Feminist Studies vs Masculinity Studies1

8/13/2019 Feminist Studies vs Masculinity Studies1

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Feminist Studies

vs.Masculinity

Studies

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Feminist Studies

http://www.ateliervanlieshout.com/works/hangingman.htm
http://www.ateliervanlieshout.com/works/hangingman.htmhttp://www.ateliervanlieshout.com/works/hangingman.htm


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Origin and development

1700s : The Changing Woman

1800s : Wendy W. Williams in her essay

The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections onCulture, Courts and Feminism

Sojourner Truth: African-AmericanFeminism

Sojourner Truth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sojourner_truth_c1870.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sojourner_truth_c1870.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sojourner_truth_c1870.jpg


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Susan B. Anthony Speech after

Arrest for Illegal voting published

in 1872 Simone de Beauvoir in her work Le

Deuxime Sexepublished in 1949

Personalities such as Mary AnneEvans under the pen name George

Eliot, Margaret Fuller, the Bronte

sisters, Mary Elizabeth Coleridge

and others that succeeded to bring

to light in their minds and spirit.

Susan.B. Anthony

Simone de Beauvoir

George Eliot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D%27Albert_Durade.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Eliot_at_30_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_D'Albert_Durade.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Simone_De_Beuvoir.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg


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Masculinity Studies

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Origins Thefirst wave of masculinity studies emerged during the 1970's and was

influenced by the initial activity of the men's liberation movements.

http://storify.com/JFarrisKnight/the-men-s-rights-mentality/elements/5106d6776dfffcd04601d4a4
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Male liberation calls for men to free

themselves of the sex-role stereotypes that

limit their ability to be human. Sex-role

stereotypes say that men should be dominant;

achieving and enacting a dominant role in

relations with others is often taken as an

indicator of success.[Jack Sawyer]


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African-American

Feminism The history of Afro-American feminism

originated in the need of liberation fromslavery and struggle of black women for

survival, of sexual oppressions of whites and

intolerable racism.


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Activists as:

Sojourner Truth

Harriet Tubman Frances Harper

Ida B. Wells Barnett

Mary Church Terrell

Sojourner TruthHarriet

Tubman

Frances Harper

Ida B. Wells Barnett

Mary Church Terrell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sojourner_truth_c1870.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harriet_Tubman_by_Squyer,_NPG,_c1885.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fewharper.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Garrity_-_Ida_B._Wells-Barnett_-_Google_Art_Project_-

_restoration_crop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_church_terrell.jpg
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The Combahee RiverCollective

One of the most powerful organization TheCombahee River Collective which held aconference in Boston in 1974 expressed in the

essayA Black Feminism Statementthat Webelieve in the recognision as humas, levellyhumans, is enough.

All these, in the end, had to convince both black

women in the first place and also white womenthat what they were all trying to do is forwomens sake.


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Development

Masculinity Studies developed throughout the last decades as

an interdisciplinary field of cultural, social, historical,

political, psychological, economic, and artistic analysis that

interrogates the constructions of masculinity in communities

across the world and at various times in history. It also looksat the tense and complex relationship between hegemonic

masculinities (that is, the idea of a realmanin a given time

and place) and subordinate masculinities (masculinities that,

in a given time and place, fall short of the realmanideal).


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Hegemonic masculinity Subordinate masculinity

http://dailyfantasysports2010.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/american-football-league/

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One reason not to make masculinity

monolithic in this way is that it can be

oppressive to those who wield it. [Todd W.Reeser]

Men are dominated by their domination.

[Pierre Bourdieu]

http://whosgottheedge.com/experiences-and-your-brand/
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14/25

Marxist Feminism The history of Marxist Feminism begins with

Friedrich Engels and his work The Origin of theFamily, Private Property, and the Statepublishedin 1884.

He explains the fact that women subordination is

the result of social relations where genderinequality and oppressions are applied in theinstitution of family, observed in a capitalistsociety.

Engels sees family as an institution which isrepresented by men and women only performdomestic chores
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_State


15/25

As defined by Linda Nicholson in The

Introduction of The Second Wave: A Reader in

Feminist Theory:

Marxists feminist as Heidi Hartmann and

Michelle Barrett focus on the gendered

division of labor. Both of them argue for the

equal importance of gender and class

oppression, analyzing the ways in which two

parallel institutions: the economic capitalismand the family structure women.


16/25

Heidi Hartmann in her essay The UnhappyMarriage of Marxism and Feminism statedthat The marriage of Marxism andFeminism has been like the marriage ofhusband and wife () either we need ahealthier marriage or we need a divorce.

The feminists question in the first place thecauses of sexual dominanance over women.Most marxists analyses of womens positiontake as their question the relationship to theeconomic system rather than of women tomen.


17/25

the fundamental study

on masculinity as a

formative factor of

modern social inequality,and also one of the most

important books in the

social sciences in recent

years.

http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520246980
http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520246980http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520246980http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520246980


18/25

'Masculinity' is not a coherent object aboutwhich a generalizing science can beproduced. Yet we can have coherentknowledge about the issues raised in these

attempts. If we broaden the angle of vision,we can see masculinity, not as an isolatedobject, but as an aspect of a largerstructure.[R. W. Connell]

Connell distinguishes four patterns of

masculinities:

Hegemony

Subordination

Complicity

Marginalization


19/25

Men'sStudies, a field of inquiry largely social science

in origin that often takes male hegemony and identities

as its objects of study with the practical aim of reversing

sexism and homophobia and of transforming men.

[T. W. Reeser]

masculinity studies is a significant outgrowth of

feminist studies and an ally to its older sister in a

complex and constantly shifting relationship.

Masculinity studies is not necessarily the

reactionary defensive rage of the mens rights

groups []. Rather, masculinity studies can be

informed by a feminist project to interrogate

different masculinities, whether real (as in

corporeal) or imagined (as in representations and

texts).[J. K. Gardiner]


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Radical Feminism The history of the radical feminism begins in

the 1960s with the womens liberationmovement in the USA.

Radical feminist argue that they are

systematically dominated, exploited andoppressed.

The slogan The personal is political means

that in the original and basic class divisionbetween sexes is centered the men with a

dominative power over women.


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Kate Millet, in her work Sexual Politics, argues thatOur society is a patriarchy. The fact is evident at onceif one recalls that the military, industry, technology,universities, science, political offices, finances-in short,

every avenue of power within the society, including thecoercive force of the police is entirely in male handsWhat radical feminist aim to do is to overthrowpatriarchy requesting for a radical reordering of society.

Millet, Kate, ,,Sexual Politics, New York: Avon Books,1971, p. 25.


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New York Radical Women Around the 1970s, a group of young best friends

naming themselves New York Radical Womenwere displeased by the civil rights and antiwarstreet manifestations and proposes a protest in acemetery with the aim to show that the traditional

woman is dead.

http://93778645.nhd.weebly.com/womens-liberation.html pazhayathu.blogspot.com
http://93778645.nhd.weebly.com/womens-liberation.htmlhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H4u5ijZAmoELwM&tbnid=G9V4S0_W483OhM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2009/11/kerala-women-topless-custom-in-19th.html&ei=zriGUu-3IqOk0QXF0oGwBA&bvm=bv.56643336,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNGRsXHzX3ZT1XtBZVAQqFMq7kfYqg&ust=1384647240512354http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=H4u5ijZAmoELwM&tbnid=G9V4S0_W483OhM:&ved=0CAQQjB0&url=http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2009/11/kerala-women-topless-custom-in-19th.html&ei=zriGUu-3IqOk0QXF0oGwBA&bvm=bv.56643336,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNGRsXHzX3ZT1XtBZVAQqFMq7kfYqg&ust=1384647240512354http://93778645.nhd.weebly.com/womens-liberation.htmlhttp://93778645.nhd.weebly.com/womens-liberation.htmlhttp://93778645.nhd.weebly.com/womens-liberation.html


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Redstockings of the Women'sLiberation Movement

Is another organization that advocated not byprotesting but by public speaking. They believed inthe process of consciousness raisingreferring thatmen need to change from their supremacy roleand not women to change themselves.

The Miss America Protest - 1968

http://www.redstockings.org
http://www.redstockings.org/http://www.redstockings.org/


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All the world's a stage, and allthe men and women merely

players: they have their exitsand their entrances; and oneman in his time plays many

parts.

William Shakespeare

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/men_and_women.html#uWbyfiFmuBgvQkfT.99
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/men_and_women.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/men_and_women.html


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Feminist Studies vs Masculinity Studies1

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