E ,F *q3

-<dF+l96t agHf rs;:: l F.

i, ! o;i.'Y-'<o H +oq!886"s!C'o IPPVPooq€ ?^9;l6'+U !t0+aDF.-^ d 5'+so+.q < !eI'Y: (i

!5-ro'r -+$*.-;i5!JX

AE ai*0c'ii(D +<aD-* (D O

FEdi

+e+

^<xo€8.'0q

d'9i.j. 6

*Ey,

94o0q9*+2.50qorJtrEh

ONELt!

aaooc<lh

.oo4\J te^tsi(D

dlfrabH.-rg $l.sE.8 3rr=;^E'lo+oXHs a'E LB'E$I6-oHJ':!H5XgiD5rao a-'X-sLe!J.\'

*<?.b a

o 6IE S't 6'FiiPe.P*e 3 Hod.D-tr o F€ 9-+L!!A-:arul^lgP^=LH.v-urpD

^ D +UV

r+P='!

le Ff,AuX-opX s< +51

a+Bg}9c'E'aaH ffFn-: *PH!g,rc X ;tca€ *n<F roCUqH:F

= aa

a - ^ E'(9HiPB:'P-+via.+

trP(Do

'g>FrJ i6!E

9. cr

!.!efOa-d

iDF1tH4a(Y

o+^o+<a-^(on:d5!

u.Fo

loPdoaefle+

a*

h

tD

(\o

aG

6

C)6.o

<!

G

a,

G

hG

H

F0q

0co

uP

P

a

P

o0c

80

aa(+o

j

lecfoof.t

ae+

0q

a

a

dxr'R5U-ca9.4fi'F+H'tr(D'+':ts=+Hll

i+6 +:.: 7n

E!eO

rDoa*s,;f.oBQ +ts-x +

a i.6O +a

b! L./oHlOOsx+;:oiiA-

rJala5Eia S,

E

aD4

g,Fos.

bo*r,

o<^A6aEh:x<

b<f/a9o-o<+ ti5p?DT

HlJ:U

-(oH.4+4

3+l0eaa9r,H 0c^ac9uiUI

Hp

uets

oc+oH

a

c+

*ior.t(A

eF

<f

o

oaets

o

an

;'s 3 EE*e+?EEe aEE$EF[$aFeE$FiilBiE

$

i-*7"aei';xqigg;Agg4g11g6[g3gilg6H

*EElil€ia za eieissrEeFrF*FagF1$Eiiffieii} e

a g t elgaiggFEe ffiFaargfaeiBcgta$ E

3 3 \

*:giltf,e+i +i:srcHrFitiFt€ FF e

rlEEtB*[-1a*iil*grf[FEEt?lEa-? a

;BE;*+ggE tFHgrsaHgiig$€EIF

v)

zFl

tsFlH-)tszU

q)-a)ooHtsFJH

H

LTJ

FFiH-rzV)

ts!'?

(D

sl+

a

t4,L

4oH(D

ooq2

deF

oo

0c

a

+or.t

a

elo

+0!>:o

uo

P

o

0cots,i

efoalo

o,{+p

ma

oa)

(D+e

s\va

5 +H;." ogs{AO'

-o!-.F\e\.u>*a <0v9HAOits

ft€ s=-(!9a)tD

i-.t ts.+-l<",Pii

)ioeo

..4

.i5lo +F0C l"! ai

tet gq-c^x

a(i

Eaooef

oo

r.ip-uFo

,.o

tso

+oao.ao

o4

r-o

('q

0c

o!0(toets

o

r.l

o

c+

oe(D

ot

Dr_i

v)ocfc+

o

oa0

d

o

o

0cel

oooefaa

I

l9a

+56Ooytf{

0ct-{

o(D5(o9OEPloozara $eyE

^i:

b0c

-UF'o5€Nts;io

\(D

dF

bqet

oQ

C4

Floa

t00c

at0/le

a)

a

-f

oH

oo

I

-o

U)

o,hH

(!I

(\

ts1

Ir.t(D

p-

(:o

(!

o

!r^oc

a<f

(!

\'G

p

t\

G\Gq

ot

l{l

p.a

0c

9.

- -:id as'

i-S

irS5€d-3o

0q3o)'o

(o.(

36

Q+ts(e9<p.O

a:F

_<5

6u=ts.

o/i

Hoc

<+9ueo

+m

,o

aef

o

o4+

0qef

+15Ft(D

a

rl

ad

H"aFDtrEa'+\vpt*=' tnpo

.r 411 uttob-aOCDH

-PP(!

-osts<5otslaJ

aDg

f,doc=='aoC)

54?oHqP(!

EIo!'^-9gdools

Oc+p. t!5a3

EE-?!t(eoHA

o:+x- 0q1/.

or tlQ

otsK;:58

:d<opHO0c i7i-(D

8o

*H

p.

aef

eF

of.:

r.lp-oG

6<b(o!G

op

(:,.a

l0

ets

-fo

H

a

Cb

G

EP

<+

cl

taaG

(\{

(!gP

o

F.!

Gra.

oa.(]te(+o

'.i6

lAb

<!

lo

I

EFl

<trnB*.a

l-!

+O(DvOrAFo-Fl+

6R+":Ab:9*5oo*(Dot0--;otn a,iotr^hitdOPoory<a0)o<F*'i+3

n

qoc

ts tJ'a:

A

a;.

rJgEP

*a

<ioP.DO-

+ r'JUA

r-l ,-:

4aaoOfrlooer5a=H' P.

o 'r'

0Q+

(DloloEoOU

ole

oor-Ja

AA;fRHxrD:3ts+=ea,GO

Ox%te'Fi

(Da

e+

@

F{

a

le0q

+

r.lo

o

U

'.iaG6G

l-t

apaog

+

ry:(!!!

i.a

trc+5aX-au'r-i(oh

PHa-

cts i.6<a(D

*;.-.ota

pts0qt3 to

(D.4;+

-a

5uoq("i'

rlio

+o

UaoG

d

(D

p.a

p0q

l0ef

oE

0q

aef

EIG

e-.Ha

ks5ofoX@.@

!oa.n<x

i.co@lj

O+r3ltlDoXg

*o5+a!i9Fsts=uaoE

@

,9s!D+oaotsd@o

It;cp

4:-

P