FEM 3335

Development and Sustainability(face – to – face lecture)

Associate Prof Dr Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abd RashidDepartment of Social & Development Science

Faculty of Human Ecology

Universiti Putra Malaysia

sharifah@putra.upm.edu.my

Topics covered today

Topics :

7.Sustainable Communities

8.Sustainable Consumption

9.Economic Sustainability

10.Sustainable Cities

11.Good Governance and Sustainability

12.Stakeholders And Sustainability

Topic 7Sustainable Communities

• Sustainability & Sustainable Communities• Concepts, Definitions and principles• Characteristics of Sustainable Communities and Community

Sustainability • The 3 E: Economy, Equity Ecology• New Social Forms of Communities

Virtual Communities Gated Communities

Sustainability and Sustainable Communities

• The concept of sustainability is based on the premise that communities are made up of social, economic, and environmental systems that are in constant interaction and must be kept in harmony or balance if the community is to continue to function to the benefit of its inhabitants— now and in the future.

• There are six principles of sustainability that can help a community ensure that its social, economic, and environmental systems are well integrated and will endure. A community or society that wants to pursue sustainability will try to:

Principles of sustainability as basis for community sustainability

1. Maintain and, if possible, enhance, its residents’ quality of life.

2. Enhance local economic vitality.

3. Promote social and intergenerational equity.

4. Maintain and, if possible, enhance, the quality of the environment.

5. Incorporate disaster resilience and mitigation into its decisions and actions.

6. Use a consensus-building, participatory process when making decisions.

Sustainable Communities have similar principles with Sustainable Development

• Balance and integration among the three components of a community ie social, economy and the environment.

• Meeting the needs of the present and future generations.

What is a sustainable community? (i)

• Many definitions of a sustainable community have been put forward, but they all revolve around the interconnectedness of society, economy and environment. According to Maureen Hart, a sustainable community is one in which

. . . the economic, social and environmental systems that make up the community provide a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all community residents, present and future. Sustainable communities acknowledge that there are limits to the natural, social and built systems upon which we depend.

What is a Sustainable Community? (ii)

• Maintains carrying capacities (natural resources, cultural values, human and social capital, economy and built capital)

• Considers future generations

• Retains diversity (creativity, skills), equity

• Balanced development - recognizes interconnections of everything

• Considers wider interdependencies

• Community-owned, participatory

Important Components of Sustainable Communities

• Active, inclusive and safe.

• Well organized and managed – quality participation and good leadership

• Sensitive to the environment

• Well designed environment

• Good physical connections

• Justice to all

New social forms of Communities

i. Gated and Guarded Communities

ii. Virtual Communities

Content:

• Why the need for these new social forms of communities• The advantages and disadvantages • Are these communities sustainable?• What the future holds for these new communities

Main Attractions of Gated and Guarded Community

• The main attractions of gated community is security, lifestyle and the protection of property values. There are also clear development guidelines for individual style homes which helps to keep house designs at an acceptable standard without too much homogeneity.

• One very important feature of a gated community is that the building standards are more flexible and as such enables more efficient land utilization. For example removing the necessity for walled boundaries and fences.

Gated Community in Malaysia

• A gated community in Malaysia is generally focused on the need for a safer community with secured and guarded surroundings offering a new privatized way of life.

• Property developers today are reinvesting themselves in response to needs of an increasingly affluent population, keeping pace with the rapid changes in trends and consumer preferences in order to thrive; offering a safe community through the provisions of security and exclusivity as part of a community’s lifestyle.

• The emphasis in these guarded community are the combination of security, privacy and the affluent lifestyle of its residents.

• Although some housing schemes are not categorised as gated and guarded schemes, residents have nevertheless taken steps to restrict access of the general by setting up guard posts with the hope of preventing and reducing crime in the area. Usually some form of physical barrier surrounds the boundaries to the housing estate where residents employ private security to provide security services. This often involves an attempt to restrict or regulate public spaces privately by erection of barriers on public needs, guardhouses, etc.

Legality of Gated and Guarded Communities

• It is unlawful to privately attempt to restrict or regulate public spaces without the approval of the relevant authority. Any attempt to close, barricade or restrict the access of a public road, drain or space, there may be a contravention of Sections 46(1) of Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 80 of the Road Transport Act 1987 and Section(s) 62 and 136 of the National Land Code 1965. In addition, provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 may also be violated where guard houses are built in the public land or road shoulders.

• There is no problem with private security patrolling public roads in a housing scheme under the employment of the residents’ associations. Nevertheless, the local authority and the police should be consulted first. It has to be noted that erecting structures to restrict access to public roads or guardhouses is another matter and would violate the law unless the relevant authority gives its approval to do so.

• In recognition of a growing problem of security, various local authorities and state governments have issued guidelines for guarded communities. These guidelines do allow erection of guard houses and the employment of private security based on the consent by the residents in the area affected. For example, in Selangor, the Housing and Property Board and the local authorities allow guard houses to be built based on certain guidelines amongst which include:-

· Applications made through the Resident Association (RA) only;· Consent by 85% of the residents;· Agreement must be made between RA and local authority;· Guard house without a barrier are allowed and the location should not obstruct traffic (situated at road shoulder only);

• A written consent from Local Authority and Land Administrator (LA) for the construction of guard house on reserved road/vacant land must first be obtained;· Appointed security guards must be registered with Ministry of Home Affairs or with other relevant agencies;

• The authorities do sometimes “turn a blind eye” to allow some form of limited barriers so long as it is backed by an overwhelming support of the local residents and it does not deny access nor unduly obstruct traffic.

Claimed advantages and disadvantages of GGC

• Safer community with secured and guarded surroundings offering a new privatized way of life and exclusivity as part of a community’s lifestyle. Better quality “public” services, such as garbage removal and park maintenance can be expected as these jobs are privatized, leaving local authorities to concentrate on the provision of other aspects.

• National Social Policy – segregation?• Conflict between GGC and Non GCC residents

What is a Virtual Community?

• A virtual community is a community of people sharing common interests, ideas, and feelings over the Internet or other collaborative networks.

• A possible inventor of this term and one of its first proponents was Howard Rheingold, who created one of the first major Internet communities, called "The Well."

• In his book, The Virtual Community , Rheingold defines virtual communities as social aggregations that emerge from the Internet when enough people carry on public discussions long enough and with sufficient human feeling to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace.

According to Rheingold

“A virtual community as they exist today is a group of people who may or may not meet one another face to face, and who exchange words and ideas through the mediation of computer bulletin boards and networks. In cyberspace, we chat and argue, engage in intellectual intercourse, perform acts of commerce, exchange knowledge, share emotional support, make plans, brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, find

friends and lose them, play games and metagames, flirt, create a little high art and a lot of idle talk. We do everything people do when people get together, but we do it with words on computer screens, leaving our bodies behind.”

From the reading “A Slice of Life in my Virtual Community”

Claimed Advantages Include

Lack of prejudice on physical attributes•Age, race, gender, handicap, etc.

Easy to meet people by interests•Rather than by where they live/work•Bring into contact with more people•Rheingold claims experts are readily available

Dangers of Exclusion

In real world, many communities are segregated by•Social class•Race or ethnicity•Political views or lifestyle choices•Age or family status

Are Online Communities Worse?

• Rheingold likes chance to seek out people with same interests, ideas

• But will that lead to more segregation? E.g. right or left wing political communities Never exposed to opposing viewpoints

• New kinds of cyberghetto

Discussions

i. "Sustainable community development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity. Discuss.

ii. Young people in virtual community : creating knowledge in cyberspace ... Why do young people participate in virtual communities? What kind of value does it impose on the youth?

iii. What is a gated community? In your opinion what are the advantages and disadvantages of such a community and what the future holds for such community?

Topic 8Sustainable Consumption

• Introduction• Standard of Living and Quality of Life (QoL)• Sustainable Consumption

- Principles and Definitions• Practice

- Sustainable Consumption and Production and how they are related• Minimum Consumption and Optimum Production• Impact of Production Process on man and the environment• New approach for development

Standard of Living and Quality of Life

Standard of living refers to the consumption of goods and services by an individual. It relates directly to economic development. Economic development refers to the improvement of human living standards by economic growth*.

*economic growth refers to the increase in goods and services which requires more producers and consumers (ie population growth and more production and consumption per person);

whereas the well-being or quality of life of a population refers to a combination of attributes that provide physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing.

Sustainable GrowthFor growth, we need resources and the rate of depletion of resources cannot be matched with the regenerating capacity of earth, as it is finite, not-growing and materially closed. Therefore, Sustainable growth is an impossible theorem!

Sustainable ConsumptionSustainable consumption is related to production and distribution, use and disposal of products and services and provides the means to rethink our lifecycle. The aim is to ensure that the basic needs of the entire global community are met, excess is reduced and environmental damage is avoided.

What is Sustainable Consumption?

“…the use of services and products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as to not jeopardize the needs of future generations.”

UN CSD, 1995

Sustainable Consumption is ....

• more than “consuming green”  • meeting basic needs• about changing patterns • not “doing without” • responsible consumption consuming differently,

efficiently !!

Changing consumption and productionpatterns is the heart of sustainable development.

Why The Need For Sustainable Consumption?

Recent studies show that we are already exceeding the Earth’s ability to support our lifestyles, and have been doing so for approximately twenty years. (UNDP, Source data from Earth trends, 2008).

Driving Forces that Influence Consumption

The issue at a glance...

1. Global drivers of consumption

Global consumption levels and patterns are driven at the most fundamental level by:

• Rapid global population growth – Population of 9 billion expected by 2050

• The rise in global affluence and associated consumption – Global middle class expected to triple by 2030;

• A culture of “consumerism” among higher income groups, who account for the greatest per capita share of global consumption

2. Global consumption patterns & impacts

Global consumption is putting unsustainable and increasing stress on:

•The Earth’s ecosystems – 60% of the Earth’s ecosystem services have been degraded in the past 50 years•The supply of energy and material resources needed for industrial growth – Natural resource consumption is expected to rise to 170% of the Earth’s bio-capacity by 2040•Human social systems and well-being – Human well-being does not necessarily rely on high levels of consumption

3. The role of the consumer

Consumer attitudes and behaviors:•Consumers are increasingly concerned about environmental, social and economic issues, and increasingly willing to act on those concerns•Consumer willingness often does not translate into sustainable consumer behavior because of a variety of factors – such as availability, affordability, convenience, product performance, conflicting priorities, skepticism and force of habit

4. The role of the media, communications

Mixed messages from the consumers

I’d like to end poverty, stop violence and

racism,and get rid of

pollution. Everyone should be

equal. I want to dress in the nicest clothes,

drive a great car, talk on the latest

mobile phone, and watch my brand new

DVD

An international agenda

•The sustainable consumption challenge emerged as a key issue in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.

•Ten years later, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, the international community was called upon to improve global living conditions and to “encourage and promote the development of a ten-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in support of regional and national initiatives to accelerate the shift towards SCP.”

Chapter 4 of Agenda 21

• The Chapter 4 of Agenda 21 was dedicated to improving the sustainability of development through more sustainable patterns of consumption and production.

• It include two program areas.

i. Focus on unsustainable patterns of production and consumption.

ii. Developing national policies and strategies to encourage changes in unsustainable consumption patterns.

Towards a Definition of Sustainable Consumption (SC)

There are many definitions of SC, but most share the following common features:

•Satisfying basic human needs (not the desire for 'wants' and luxuries•Favoring quality of life over material standards of living;•Minimizing resource use, waste and pollution;•Taking a life-cycle perspective in consumer decision-making; life cycle of a product referring to its production, transport and retailing, use and disposal.•Acting with concern for future generations

Definition of Sustainable Consumption

These five emphases feature in a definition that has come to be seen as one of the most authoritative in recent years.

"Sustainable production and consumption is the use of goods and services that respond to basic needs and bring a better qualify of life, while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle, so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations."

Symposium: Sustainable Consumption. Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994.

Linking Sustainable Consumption with Sustainable Production

This definition is seen as a good one because it links sustainable consumption closely with sustainable production - by dealing with both the production and disposal phases of the product life-cycle as well as the transport, retailing and consumption of goods and services. It also assumes a two-way process of social change through which producers can influence consumption through product designs and marketing with consumers, in turn, influencing production through their market choices.

Sustainable Production What is Cleaner Production?

“ Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated environmental strategy

to processes, products, and services

to increase overall efficiency,

and reduce risks to humans and the environment.

Cleaner production can be applied

to the processes used in any industry,

to products themselves and

to various services provided in society”

http://www.uneptie.org/pc/cp/understanding_cp/home.htm

There is no Sustainable Consumption without

Sustainable Production and vice versa

Consumption and production: integrated issue

“Consumers are increasingly interested in the world that lies behind the products. They want to know how and where and by whom the products have been produced.”

“This increasing awareness is a sign of hope. Business and governments must build on that.”

Klaus Toepfer, UNEP Executive Director

Sustainable Consumption and Production: a role for all

Sustainable consumption and production is a common responsibility of

• Governments, • Industry, • Consumers and • Mass media.

Future directions...

Encompasses the entire consumption and production system with a life cycle perspective

• Focuses on minimising impacts of entire system• Includes interventions that influence consumption patterns (e.g,

PSS, product information and product design)• Involves wide range of stakeholders• Covers both policy as well as techno-managerial aspects

Discussion

1. Define Sustainable Consumption. What would you suggest the best way on getting the world onto a sustainable consumption course.

Topic 9Economic Sustainability

Background • Why Economic Sustainability?• What is the difference between economic growth, economic

development, and environmentally sustainable economic development?

• What are the earth’s main type of resources? How can they be depleted or degraded?

Definitions Principles Practice

The Essentials of Sustainable Economic Development

• Today’s industrial economy is not sustainable. It is depleting resources and degrading the natural environment.

• Sustainable economies must meet the needs of the present without diminishing opportunities for the future.

• All economic value comes from the earth or from people – from natural or human resources – ultimately from energy.

• Sustainable development must invest in nature and society even when there are no economic incentives to do so.

• Sustainable development depends on social and ethical values, which are different from economic values.

The growth of the economy undermines sustainability

• depletes resources• exceeds global and bioregional carrying capacity• destroys ecosystems• overwhelms natural waste disposal sinks• alters the climate• wages war on subsistence cultures• produces shocking mal-distribution of wealth and income.

Economics and Sustainability must be harmonized.

contd

• Global crisis of mainstream economic systems

(capitalist & socialist): energy crisis, environmental crisis, food crisis, financial crisis, spiritual crisis ; marginalization of less developed countries

• Globalization of poverty: creeping poverty in both developed and less developed country.

Costs of Economic Growth

• CONGESTION• POLLUTION• EPIDEMIC• INFLATION• UNEMPLOYMENT• POVERTY• CORRUPTION• CRIME• MIGRATION

Costs of Economic Growth

How did the Brundtland Commission operationalize sustainability?

“Seven strategic imperatives for sustainable development: • reviving (economic) growth; • changing the quality of growth; • meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water, and

sanitation; • ensuring a sustainable level of population; • conserving and enhancing the resource base; • reorienting technology and managing risk; • merging environment and economics in decision-making.”

(Hackett, 2006)

Essential Economic Principles of Sustainability

• Scarcity: Economic value is determined by scarcity, not by human necessity. Some thing essential for economic sustainability have little if any economic value.

• Efficiency: Economic value relative to economic costs. Economic sustainability requires efficient use of natural and human resources.

• Sovereignty: People must have freedom to make informed economic choices, without coercion or persuasion.

• Economic principles must also be respected in social relationships and in relationships with nature.

Addressing Economic Sustainability

What can we do to be more sustainable

•Cut down on use of energy•Recycle•Adopt a more environmentally transport•Use renewable energy resources eg wind power; solar power; tidal power; hydroelectric power and biofuels.

Topic 10Sustainable Cities

• Sustainable Cities

- Why the focus on cities?

- Definitions and Basic Principle

- What makes a city sustainable?

• Urban 21 Conference –Quality of Life

• New Concepts

Compact City; Eco City; Healthy City; Safe City

• Practice

Why the Focus on Cities?

• The majority of the global population live in cities in 2008 and predictions suggest that the figure will have reached 70% by 2050.

• Furthermore, cities are currently responsible for up to 70% of global greenhouse gas emissions but only take up 2% of the world's land area.

• This shows that the scale of the sustainability challenge in the urban built environment is vast, tackling it is vital to creating long-term, systemic and sustainable change.

Ref: Eugenie Birch and Susan Wachter

Global Urbanization

Sustainable City

Being a sustainable city means "improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political, institutional, social and economic components without leaving a burden on future generations...."

Urban21 Conference, Berlin, July 2000

Pillars of Sustainable City

" Economy, ecology and social cohesion are the pillars of a sustainable city. These must be in balance and therefore require an integrated approach. Dialogue is the basic principle for achieving this for Local Agenda 21."

Sustainable City

Cities have become the focal points as major consumers and distributors of goods and services. However, many cities tend to be large consumers of goods and services, while draining resources out of external regions that they depend on. As a result of increasing consumption of resources, and growing dependencies on trade, the ecological impact of cities extends beyond their geographic locations.

Urban Areas in Crisis

• Severe air pollution• Water pollution• 50% Unemployment• Deafening noise• Overcrowding• Traffic congestion• Inadequate public transportation• slums (barrios), squatter settlements, ghettos, etc

What progress is being made?

Global Outlook: Extreme Poverty Forces Hundreds of

Millions to Live in Slums

Cities Can Grow Outward or Upward

• Compact cities– Hong Kong, China– Tokyo, Japan– Mass transit

• Dispersed cities– U.S. and Canada– Car-centered cities

How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable?

An ecocity allows people to: choose walking, biking, or mass transit for most transportation needs; recycle or reuse most of their wastes; grow much of their food; and protect biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.

The Ecocity Concept: Cities for People Not Cars

• Ecocities or green citiesBuild and redesign for peopleUse renewable energy resources Recycle and purify waterUse energy and matter resources efficientlyPrevent pollution and reduce wasteRecycle, reuse and compost municipal wasteProtect and support biodiversityUrban gardens; farmers marketsZoning and other tools for sustainability

Science Focus: Urban Indoor Farming

• Rooftop greenhousesSun Works: designs energy-efficient greenhouses

• Growing Power and Will Allen http://www.growingpower.org/

• Hydroponic gardens• Skyscraper farms• Ecological advantages and disadvantages• Growing localvore and organic food movement

http://www.foodfightthedoc.com/foodfight.html

Greenroofs – EPA Building in Denver

Towards Healthy City Concept

• Today environments have designed out physical activity

• Excessive high energy food intake• Insufficient physical activity in daily life• Diminished social interaction

Living in a city: health and quality of life

People live longer and healthier lives if:

They breath clean air and drink safe waterThey live in safe and comfortable housingThey have health supporting behaviour and

easy access to health care services They have meaningful jobs and income.They have securityThey have friends and feel they belong to their communityThey can make choices for their lives.

They have a peaceful homeThey have trees, plants and feel they relate to the

architecture.

The Aims of Healthy City Initiatives

• Improve health and environmental services

• Make people partners

• Strengthen social support network

• Stimulate economic development

• Put health at center of city social and political agenda

ConclusionAdvantages of Sustainable Cities

By promoting sustainable urban form and function, cities become healthy, viable communities for citizens. Efficient urban form also helps protect the hinterland ecosystems that cities depend on. In many ways, the advantages to sustainable communities are underlined in the characteristics and definitions of urban sustainability. A good quality of life, natural open spaces, reduced waste, equality, access, lower crime, sense of community, clean air and water quality, and environmental diversity are just a few beneficial characteristics previously mentioned.

cont

The most important advantage of a sustainable city is that it follows such a development path that allows for an integral and long-term development without compromising future generations.

Topic 11Good Governance & Sustainability

• Sustainability and Good Governance• Characteristics of Good Governance• Innovative Management• Assessment Technique to Achieve Sustainability• Sustainable Planning Technique

Sustainability and Good Governance

• Sustainability cannot be achieved without good governance. The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 stated that governance and sustainable development are intimately tied together and the future role of institutions, from local to international levels, will be crucial determinants to whether future policies and programs for sustainable development will succeed.

• The traditional systems of regulations are being subjected to growing pressure for reform. All stakeholders including the government need to play a significant, if changed, role in the future. Sustainable development requires this change.

Sustainability and Good Governance

• Such an intra- and intergenerational concept cannot be achieved with a top-down approach, but rather needs the participation of all. In fact, the governance of sustainable development requires the exploration of new forms of both social co-operation and confrontation. By doing so, the different levels (global and local), players (state, company and civil society), control structures (hierarchy, market and public-private) and fields of action need to be taken into consideration.

• There is thus the need to examine the possibilities of integrating the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development within the framework of governance processes and how that might steer societies towards sustainability.

The Different Levels of Governance

• International level • National level

Government Private sector Civil society

• Local level • Family level

New Challenge of the Century – The Changing Roles of the Government, Private Sectors, NGOs and the Community

What is Meant by Good Governance?

• Definition of Governance• Definition of Good Governance• Concept and Elements of Good Governance• Characteristics of Good Governance

What is Governance

• A PROCESS• NOT equivalent to government• It involves multiple stakeholders in society (in multiple roles)

Individuals Members of community/groups with specific groups interest

and concerns Sectoral entities with sectoral interests and concerns The whole society

Governance is about…

• Striking a BALANCE in attending to and providing for the needs and interests of its multiple stakeholders

• SAFEGUARDING the interest of the WHOLE

STEERING SOCIETY TOWARDS A SPECIFIC AGREED VISION OR GOAL

What is meant by Governance?

Governance can be seen as the exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all level. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which citizen and groups articulate their rights and interests, exercise their legal means to meet their obligations and mediate their differences (UNDP)

DEFINING GOVERNANCE

The manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic

and social resources for development

World Bank

The exercise of economic, political and

administrative authority to manage

a country’s affairs at all levels …

equitable, rule of law, with consensus

UNDP

Key issues

• “Governance”- how power is shared and distributed to generate a better quality of life

• People Development• Equitable Access• Indigenous Content Development• Pressures for Change

Pressure for Change

Globalized economy

Shrinking resources

Environmentaldegradation

Government

Private Sector Community

Information Revolution And ICT Convergence= Knowledge explosion

Rise of Third Sector

Informed citizenry

What are some of the Challenges?

• Government– Become more Facilitative, Open & Transparent

• Private Sector– Go beyond the Profit motif, and Help society value

• Community– Become more Participative and more Tolerant of each other

• Leaders (all sectors)– Become more facilities (focus on building and enhancing Understanding)– focus more on institutional and capacity building

What does a good Government should be?

• Not just representative but fully participatory affording opportunities for people to express their voice, opinion and make choices;

• Must be dynamic and changing but the core values do not get diminished;

• Must not be a separate entity but a continuum of the civil society;• Allows full participation, uphold visions and values of its peoples,

translate them into policies and allocate resources to convert policy into reality;

• Should be open and not closed;

• Must be people friendly and human;

• Uphold public interest

Nine Characteristics/Principles of Good Governance

1. Participant2. Rule of law3. Transparency4. Responsiveness5. Consensus orientation6. Equity7. Effectiveness and efficiency8. Accountability9. Strategic visionRefer : PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE.docx

The Concept and Element of Good Governance

1. The Concept Governance encompasses the state, but it transcends the state by

including the private sector and civil society organizations. The private sector covers private enterprise (manufacturing, trade banking, cooperatives and so on) and the informal sector in the market place.

2. The ElementTwo Aspects To Governancei. The formal structure within which the local governments operate,

andii. The ways in which local governments act in relation to the wider

communityAn essential element of good governance in the context of the ways in

which local authorities relate to their communities is ‘inclusiveness

Good Governance

• Implies a participatory and an inclusive approach to the community at large. It implies a bottom up approach to decision making, having all concerned people at every level of government and non governmental organizations.

• A good governance system is a democratic system – it is participatory, transparent, accountable, equitable, and it promotes the rule of law. This implies the creation of an institutional framework recognizing the legitimacy the will of the people.

Traditional Approach to Governance

Elements:• Governance leads• Hierarchical model• Centralized decision-

making• Top-down processes• Authority and influence

based on positions of power within the hierarchy

• Information flow limited and controllable (mostly 1 way communication)

• Transparency on a need to know basis

Governance

Private

Sector

Community

Community

Sustaining and Improving Quality of Life

Private

Creating Value

Public

Preserving Rule of Law

Maintaining Order, Ensuring Social, Economic Justice

M= The Marginalized Governance

Process

The WHOLE Greater Than the sum of its parts

M

M

M

A Smart-Partnership-based Governance Approach

Conclusion

• Local governance must change to keep pace with development and time.

• Local authority must be at par with others with the advancement of technology, local bureaucrats could not longer hide behind red tapes for the inefficiency and inability to deliver a certain standard of services to the people.

• Today, there is almost full concensus among social stakeholders: modern public management requires implementation of good governance principles.

• Good governance is a policy approach aimed to increase public sector efficiency and citizens satisfaction from having responsible and commited government.

• Good governance in global context: require learning and sharing knowledge and practices among scientists, policymakers, practitioners, NGOs from many countries.

Discussion

1. What do you think good governance is when you hear that expression in everyday life?

2. Compare and contrast on the strengths and weaknesses of the traditional and new approach to governance.

Topic 12 Stakeholders And Sustainability

• The Stakeholders’ Roles in Sustainable Development

- The Meaning of Stakeholders

• Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 : The Local Governments Roles in Sustainability

• The Principles of Agenda 21 : The Rights for Community Participation

• The Roles of the NGOs, Private Sector

Agenda 21 is designed as a bridge

The Earth Summit held in Rio De Janerio, Brazil was attended by 178 country leaders (including Malaysia) on June 1992. The Earth Summit provides world's action plan towards sustainable development. This action plan was known as Agenda 21 - an agenda to achieve sustainable development in the 21st century.

•between environment and development•between the public and private sectors•between governments and civil society•between global and national goals•between current and future generations•between knowledge and action•between developed and developing countries.

Agenda 21 Consists of 40 Chapters in 4 Sections as following :-

1. Social and Economic Dimension

2. Maintaining and managing resources

3. Strengthen the roles of dominant groups (the women, children, NGO,LAs)

4. Methods of Accomplishment

Under Section 3 of Agenda 21, dominant group such as the women, children, NGO, youth, employee, business and industrial sectors including aborigines hold major role implementing Agenda 21 towards sustainable development at local level. Thus, it was known as Local Agenda 21 - Local Action Plan towards sustainable development in 21st century.

LOCAL AGENDA 21 (LA 21)

• Local Agenda 21 is Agenda 21 at the local level.

• Agenda 21 is an action plan towards global sustainable development in the next millennium and was endorsed by more than 178 heads of state and ministers at UNCED.

• LA21 is a program to forge partnerships between local authorities and the communities, they serve to work together to plan and care for their surroundings towards sustainable development.

• Local communities with local authority, identify and analyze local sustainable development issues, formulate and implement action plans to address them.

• LA21 adopts a "bottom up" approach.

Chapter 28 of Agenda 21

• Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 also contains a direct call to all local governments to create their own action plans for sustainable development. These “Local Agenda 21” action plans translate the principles and mandates of Agenda 21 into concrete service strategies for each local community.

• Chapter 28 states that:

By 1996, most local authorities in each country should have undertaken a consultative process with their populations and achieved a consensus on a “Local Agenda 21” for the community.

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LA 21 PRINCIPLES

• Holistic perpective in thinking and action among sectors

• Active participation from all partnership to create togetherness and love feeling

• Community thinking and action in lifecycle

• World perspective in local issues “think globally act locally”

• Long term perspective for local issues

Characteristics of LA 21

The following are some characteristics of an LA21 program:

• It addresses economic, social and ecological needs together. • It includes a consensus on a vision for a sustainable future. • It includes a participatory process with local residents. • It establishes a Stakeholders Group, Forum or equivalent

multi sectoral community group to oversee the process. • It contains an Action Plan with concrete long-term targets. • It has a monitoring and reporting framework. • It has indicators to monitor progress. • It has tangible activities and programs to actualize its Action

Plans.

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LA 21 Process

• Organize / prepare local authority• Partnership and participation• Develop a vision• Identity problems and issues• Develop objectives / set priorities• Action plan• Implement• Monitor and evaluate

Local Agenda 21

Resource: http://www.kpkt.gov.my/jkt/la21

Definitions

Participation is defined as:

A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them

(World Bank)

A Stakeholder can be defined as:

Any individual, community, group or organisation with an interest in the outcome of a programme/project, either as a result of being affected by it positively or negatively, or by being able to influence the activity in a positive (+) or negative (x) way

(DFID)

Stakeholder participation is important in plan-making because it helps

implementation Taking stakeholders’ views into account - particularly in relation to project/strategic

objectives and how they are to be achieved - helps in achieving the plan’s aim

Enhancing stakeholder participation aims to strengthen local ownership of a plan.

From a planners’ perspective, it increases the likelihood that plans will be effective and sustainable:• More effective – in drawing on a wide range of interested parties, the prospects for appropriate

project design and commitment are likely to be maximised

• More sustainable – people are more likely to be committed to carrying on an activity after aid stops and are more able to do so since participation builds their skills and confidence

Roles of Development Players

Sustainable Development

CIVIL SOCIETY•Advocacy•Represent the marginalized•Community enabler•Link to grassroots

Resource Providers/Devt Institutions•Financial assistance•Technical assistance

Government•Vision & direction•Enabling conditions•Set rules/regulations•Public services•Resources

Business•Create wealth•Set sustainability of production•Influence consumption patterns

Participant Roles

Community/CBOs • Set the agenda, development needs; set ground rules for

interaction and change; set pace of development• Knowledge, staff, other funding

Government• Create enabling environment, provide link to wider

development goals and planning, management, staff, funding

Private Sector• Funding, technical and managerial expertise, planning,

finance, training, skills, access to markets, wider network

Facilitator• create trust, build cultural bridges, provide capacity building,

training and education, access to wider network

Optimizing Participation of Stakeholders in Developing and Implementing Sustainability

Strategies

NGOs, Private Sector and the Government

Thank You