STINK BUGS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) OF THE ISLAND OF HISPANIOLA
Felipe Alou - Amazon S3 · 2018-06-20 · Chapter 1 The Dominican Republic In the Caribbean Sea,...
Transcript of Felipe Alou - Amazon S3 · 2018-06-20 · Chapter 1 The Dominican Republic In the Caribbean Sea,...
Felipe Alou:From the Valleys to the Mountains
Carol Gaab
Cover and Chapter Art byIrene Jimenez Casasnovas
Copyright © 2012 Fluency Matters
All rights reserved.
IBSN: 978-1-935575-79-5
Fluency Matters, P.O. Box 11624, Chandler, AZ 85248
[email protected] • FluencyMatters.com
©2011 S.F. Giants
A NOTE TO THE READERThis novel is a true biographical account of one of
Major League Baseball’s greatest players and man-agers, Felipe Alou. His story is based on personal tes-timony that Felipe himself shared during an exclusivepersonal interview. The story of his life and career hasbeen artfully narrated using a minimal number ofhigh-frequency words in English.
New vocabulary is embedded within numerous(Spanish) cognates (words that are similar in two lan-guages), making it an ideal first read for beginning lan-guage students. A comprehensive glossary lists allvocabulary used in the story. Keep in mind that manywords are listed in the glossary more than once, asmost appear throughout the book in various forms andtenses. (Ex.: I go, he goes, he went, etc.) Vocabularywords and phrases that would be considered beyonda beginning level are footnoted within the text, andtheir meanings given at the bottom of the page whereeach occurs.
The opinions and events in this story do not reflector represent the opinions or beliefs of Fluency Matters.We hope you enjoy reading it!
Table of ContentsChapter 1: The Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2: The Rojas Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 3: Dedication or Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 4: International Attention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 5: Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 6: Hunger! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 7: My First Hamburger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 8: A Team Divided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chapter 9: Discrimination Without Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 10: Big League Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Chapter 11: From the Valley to the Mountain . . . . . . . . . 53
Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
English-Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
English Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Acknowledgments
My eternal gratitude and thanks to Felipe Alou fornot only allowing me to write his story, but for takingthe time to personally share so many amazing ac-counts of his life and career. His sincere support of myefforts and the efforts of English language learnersaround the world is truly inspiring.
Many thanks to Clara Ho for going to bat for me toinitiate this project and for coordinating my meetingswith Felipe. Without her, this book would not havebeen possible.
Endless thanks to the San Francisco Giants for per-mission to use team photos that bring this story to life.To say that I appreciate their Giant support over theyears would be a gross understatement. Their regardfor me as a teacher and their desire to help their inter-national players learn English is absolutely inspiring,to say the least.
Chapter 1The Dominican Republic
In the Caribbean Sea, there is a tropical island. Theisland is called Hispaniola. The island of Hispaniolahas two (2) parts: One (1) part is the nation of Haitiand the other part is the nation of the Dominican Re-public.
The Dominican Republic is famous. It is famous forbaseball! Baseball is very popular in the DominicanRepublic. There are many professional baseball play-ers from the Dominican. Many of them are famous.They are famous in the Dominican Republic and inLatin America, and they are also famous in the United
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Cuba
Florida
Haiti
Dominican Republic
States. Dominican baseball definitely receives inter-national attention!
The Dominican Republic also receives interna-tional attention for its beaches1. Its tropical beachesare very famous. There are many elegant hotels on thebeaches, and many international tourists visit everyyear2. A popular vacation destination, the DominicanRepublic is considered a tropical paradise!
For many years, the Dominican Republic was nota paradise! It was not a vacation destination, and it
1beaches - playas [sandy areas of a coast, sandy areas of acoastline]
2every year - cada año [each year, every 12 months, every365 days]
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was not famous for baseball either. Between 1930 and1961, a dictator controlled the nation. The dictatorwas General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina. GeneralTrujillo was a rigid, oppressive and violent dictator!He controlled the nation with political oppression andterrorist tactics.
In the year 1937, the dictator organized a horriblemassacre, called ‘El Corte’ (The Cutting). The massacrewas organized to eliminate Haitians. There were manyHaitians who lived in the Dominican Republic. Thecruel dictator did not want Haitians living in the Do-minican Republic. He wanted to eliminate them fromhis nation! He said, “I don’t want Haitians living in mynation. Kill3 them! But do not kill Dominicans; onlykill Haitians!”
Haitians are black, and many Dominicans are alsoblack. To distinguish the Haitians from the Domini-cans, the military used a tactic called a ‘Shibboleth’4.A Shibboleth is a military tactic that uses a spoken
3kill - maten, asesinen [murder, execute, end one’s life]4‘shibboleth’ - ‘santo y seña’: una palabra o frase que se uti-liza para distinguir a un grupo o clase de personas que otro[A word or pronunciation that distinguishes people of onegroup or class from those of another.]
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word5 (or words) to distinguish people from different nations.The Haitians did not speak Spanish; theyspoke Creole (criollo). The pronunciation of Creole isdifferent from the pronunciation of Spanish. TheHaitians could not pronounce many words in Spanish.In particular, they could not pronounce the word‘perejil’ (parsley). When a Haitian pronounced ‘pere-jil’ (parsley) in Spanish, it was obvious that he did notspeak Spanish and that he was not a Dominican. Itwas obvious that he was a Haitian! If a person couldnot pronounce the word ‘perejil’ (parsley) perfectly,the military would kill him!
5word(s) - palabra(s) [units of meaning in language]
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Trujillo ordered the killing of all the Haitians whowere living in the Dominican Republic. He orderedthe military: “Eliminate the Haitians! I want allHaitians killed! But do not use military arms6 to killthem; I do not want any military evidence! Kill themwith machetes!”
During the six (6) days of the massacre, the military(armed with machetes) killed more than 17,000Haitians who were living in the Dominican. The ironyof the massacre is that the dictator was part Haitian.
During his dictatorship, General Trujillo was re-sponsible for many violent and cruel acts, but he wasalso responsible for positive acts: He was responsiblefor the construction of schools, houses, hospitals andclinics. He was also responsible for positive economic
6arms - armas [weapons, armaments of war]
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A machete from the Dominican Republic
progress, but the economic progress did not benefitthe people! It benefited the dictator and his officials.The corrupt political officials lived like kings7, whileDominicans continued to live in poverty8.
7kings - reyes [rulers, sovereign powers]8poverty - la pobreza [living with little or no money]
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Chapter 2The Rojas Family
During the dictatorship of General Trujillo, many,many Dominicans lived in poverty. The dictator andhis officials lived in excellent conditions while the Do-minican people lived in poor conditions. The peopledid not have much money. They lived in poverty, andmany lived in hunger. They also lived with a lot of po-litical oppression. But in 1935, there was a child whohad no idea that there was political oppression orpoverty. His name was Felipe Rojas Alou. He was the
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son of José Rojas and Virginia Alou.José and Virginia had a big family. They had six
children (in order): Felipe, María, Mateo, Jesús, Juanand Virginia.
To José and Virginia, family was very important.They were very dedicated parents! The Rojas familydid not have much money, but the children did notnotice. They were innocent and happy; they did notnotice the oppressive political situation or the povertyin which they lived.
The Rojas family lived in Haina, Kilometer 12 in theNational District. It was called Kilometer 12 because
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it was 12 kilometers from Trujillo City1, the capital ofthe Dominican Republic. The family lived with verylittle money, but they had a house to live in. Felipe’sfather was a talented carpenter, and he was responsi-ble for the construction of the family’s house. His fa-ther was a carpenter and a blacksmith2, and his mother was a homemaker3. His father was black, andhis mother was white. To the Rojas children, living ina house with white and black people was normal.Race4 was not important; to the children, there was nodifference between black people and white people.
The Rojas Family was very well respected by theHaina Community. José and Virginia had a stable fam-ily and insisted that their children have good character.
1Trujillo City - Ciudad Trujillo [Trujillo City was the name of the capital of the DominicanRepublic. General Trujillo changed the capital city’s originalname, Santo Domingo, to Trujillo City in 1930. After his as-sassination in 1961, the capital city’s original name was re-stored.]
(En 1930, el General Trujillo cambió el nombre original deSanto Domingo a Ciudad Trujillo. Después de su asesinatoen 1961, el nombre original fue restaurado.)
2blacksmith - herrero [a person who works with iron]3homemaker- ama de casa [a mother who does not work out-side the home, a stay-at-home mom]
4race - raza [the color of a person’s skin]
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They insisted that they live with integrity and honor.They also insisted that the children receive an excel-lent education. Education was very important to them!
Felipe and hisbrothers and sisterswent to elementaryschool in Haina,Kilometer 12 andthey went to highschool5 in Santo Do-mingo. Felipe was
5high school (secondary school) - escuela secundaria[grades 9 – 12]
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Santo Domingo: The Fort of Conception in the Colonial Zone.Between 1930 and 1961, Santo Domingo was called Trujillo City.
very intelligent and athletic. He was an excellent stu-dent and was very dedicated to his studies. Felipe wasa very talented person! He had a lot of confidence andhe lived with an idea... He had a vision for the futureand felt like he was going to do something importantwith his life. In the 11th grade, the Dominican Repub-lic’s Commission of the National Track Team6 selectedFelipe to be on the team, a tremendous honor. Felipewas a javelin thrower7, and his participation on theNational Track Team was the first indication that hewas going to do something important with his life.
6National Track Team - Equipo Nacional de Atletismo [Trackincludes many events, including running, throwing andjumping.]
7javelin thrower - lanzador de jabalina [A javelin is a longobject with a point, like a lance or spear.]
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a - un(a)(to) abandon - abandonarabandoned - abandonó; aban-
donaron; abandonado abilities - habilidadesability - habilidadabout - sobreabruptly - abruptamenteabused - abusó; abusaron; abu-
sadoacceptable - aceptableaccident - accidenteaccidentally - accidentalmenteacts - actosadmired - admiró; admiraron;
admirado adored - adoró; adoraron; ado-
rado(to) affect - afectaraffected - afectó; afectaron;
afectadoafrican - africano(a)after - despuésagain - de nuevo; otra vez agent(s) - agentesaggressively - agresivamenteairport - aeropuertoall - todo(a), todos(as) (to) allow - permitir
allowed - permitió; permitieron;permitido
also - también(I) am - soyamerican(s) - americano(a)(s)an - un(a)and - yannouncer - anunciadoranother - otro(a) any - cualquierapartment - apartamento(they) are - son; (you) are - eresarea(s) - área(s)armed - armado(a)armss - armasarrived - llegó; llegaron; llegado arrogantly - arrogantementeas - tanascended - subió; subieron;
subidoasked - preguntó; preguntaron;
preguntadoassistant - asistenteat - aate - comió; comieron; comidoathlete(s) - atletasathletic - atlético(a) athleticism - atletismoattention - atención
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English-Spanish Glossary
attitude(s) - actitud(es) awards - premios(to go) back - regresarball - pelotabaseball - béisbolbathroom - bañobatted - bateó; batearon; bate-
aba; bateabanbatter - bateadorbatting - bateando(to) be - ser; estarbeaches - playasbecause - porquebehind - detrásbeloved - queridobenefit - beneficiobenefited - benificióbetween - entrebig - grandebitter - amargadoblack(s) - negro(s) blacksmith - herrerobrother(s) - hermano(s) bus - autobúsbut - pero(to) buy - comprarby - porcalled - llamó; llamaron; llam-
aba; llamaban can - puede; puedencan’t - no puede; no puedencapital - capital
(to) capture - capturarcaptured - capturó; capturaron;
capturado capturing - capturandocar(s) - carro(s)career(s) - carreracarpenter - carpintero(to) cause - causar; cause - causacelebrated - celebró; celebraronCentral America - América Cen-
tralchampionship(s) -
campeonato(s) character - caráctercharisma - carismachild - niñochildren - niñosJesus Christ - Jesucristocircular - circularcity - ciudadclimbed - subió; subieron clinics - clínicasclothes - ropacoast - costacocoa - cacaocollegiate - colegialcoloreds - un nombre (ofensivo)
para la gente negra oafricanoamericanos
commented - comentó; comen-taron
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commission - comisióncommitted - cometiócommon - comúncommunicate - comunicarcommunity - comunidadcompassion - compasión(to) compete - competircompleted - completócompletely - completamente(to) concentrate - concentrarseconcentrated - concentró; que
concentrara condition(s) - condición(es) confidence - confidenciaconfident - confidenteconfidently - confidentementeconfused - confusoconsequences - consecuencias(to) consider - considerarconsidered - consideraronconstruction - construccióncontinually - continuamente(to) continue - continuarcontinued - continuó; contin-
uaron(to) contract - contratar; con-
trato contracted - contrató; con-
trataron controlled - controlabaconverted - convirtió(to) convince - convencer
convincing - convincentecorrect - correctocorrupt - corruptoscould - podía; podían couldn’t - no podíacrack - cracCreole - criollocruel - cruelcruelly - cruelmente(the) cutting - El Corteday(s) - día(s)death - muertedeceased - muertodecided - decidió; decidieron;
decididodecision - decisión(to) dedicate - dedicardedicated - dedicó; dedicadodedication - dedicacióndefinitely - definitivamentedelegation - delegacióndelicious - delicioso(to) demand - demandardemocracy - democraciadeparture - salidadeplorable - deplorabledesignated - designadodestination - destinodetermination - determinacióndetestable - detestabledetested - detestódevastated - devastado
English-Spanish Glossary
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dictator - dictadordictatorship - dictaduradid - hizo; una palabra cuya
función es poner un verboo pregunta en el pasado
didn’t - negación en el pasadodifference - diferenciadifferent - diferentedifficult - difícildirector - directordisc - discodiscrimination - discriminacióndisgrace - desgraciadisgusted - disgustadodisillusioned - desilusionadodisillusionment - desilusióndistinguish - distinguirdistractions - distraccionesdistrict - distrito(to) do - hacerdoctor - doctordoes - haceDominicans - dominicanosdon’t - nodoor - puerta(to go) down - bajar(to sit) down - sentarsedressed - se vistió; se vistieron;
vestido driver - choferduration - duraciónduring - durante
each - cadaeast - esteEastern League - Liga del este(to) eat - comereating - comiendoeconomic - económicoeducation - educacióneither - tampocoelegant - eleganteelementary school - escuela pri-
maria(to) eliminate - eliminareliminated - eliminó; elimi-
naron; eliminadoeliminating - eliminando(to) encounter - encontrarencountered - encontró; encon-
traron; encontrado energy - energíaEnglish - inglés(to) enter - entrarentered - entró; entraron; en-
tradoentering - entrandoenthusiasm - entusiasmoenthusiastically - con entusi-
asmo entire - enteroentrance(s) - entrada(s) error - errorespecially - especialmenteeternal - eterno
English-Spanish Glossary
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eternity - eternidadevery - cadaeveryone - todoseverything - todoevidence - evidenciaevident - evidenteexactly - exactamenteexceeding - excediendoexcellent - excelenteexception - excepciónexceptional - excepcionalexclaimed - exclamó; excla-
maron; exclamadoexclusively - exclusivamenteexecutives - ejecutivosexpectations - expectativasexperience - experienciaexpert(s) - expert(s)explained - explicó; explicaron;
explicado extraordinary - extraordinarioextreme - extremoextremely - extremadamentefaith - fefame - famafamily - familiafamous - famosofan(s) - fanático(s) father - padrefatigue - fatiga(in) favor (of) - (a) favor (de) favorable - favorable
(to) feel - sentir(se)felt - sintió; sintieron; sentidofemale - mujer; persona feme-
ninafew - pocosfield - campofinal - finalfinally - finalmentefinancial - financierofirm - firmefirmly - firmementefirst - primerofive - cincofloor(s) - piso(s); suelo food - comidafor - por; para formal - formalforming - formandofortune - fortunafour - cuatrofrequently - frecuentementefrom - defront - parte delanterafruits - frutasfulfilled - cumplió; cumplieron;
cumplidofurious - furiosofuriously - furiosamentefuture - futurogame(s) - juego(s); partido(s) general - general(to) get (on) - subir a
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getting (on) - subiendo a (to) go - irgoing - yendogold - orogood - bueno(a)got on - se subiógot off - bajógrabbed - agarró; agarraron;
agarrado grade - gradograduated - se graduó; graduadohad - tuvo; tuvieron; tenía;
tenían; habíaHaitian(s) - haitiano(s)hamburger(s) - hamburguesa(s)happily - felizmentehappy - feliz; alegre hard - difícil; durohas - tiene; hahat - sombrero(to) have - tenerhe - élhere - aquíhigh school - escuela secundariahim - él, lo(to) him - lehis - suhistory - historiahome - hogarhomemaker - ama de casahomerun - jonrónhonor - honor
horrible - horriblehospitals - hospitaleshotel(s) - hotel(es) hour(s) - hora(s) house(s) - casa(s) hunger - hambre(was) hungry - tenía hambre I - yoidea - ideaif - si(to) ignore - ignorarignored - ignoró; ignoraron; ig-
norado imagined - imaginó; imaginaba;
imaginado immediately - inmediatamenteimpact - impactoimpatiently - impacientementeimpeccable - impecableimplication(s) - implicación(es)important - importante(more) importantly - más impor-
tante(to) impress - impresionarimpressed - impresionó; impre-
sionaron; impresionadoimpressive - impresionantein - eninability - incapacidadincluding - incluyendoincorrectly - incorrectamenteincredible - increíble
English-Spanish Glossary
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indecisive - indecisivoindication - indicacióninning - entrada [a segment of a
baseball game, duringwhich, each team bats;there are 9 innings in abaseball game]
innocent - inocenteinsisted - insistió; insistieron instructor - instructorintegrity - integridadintelligence - inteligenciaintelligent - inteligenteintended - intentóinternational - internacionalinterrupted - interrumpióinterview - entrevista(went) into - (entraron) en; entró
enintolerable - intolerableirony - ironíairresistible - irresistibleirritated - irritadois - es; está island - islaisn’t - no es; no estáit - lo; laits - susjavelin - jabalinajust - solo(to) kill - matarkilled - mató; mataron; matado
killing - matandokilometer(s) - kilómetro(s)king - reylaborers - obreroslake - lagolast - ultimolast name - apellidoLatin America - América Latinalaw - leyleague(s) - ligaMajor League - Grandes Ligasminor league - liga menor(to) leave - salirleaving - saliendoleft - saliólegislation - legislaciónless - menoslet’s eat - comemoslife - vidalike - comoline - línea; cola little - pequeño(to) live - vivirlived - vivió; vivieron; vivido lives - vive; vidasliving - viviendo(no) longer - ya no(a) lot - muchomachetes - machetesmade - hizomale(s) - hombre(s); masculinoman - hombre
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manager(s) - mánager(es)manner - maneramany - muchosMarch - marzomassacre - masacreMay - mayome - mímean(s) - significamedal - medallamedical - médicomilitary - militarminutes - minutosmodest - modestomoment - momentomoney - dineromonths - mesesmore - másmost - el másmother - madremountains - montañas(to) move - moverse; mudarse moved - se movió; se movieron;
se mudó; se mudaronmovement - movimientomuch - muchomy - miname(s) - nombre(s) nation - naciónnational - nacionalneeded - necesitaba; necesita-
ban nervous - nervioso
nervously - nerviosamentenew - nuevonext - próximonine - nueveno - nonormal - normalnormally - normalmentenot - nonotable - notablenotably - notablemente(that they) notice - que notaran noticed - notaba; notaban; no-
taronNovember - noviembrenow - ahora(to) observe - observarobserved - observó; observaron;
observabanobserving - observandoobstacle(s) - obstáculo(s) obtain - obtenerobvious - obviooccasion(s) - ocasión(es) of - de(get) off - bajarse de(got) off - se bajó deoffice - oficinaofficial(s) - oficialesok - está bienold - viejo(get) on - subirse a(got) on - se subió a
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once - una vezone - unoonly - soloopinion - opiniónopportunity - oportunidadoppression - opresiónoppressive - opresivooptions - opcionesor - o(to) order - pedirordered - pidió; pidieronorganized - organizó; organi-
zaronother - otroour - nuestro(a)(to get) out - salir deoutfield - jardín; el área fuera
del cuadroPacific - Pacíficoparadise - paraísoparents - padresparsley - perejilpart(s) - parte(s)(to) participate - participarparticipation - participación(in) particular - en particular pass - pasanpassed - pasaronpassing - pasandopast - pasadopatient - pacientepeople - gente
perfect - perfectoperfectly - perfectamenteperseverance - perseveranciaperson - personaphenomenal - fenomenalpitched - lanzópitcher - lanzadorplan - plan(to) play - jugarplayed - jugó; jugaron; jugaba;
jugaban; jugado player(s) - jugadoresplaying - jugandopolice - policíapoliceman - el policíapolitical - políticopoor - pobrepopular - popularposition - posiciónpositive - positivopossible - posiblepoverty - pobrezapractice - prácticapracticed - practicaba; practica-
ban practicing - practicandopreferred - prefería; preferíanpreparation - preparación(to) prepare - prepararpreparing - preparandoprestigious - prestigiososprincipal - principal
English-Spanish Glossary
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privilege - privilegioproblem(s) - problema(s)profession - profesiónprofessional(s) - profesional(es) professionally - profesional-
menteprogress - progresoprohibited - prohibido; prohibía (to) pronounce - pronunciarpronounced - pronunció; pro-
nunciaronpronunciation - pronunciaciónproud - orgullosoproudly - orgullosamentepublication - publicaciónracism - racismoracist (s) - racistasreacted - reaccionóreal - realreally - realmentereceive(s) - reciberecognized - reconocióreflection - reflecciónrepeated - repitió; repetíareplied - respondió; re-
spondieron(to) represent - representarrepublic - repúblicareputation(s) - reputación(es)reservations - reservacionesrespect - respetorespectable - respetable
respected - respetaba; respetadoresponded - respondió; re-
spondieronresponse - respuestaresponsible - responsablerestaurant(s) - restaurante(s)result - resultadoresurrected - resucitó(to) return - regresarreturned - regresó; regresaron returning - regresandoreunion - reuniónrigid - rígidoroom - habitación; cuarto route - rutasadness - tristezasaid - dijo; dijeron; decía;
decían same - mismosandwich(es) - sándwich(es) sat - se sentó; se sentaron; se
sentaba; se sentabansatisfied - satisfecho(to) say - decirscene - escenaschool(s) - escuela(s) (talent) scout - buscador de tal-
entosea- marseasons - temporadassecond(s) - segundo(s)secret - secreto
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section(s) - sección(es)segregation - segregación(to) select - seleccionarselected - seleccionóseparately - separadamenteSeptember - septiembreservice - serviciosevere - severoseverity - severidadshibboleth - ‘santo y seña’; una
palabra o frase que se uti-liza para distinguir a ungrupo o clase de personasque otro
signed - firmósigning - firmandosincere - sinceroa single - ni un(a); [one, solitary,
solo]sisters - hermanas(to) sit - sentarsesitting - sentándosesituation - situaciónsix - seissmell - olorsmelled - olía; olían so - así que; tan social - socialsomething - algoson(s) - hijo(s)spaces - espaciosSpanish - español
(to) speak - hablarspeaking - hablandospecial - especialspecific - específicospectacular - espectacularspirit - espírituspoke - habló; hablaron;
hablaba; hablabansport(s) - deporte(s) stable - establestadium - estadiostarted - empezó; empezaronstates - estadosstation - estaciónstill - todavíastopped - se parabastopping - parándosestore(s) - tienda(s) street - callestress - estrésstrong - fuertestudent - estudiantestudies - estudiossuccess - éxitosuccessful - exitoso(to) suffer - sufrirsuffered - sufrió; sufrieron;
sufría; sufrían suffering - sufriendo; sufrimientosuit(s) - traje(s)suitcase(s) - maleta(s)surname(s) - apellido(s)
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tactic - tácticatalent - talentotalented - talentoso(to) talk - hablartalking - hablandotalks - hablataxi - taxiteam(s) - equipo(s)teammate(s) - compañeros del
equipo terrible - terribleterrorist - terroristathan - quethank you - graciasthat - quethe - el; latheir - su; sus them - ellos; les; los; las then - entoncesthere - allíthere are - haythere were - habíathey - ellos(to) think - pensarthinking - pensandothis - este ; esta those - esos; esas three - tresthrough - por(javelin) thrower - lanzador de
(jabalina)throwing - lanzando
time(s) - vez (veces) timid - tímidoto - atogether - juntostoo - demasiado; también total - totaltourists - turistastoward - haciaNational Track Team - Equipo
Nacional de Atletismotraded - cambiarontradition - tradicióntragedy - tragedia(to) train - entrenarsetrained - se entrenaba; se en-
trenótrainer(s) - entrenadorestraining - entrenamientotransformed - transformó; trans-
formarontransition - transicióntremendous - tremendotremendously - tremendamentetropical - tropicaltwenty - veintetwo - dostypical - típico(to) understand - comprender(did not) understand - no com-
prendióunderstood - comprendió
English-Spanish Glossary
74
unfortunately - desafortunada-mente
uniform(s) - uniforme(s)unimaginable - no imaginablesunited - unidouniversity - universidaduntil - hasta(moved him) up - lo subieron (to) use - usarused - usó; usaba; usadousing - usandovacation - vacaciónvalley - vallevarious - variosversus - versusvery - muyvictories - victoriasviolent - violentovisa - visavision - visión(to) visit - visitarvoice - voz(to) vote - votarvoted - votó; votaron(to) wait - esperarwaited - esperaba; esperaban;
esperó; esperaron waiting - esperando(to) want - quererwanted - quería; querían; quiso;
quisieron was - era; estaba
we - nosotros(as) (to) wear - llevar puestowearing - llevandoweeks - semanaswell - bienwent - fue; fueron; iba; iban were - eran; estaban; fueron; es-
tuvieronwhat - quéwhen - cuándowhere - dóndewhile - mientraswhite(s) - blanco(s)who - quién(to) win - ganarwinning - ganandowith - conwithout - sinwon - ganó; ganaronwondered - se preguntó wood - maderaword(s) - palabra(s)(to) work - trabajarworked - trabajó; trabajaron; tra-
bajaba; trabajabanworking - trabajandoworks - trabajayea - síyear(s) - año(s) (to) yell - gritaryelled - gritó; gritaronyes - sí
English-Spanish Glossary
75
you - túyour - tu
English-Spanish Glossary
76
a - one; not any certain one (in-definite article)
(to) abandon - to leave; to desertabandoned -left; deserted ability - talent; special skillabilities - talents; special skillsabout - of; concerning; in regard
to abruptly - unexpected; sudden abused - misused; treated in a
harmful wayacceptable - worthy of being ac-
cepted; satisfactoryaccident - an event that occurs
unintentionallyaccidentally - unexpected; un-
planned acts - behaves in a certain fash-
ionadmired - regarded with ap-
provaladored - regarded with esteem,
love, or honor(to) affect - to produce a change
inaffected - produced a change inAfrican - of or from Africa after - later in time than; behind
in place or in positionagain - another time
agent(s)- a person or businessauthorized to act on an-other person’s behalf
aggressively - assertively; boldlyairport - facility for the landing,
take off, and care of air-planes
all - every; the whole(to) allow - to permitallowed - permittedalso - too; in addition(I) am - 1st person singular of to
be (Central) America - part of
North America south ofMexico
American(s) - of or from theUnited States; of or fromNorth or South America
an - one; not any certain oneand - as well as; in addition anguish - suffering; pain announcer - a person who intro-
duces programs on TV orradio
another - additional; one moreof the same
any - whatever or whichever itmay be
English Glossary
G-1
English Glossary
apartment - a set of rooms usedas a dwelling for one fam-ily
(they) are - third person pluralform of the verb to be
area(s) - a geographical region;a particular extent of sur-face
armed - having weapons arrived - reached one’s destina-
tion arrogantly - proudly; making
claims of superior impor-tance
as - to the same degree; to thesame extent
ascended - climbed or movedupward
asked - inquired of; requestedinformation of
assistant - aide; helper at - preposition used to indicate
location: in; on; near ate - consumed; simple past
tense of eatathlete(s) - participant(s) in a
sport, exercise, or game re-quiring physical skill
athletic - good athlete; physi-cally active and strong
athleticism - athletic ability
atrocities - extremely shockingthing or circumstance
attention - observant care; con-sideration; concentrate ona single object or thought
attitude(s) - manner; dispositionawards - something awarded;
payment or medal (to go) back - to return ball - a round object used for
sports or games baseball - a ball game played
between two 9-playerteams
bathroom - toilet; room for tak-ing a bath or a shower
batted - the objectbatter - player who swings the
bat; player whose turn it isat bat
batting - striking at; hitting(to) be - to exist; to live; to feel;
to take placebeaches - sandy or rocky areas
along a shoreline because - for that reason behind - in back ofbeloved - well loved benefit - advantageous; good
deed; act of kindness benefited - was to one’s advan-
tage; was good for
English Glossary
G-2
between - in the space separat-ing two points
big - large in height, size, orquantity
Bigs - nickname for MajorLeague baseball; the BigLeague
bill - a statement of moneyowed for goods or services
bitter - distressing; painful feel-ings
black(s) - belonging to one ofseveral populations char-acterized by dark skin
blacksmith - one who makes ob-jects from iron
brother(s) - male sibling(s)bus - large motor vehicle used to
transport large numbers ofpassengers
but - on the contrary; yet (to) buy - to purchase by - next to; beside; before a
certain point in timecalled - telephoned; summoned;
cried outcan - is able tocan’t- isn’t able tocapital - city or town that is the
official seat of government(to) capture - to take by forcecaptured - took by force
capturing - was taking by forcecar(s) - automobile(s)career(s) - occupation(s); profes-
sion(s)carpenter - person who builds
or repairs wooden struc-tures
(to) cause - to bring aboutcelebrated - commemorated;
observedchampionship(s) - series of com-
petitions to determine thebest competitor or team
character - features and traitsthat make up the nature ofa person, place or thing
charisma - charm; magnetism;presence
child - young boy or girlchildren - young boys and/or
girlsJesus Christ - principal deity of
the Christian religioncircular - in the shape of a cir-
cle, roundcity - large or important town climbed - went up; ascendedclinics - a site that provides
medical treatmentclothes - garments; articles for
wearingcoast - shoreline of the sea
English Glossary
G-3
collegiate - of or belonging tothe college or university
coloreds - a word used to de-scribe people of darkskinned races (often offen-sive)
commented - remarked; ob-served
commission - a group of peoplecharged with certain duties
committed - engaged incommon - normal; usualcommunicate - to share knowl-
edge of; to make informa-tion known
community - group of peopleliving in somewhat closeassociation
compassion - feeling of deepsympathy
(to) compete - to try to outdoanother person to win aprize or award
completed - finishedcompletely - fully; entirely(to) concentrate - to think in-
tensely about concentrated - thought intensely
about condition(s) - social position;
state
confidence - full trust or beliefin someone or in one’s self
confident - sure; fully trusting in confused - perplexed; bewil-
dered consequences - effect, result, or
outcome of an action(to) consider - to think carefully
about in order to make adecision
considered - thought carefullyabout in order to make adecision
construction - the act of build-ing or putting together
continually - habitually; veryoften
(to) continue - to keep oncontinued - kept on(to) contract - to hirecontracted - hiredcontrolled - dominated; exer-
cised control overconverted - changed into a dif-
ferent form(to) convince - to persuade; to
move by argumentconvincing - persuasivecorrect - rightcorrupt - guilty of dishonest
practicescould - was, were able to
English Glossary
G-4
couldn’t - was, were not able to
crack - sound of a bat when a
ball is hit
Creole - language spoken by
Haitians
cruel - willfully or knowingly
causing pain or distress to
others
the Cutting - Massacre of
Haitians in the Dominican
Republic ordered by Tru-
jillo
day(s) - 24 hour period(s)
death - the end of life
decided - determined; settled
decision - settled by giving vic-
tory to one side
dedicate - devote; commit;
pledgededicated - devoted; committed;
pledged
dedication - a devotion or
pledge; ceremony held to
honor a person or place
definitely - certainly; positively
delegation - a group of individu-
als selected to represent a
larger group
delicious - very tasty
demand - ask for with proper
authority
democracy - government by the
people
departure - leaving; going
deplorable - lamentable; very
bad
designated - named or selected
destination - place to which per-
son or thing travels or is
sent
determination - being deter-
mined; resolute
detestable - hateful, horrible
detested - hated
devastated - laid waste; de-
stroyed
dictator - ruler exercising ab-
solute power over a gov-
ernment
dictatorship - a country where
absolute power is held by
a dictator
did - simple past tense of do; to
have done something; a
helping verb that indicates
past tense
didn’t - past-tense helping verb
indicating negation
difference - state of being differ-
ent; dissimilarity
different - not alike; separate;
distinct
difficult - hard
English Glossary
G-5
director - a person that directsor controls
disc - flat, circular plate discrimination - making a dis-
tinction in favor of oragainst a certain group
disgrace - loss of respect; honor;or esteem
disgusted - offended; extremedislike for
disillusioned - lost one’s falseideas about something
disillusionment - the state ofbeing disillusioned
distinguish - to recognize as dis-tinct or different
distractions - that which pre-vents concentration
district - a division of territorydo - to execute; perform; auxil-
iary verb doctor - person licensed to prac-
tice medicinedoes - executes; performs; auxil-
iary verb Dominicans - of or from the Do-
minican Republicdoor - movable barrier for open-
ing or closing an entryway down - from higher to lower; de-
scent dressed - put on clothing
driver - a person who drives avehicle
duration - length of time some-thing occurs
during - at some point in thecourse of
each - every one individually east - a cardinal point of the
compass 90° to the right ofnorth
eastern - of or from the east (to) eat - to take into the mouth
and swallow; to ingesteating - taking into the mouth
and swallowing; ingestingeconomic - pertaining to an
economy economy - financial affairs of a
community or countryeducation - imparting or acquir-
ing general knowledge either - one or the other of twoelegant - fine; luxurious; refinedelementary school - school con-
sisting of grades K-6eliminate - remove; get rid ofeliminated - removed; got rid of eliminating - removing; getting
rid ofencounter - meetingencountered - came upon; met
English Glossary
G-6
energy - available power; capac-ity for activity
English - language spoken in theU.S. and other countriesaround the world
enter - to come or go inentered - came or went in entering - coming or going in enthusiasm - eagerness; passion;
devotion enthusiastically - eagerly; pas-
sionately entire - whole; completeentrance(s) - a point of entry;
opening or passageway forentering
error - mistakeespecially - particularly; excep-
tionally esteemed - held in high regard;
well respectedeternal - lasting forevereternity - time without end every - each; all possibleeveryone - each person; all pos-
sible peopleeverything - all; each possible
thingevidence - that which proves or
disproves somethingevident - obviousexactly - precisely; accurately
exceeding - surpassing; goingbeyond
excellent - extraordinary; supe-rior
exception - a case for not con-forming to a general rule
exceptional - unusual; extraordi-nary
exclaimed - cried out; shoutedsuddenly
exclusively - not admittingsomething else; shuttingout all others
executives - person or peoplewith supervisory authority
exist - to have life; to beexpectations - a thing looked
forward to; something ex-pected
experience - an instance of per-sonally encountering orundergoing something
expert(s) - a person with specialskills or knowledge in afield
explained - made plain; madeclear
extraordinary - outstanding; un-usual
extreme - the utmost or highestdegree; greatest
extremely - to a high degree
English Glossary
G-7
faith - belief not based on truthfame - renown; celebrityfamily - parents and their chil-
drenfamous - renowned; celebrityfan(s) - follower; admirerfather - a male parent fatigue - extreme tiredness(in) favor (of) - in support of; on
the side offavorable - positivefeel - perceive; examine by
touchfelt - perceived; examined by
touch female - persona of feminine
genderfew - not many but more than
one field - a piece of land devoted to
sports final - coming at the end; in last
placefinally - at lastfinancial - refers to matters con-
cerned with moneyfirm - not soft; hard; stiff; rigidfirmly - rigidly; stifflyfirst - being before all others in
regard to order, rank, ortime
floor(s) - supporting surface orstructure upon which onewalks
food - nourishing substanceeaten or drunk
for - intended to belong toformal - elegantforming - serving as; making up fortune - large amount of wealth
or riches frequently - very often from - a preposition used to in-
dicate source or originfront - the part or side that faces
forwardfruits - edible part of a plant de-
veloped from a flower fulfilled - carried out; performedfurious - extremely angryfuriously - angrilyfuture - a time that is to come game - a competitive activity
played by two or morepeople according to a setof rules
general - an officer of rankget - obtaingetting - obtaininggo - to move or proceed; to de-
part a placegoing - moving; proceeding; de-
parting a place
English Glossary
G-8
gold - precious yellow, metallic
element
gone- past participle of go
good - of high quality; excellent
got - obtained
grabbed - snatched; clutched;
seized suddenly
grade school - elementary
school
graduated - received a degree or
certificate
had - possessed; owned; auxil-
iary verb forpast perfect
tense
Haitian(s) - people from Haiti
hamburger(s) - a sandwich con-
sisting of a patty of ground
beef on a bun or roll
happily - in a happy way; with
pleasure
happy - glad; delighted
hard - difficult
has - possesses; owns
hat - a covering for the head
have - possess; own
he - the male person being dis-
cussed
here - in this spot; in this place
high - exceeding the common
measure; far above the
ground
him - a male
his - possessive adjective mean-
ing something belongs to
him
history - a branch of knowledge
dealing with past events
home - a house or apartment;
residence
homemaker - a person who
manages the household of
his/her own family
homerun(s) - hit in baseball that
allows the runner to clear
all bases and score a run
honor - high respect for worth,
merit, or rank
horrible - extremely unpleasant;
disgusting
hospitals - a place where sick
people are given medical
or surgical treatment
hotel(s) - an establishment offer-
ing lodging to travelers
hour(s) - 60 minute period
house(s) - a building in which
people live
hunger - desire or need for food
hungry - craving or needing
food
I - pronoun referring to oneself
idea - a thought; a notion
if - whether; even though
ignore - overlook; disregard
English Glossary
G-9
ignored - overlooked; disre-garded
imagined - formed a mentalimage of
immediately - instantly; withoutdelay
impact - influence; effectimpatiently - not patientlyimpeccable - flawlessimplication(s) - something sug-
gested or inferred important - of great significanceimportantly - significantlyimpress - affect deeply impressed - affected deeplyimpressive -imposing; awesome;
admirablein - preposition used to indicate
inclusion within a space)inability - lack of ability or
meansincluding - containing parts of a
wholeincorrectly - wronglyincredible - unbelievableindecisive - undecided; unable
to make a decisionindication - anything serving as
a signingenious - cleverinning - a division of a baseball
game
innocent - not guiltyinsisted - was emphatic; resolute instructor - teacherintact - whole; unbroken integrity - sound moral charac-
terintelligence - ability to learn,
reason, and understandintelligent - smart; quick to
comprehendintended - purposed; meant for
a particular purpose intercepted - cut off from in-
tended destination international - between nationsinterrupted - broke the continu-
ity ofinterview - formal meeting in
which one person asksquestions to evaluate an-other
into - to the inside ofintolerable - unbearableirony - using words to convey
the meaning opposite theirliteral meaning
irresistible - lovable; enticing;unable to be resisted
irritated - annoyed; angeredisland - piece of land sur-
rounded by water on allsides
English Glossary
G-10
it - direct or indirect object usedto represent an inanimatething
javelin - a light spear thrown byhand
just - a moment before kill - end the life ofkilled - ended the life of killing - ending the life ofkilometer(s) - unit of measureking - male monarchlaborers - workerslake - a large body of fresh or
salt water surrounded byland
last - coming after all othersLatin America - part of the
American continent southof the United States
law - rules established in a com-munity by some authority
league(s) - a group of athleticteams who competeagainst one another
Major League - top level of pro-fessional baseball teams
minor league – a group profes-sional baseball teams thatprepare and train playersfor the Major League
leave - go out of; go away fromleaving - going out of; going
away from
left - went out of; went awayfrom
legislation - a group of laws en-acted
less - fewer than life - the state of existence like - as; is pleased byline - a number of people wait-
ing one behind another fortheir turn
little - smalllive - exist; have life; reside lived - existed; residedlives - exists; residesliving - existing; residing longer - something that is con-
siderably long in length ortime
a lot - muchloved - cherished; given deep af-
fectionmachetes - large, heavy knives made - producedmale(s) - person of masculine
genderman - full-grown or adult male
human beingmanager(s) - person who has
control of an organization manner - waymany - a lot; numerous
English Glossary
G-11
massacre - unnecessary killingof many humans or ani-mals
may - word used to express pos-sibility
mean - is defined asmedal - an award given to rec-
ognize an accomplishmentmedical - dealing with medicinemilitary - dealing with the
armed forcesminutes - 60 second period of
timemisery - sorrowmodest - bashful; shy; humblemoment - instant; short period
of time money - currencymonths - 12 parts into which a
calendar year is divided more - in a greater amount or
quantitymost - in the greatest amount or
quantitymother - female parent mountains - elevation of the
earth’s surface rising to asummit
move - change location; go fromone place of residence toanother
moved - changed location; wentfrom one place of resi-dence to another
movement - the process of mov-ing
much - to a great degree my - belonging to me name(s) - a word by which a
person or thing is called nation - a territory; a countrynational - pertaining to a terri-
tory or countryneeded - lacked something nec-
essary negro(s) - Blacks; African-Ameri-
cansnervous - worriednervously - worriedlynew - recently came into beingnext - the following in a series normal - average; regular normally - usuallynotable - worthy of noticenotice - pay attention tonoticed - paid attention tonow - at this momentobserve - see; watch; noticeobserved - saw; watched; no-
ticed observing - seeing; watching;
noticing obstacle(s) - difficulties to over-
come
English Glossary
G-12
obtain - to get obvious - easily seen or recog-
nizedoccasion(s) - a special time,
event, or ceremonyof - preposition used to indicate
origin or sourcegot off - descended from; came
down from office - a room or set of rooms
used for workofficial(s) - a person holding
public office or having offi-cial duties
ok - fine; well old - no longer young; having
existed or lived for a longtime
on - resting on; physically incontact with
once - one timeonly - justopinion - belief of view about
something not necessarilybased on facts
opportunity - chanceoppression - long lasting cruel
treatment or controloppressive - unfairly causing
hardship especially on aminority group
options - choices
or - conjunction used to link al-ternatives
order - a command or instruc-tion; request (as in food);arrange a sequence
ordered - commanded; re-quested; arranged in a se-quence
organized - established;arranged into a structure
other - further or additionalour - belonging to usout - baseball term indicating
that one is no longer bat-ting; having one’s turn atbat or base running ended
outfield - area of the baseballfield outside of the dia-mond
paradise - heaven; heavenly orwonderful location
parents - father and motherparsley - an herb often used for
garnishing foodpart - a piece of something;
some but not all of some-thing
participate - take part inparticipation - the act of taking
part in particular - specific
English Glossary
G-13
pass - move in a specific direc-tion; elapse; transfer tosomeone else
passed - moved in a specific di-rection; transferred tosomeone else
passing - moving in a specificdirection; transferring tosomeone else
past - belonging to a formertime; an action or state thatpreviously existed
patient - able to wait withoutbecoming annoyed or anx-ious
people - plural form of person;more than one person
perfect - as good as can beperfectly - in a way that could
not be betterperseverance - commitment to
do something in spite ofdifficulty
person - an individual phenomenal - extraordinarypitched - (in baseball) threw the
ball to the batter pitcher - baseball player who
throws the ball to the bat-ter
plan - a decision about whatone will do
play - take part in an activity forenjoyment
played - took part in an activityfor enjoyment
player(s) - a person who takespart in a sport or game
playing - taking part in an activ-ity for enjoyment
police - a civil force who serveto keep order
policeman - a member of thepolice force
political - dealing with politicspoor - having little or no money
or few possessionspopular - well likedposition - locationpositive - certain; confident in
opinion possible - may exist or happen poverty - the state of being poor;
the state of being in ex-treme need
practice - rehearse; train practiced - rehearsed; trained practicing - rehearsing; trainingprecious - of great value; of high
price preferred - given priority; to
choose before all others preparation - the process of
making ready
English Glossary
G-14
prepare - make readypreparing - making ready prestigious - held in high regard
or esteemprincipal - mainprivilege - a right or benefit en-
joyed by one person be-yond the benefits of most
problem(s) - crisis; a questionneeding a solution
profession - jobprofessional(s) - an expert player
among amateursprofessionally - as an expert
playerprogress - movement toward a
goal prohibited - forbiddenpronounce - to say in a particu-
lar or correct manner pronounced - said in a particu-
lar or correct manner pronunciation - producing the
sounds of speech proud - a feeling of pleasure or
satisfaction because ofsomething highly honor-able
proudly - with pride or satisfac-tion
public - open to all personspublication - the act of publish-
ing a book; making public
racism - the idea that one’s ownrace is superior
racist(s) - one who believesone’s own race is superior
reacted - acted in response toreal - true; factual; existing as an
actual thing really - in reality; actually receive(s) - get(s); obtain(s)recognized - identified as some-
one previously known; ac-knowledged
reflection - careful considera-tion
repeated - said again; did againreplied - answeredrepresent - to present againreputation(s) - the regard in
which a person is heldresent - to feel bitter or angry reservations - hesitationsrespect - esteem for an individ-
ual; to hold someone inhigh esteem
respectable - worthy of high es-teem
respected - held in high esteemresponded - answeredresponse - answerresponsible - competent; capa-
ble restaurant(s) - location where
food is served to customers
English Glossary
G-15
result - consequenceresurrected - brought back to
life; raised from the deadreturn - come back; go backreturned - came back; went
backreturning - coming back; going
backreunion - meeting; the act of
uniting again rifles - a firearm held on the
shoulder rigid - stiffroom - space; a section of the
interior of a building sepa-rated by four walls
route - path; waysaid - spoke; uttered same - alike; identical to what
has been said or done sandwich(es) - two or more
slices of bread with meatand/or cheese between
sat - was seated satisfied - content; fulfilled say - utter; speakscene - place where an event
occurs school(s) - institution where stu-
dents are taughttalent scout - one who searches
for talented players to playfor professional teams
sea - salt water covering part ofthe earth’s surface
seasons - period of the yearwhen something normallyoccurs
second(s) - unit of time repre-senting 1/60 of a minute
secret - done or made withoutthe knowledge of others
section(s) - a distinct part or di-vision of something
segregation - isolation from therest of a group
select - chooseselected - choseseparately - apart; divided service - an aid; a helpset - put something in a particu-
lar place severe - serious; harshseverity - seriousness; harshnessshibboleth - peculiar pronuncia-
tion or behavior that sets agroup apart
signed - wrote a signature; con-tracted
signing - writing a signature;contracting
sincere - free of falseness; free ofdeceit
single - a hit that allows the run-ner to advance one base inbaseball
English Glossary
G-16
sisters - female siblings; femaleswith the same parents
sit - rest on one’s buttocks andlegs
sitting - resting on one’s buttocksand legs
situation - state of affairs; condi-tion; predicament
smell - scent or odor; to perceivean odor or scent
smelled - perceived a scent so - in this manner; very social - outgoing; characterized
by friendly companionshipwith others
something - a certain, unspeci-fied thing
son(s) - male offspring or chil-dren of the same parents
spaces - blanks; intervals speak - talk; utter; verbally com-
municatespeaking - talking; uttering; ver-
bally communicating special - uniquespecific - particular; having a
special purpose or applica-tion
spectacular - outstandingspirit - soul; intention spoke - talked; uttered; verbally
communicated
sport(s) - athletic activities stable - not likely to fall; de-
pendablestadium - sports arena started - beganstation - headquarters for certain
public services; place for aparticular kind of work
still - motionlessstopped - ceased; discontinuedstopping - ceasing; discontinu-
ingstore(s) - an establishment
where products are soldstreet - paved roadwaystress - anxiety; strain; emphasisstrong - having great physical
power student - a person engaged in
learning studies - makes an effort to gain
knowledgesuccess - attain wealth, honors,
recognitionsuccessful - has attained wealth,
honors, or recognitionsuffer - feel pain or distress suffered - felt pain or distress suffering - feeling pain or dis-
tress suit(s) - a set of clothing meant
to be worn together
English Glossary
G-17
suitcase(s) - portable case usedfor carrying clothing whiletraveling
surname(s) - last name(s)tactic - procedure, maneuver talent - a certain skill or ability
at which one excelstalented - gifted; having special
abilities talk - communicate; speak talking - communicating; speak-
ingtalks - communicates; speakstaxi - taxicab; car hired to pro-
vide transportationteam - group of people who
form one of the sides in agame
teammate(s) - members of thesame team
terrible - very bad; horribleterrorist- person who terrorizes
or frightens other people thank - express gratitudethank you – an expression of
gratitudethat- (used to point out a spe-
cific person; thing; or idea)I like that shirt.
the - definite article used beforea noun
their - possessive pronoun, be-longing to them
them - object case of theythen - next; afterward there - at or in that placethey - plural subject pronounthink - make decisions; evaluate
or deal with a situation;consider options
thinking - making decisions;evaluating or dealing witha situation
this - demonstrative adjectiveused to point out a specificperson, thing or idea
those - plural of that through - pass between or
among; in one end or sideand out the other
throwing - propelling or hurlingan object
time(s) - duration; repetitions;intervals
timid - shytogether - in one place; in one
gathering; in close proxim-ity
too - alsototal - whole; entiretourists - person traveling for
pleasuretoward - in the direction of track - area where runners par-
ticipate in races duringtrack and field competi-tions
English Glossary
G-18
traded - exchanged as part of abusiness deal
tradition - established or passeddown way of thinking orsystem of beliefs
tragedy - disaster, catastrophetrain - develop habits; make
proficient by practice andinstruction
trained - made proficient bypractice and instruction
trainer(s) - one who helps ath-letes become proficientthrough instruction
training - making proficientthrough practice and in-struction
transformed - changedtransition - passage or change
from one state, condition,or concept to another
tremendous - extraordinary insize, amount, or intensity;dreadful
tremendously - dreadfullytropical - from or of the tropicstypical - normal; usualunderstand - to comprehend;
get the meaning ofunderstanding - comprehend-
ing; getting the meaning ofunderstood - comprehended;
got the meaning of
unfortunately - regrettablyuniform(s) - an identical set of
clothing used to identifythose belonging to a group
unimaginable - inconceivable;unable to be imagined
united - joineduniversity - institution of learn-
ing; highest level of educa-tion
until - up to the time ofup - a more elevated position use - employ for some purpose;
utilizeused - employed for some pur-
pose; utilized using - employing for some pur-
pose; utilizingvacation - a period of rest or
travel in which work orstudy is suspended
valley - a depression or lowlandbetween hills
various - two or more things dif-fering from one another
versus - againstvery - extremelyvictories - winsviolent - uncontrolled strong,
rough forcevisa - document allowing a pass-
port holder from one coun-try to enter another
English Glossary
G-19
vision - sightvisit - go and stay with; to come
or go tovoice - sounds uttered through
the mouthvote - expression of opinion or
choice; the means (ballot)of expressing one’s choice
voted - expressed one’s opinionor choice
wait - remaining inactive untilsomething happens
waited - remained inactive untilsomething happened
waiting - remaining inactiveuntil something happens
want - desirewanted - desiredwas - past tense of to bewe - subject pronoun represent-
ing first person plural wear - to have on the body as a
covering wearing - having on the body as
a coveringweek(s) - period(s) of 7 days well - good; satisfactory went - simple past tense of go were - past tense of to be, 2nd
person / 3rd person pluralwhat - interrogative used to ask
for specific information
when - interrogative used to askabout a period of time;how long ago
where - interrogative used to de-termine in what place orlocation
while - during the time that; aperiod of time
white(s) – word used to describelight skinned people; Cau-casian
who - interrogative used to findout which person
will - auxiliary verb used to talkabout future actions orevents
win - be victorious; conquerwinning - being victorious; con-
queringwith - accompanied by without - not with; free from won - was victoriouswondered - speculated; was cu-
rious about wood - hard substance consist-
ing of the stem andbranches of a tree
word(s) - unit of language con-sisting of a specific set ofsounds
work - laborworked - labored
English Glossary
G-20
working - laboringworks - laborswould - auxiliary verb, simple
past of willyea - slang for yes year(s) - period(s) of 365 daysyell - shout; screamyelled - shouted; screamedyour - belonging to you
English Glossary
G-21