FEEDS AND FODDERS

Dept Animal Nutrition

Classification

Dry Feeds

Crop residues

Hay

Succulent feeds

Green Roughages

Silage

High moisture

Concentrates

Dry concentrates

Roughages

Dry

Succulent

Concentrates

Energy sources

Protein sources

Roughages

Roughages

⚫ Bulky feeds low in weight per unit

⚫ Contain more than 18% crude fiber

⚫ Low in Energy

⚫ Natural feeds of ruminants

⚫ Generally low in digestibility

⚫ High in Ca, K, and trace minerals

⚫ Higher in fat-soluble vitamins

⚫ Protein varies

Roughages

Dry Roughages

Crop residues

Straw

Stover

Aerial portion ofother plants

Hay

Succulent roughages

Pasture grasses

Cultivated fodder

Leguminous

Non leguminous

Grasses

Cereal fodders

Indian pastures

Sehima - Dichanthium grasslands

Central Indian plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau and Aravallis,

The elevation ranges between 300-1200 m.

There are 24 species of perennial grasses, 89 species of annual

grasses, and 129 species of dicots including 56 legumes.

Dichanthium - Cenchrus - Lasiurus grasslands

northern parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Aravalli ranges, south-western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Punjab.

The elevation ranges between 150-300m.

There are 11 perennial grass species, 43 annual grass species, and 45 dicots with 19 legumes.

Phragmites - Saccharum - Imperata grasslands

The Gangetic plains, the Brahamputra Valley and the plains of Punjab.

The elevation ranges between 300-500 m.

There are 10 perennial grasses, 26 annual grasses, and 56 herbaceous species including 16 legumes.

Themeda - Arundinella grasslands

Manipur, Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.

The elevation ranges between 350-1200 m

There are 37 major perennial grasses, 32 annual grasses, and 34 dicots with 9 legumes.

Temperate - Alpine grasslands

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West

Bengal and the north-eastern states.

There are 47 perennial grasses, 5 annual grasses and 68 dicots

including 6 legumes.

CENCHRUS CILIARIS Buffel grass

Drought resistant tropical pasture grass

HARIYALI/ BERMUDA GRASS/ STAR

GRASS – Cynodon dactylon

GUINEA GRASS Panicum maximum

Guinea pul

CULTIVATED

GRASSES

NAPIER GRASS/ UGANDA GRASS - Pennisetum purpureum

PARA GRASS

Brachiaria mutica

Buffalo grass

Hybrid cultivated grass co 4

CULTIVATED CEREAL

FODDER

Sorghum

Maize Zea mays Makka cholam

PEARL MILLET Pennisetum glaucum

Cumbu / Bajra

FINGER MILLET Eleusine corocana Ragi

BARLEY : Hordeum vulgare

OATS Avena sativa

LEGUMINOUS SUCCULENT

ROUGHAGES

STYLOSANTHES HAMATA

CLITORIA TERNATEA

DESMANTHUS VIRAGATUS

Alfa alfa

Berseem

Cow pea

TREE FODDER

LEUCEANA LEUCOCEPHALA

Gliricidia sepium

Neem

SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA - AGATHI

ACCACIA NILOTICA

ALBIZZIA SAMAN

Per cent DCP and TDN of green roughages on DMB

GREEN ROUGHAGES DCP TDN

NAPIER GRASS 2.5 44.0

PARA GRASS 3.5 59.0

GUINEA GRASS 3.0 51.0

CYANADON DACTYLON (arugam

pull)

2.5 45.0

FODDER SORGHUM 2.5 50.0

FODDER MAIZE 3.5 60.0

COW PEA 12.5 60.0

LEUCERNE 13.5 60.0

SOOBABUL 14.0 55.0

SESBANIA (AGATHI) 15.0 50.0

CROP RESIDUES

Corn stover

Corn cobs

Oat straw

Rice straw

Wheat straw

Ground nut haulms

Sugar cane tops

Cassava leaves

Sun flower plant

Per cent DCP and TDN of crop residues on DMB

CROP RESIDUES DCP TDN

PADDY STRAW 0 45

WHEAT STRAW 0.3 50

SORGHUM STRAW 1.5 55

RAGI 0.3 50

GROUND NUT HAULMS 12 50

Energy concentrates

Concentrates from animal nutrition point of view means that

Nutrients (major nutrients like energy or protein) are densely concentrated

Crude fibre contents determines whether the feed ingredient is concentrate

or roughage

Less than 18% crude fibre in an ingredient is considered to be concentrate

& more than 18% crude fibre is considered to be roughage

Less than 18% crude protein in an ingredient is considered to be

“Energy concentrates”

More than 18% crude protein is considered to be “Protein concentrates”

Energy concentrates

Crude fibre

> 18%< 18%

Concentrates Roughages

>20% Crude protein <20% Crude protein

Protein Concentrates Energy Concentrates

Energy concentrates

Cereals

Milling by products

Molasses

Animal & Vegetable fat

Cereal grains and millets

• Cereals

• Maize

• Wheat

• Rice

• Oats

• Barley

• Millets

• Sorghum/ jowar/ milo

• Bajra / cumbu

• Ragi

[Members of graminae - Cultivated for

their seeds]

Germ (Fat, Protein)

Endosperm (Starch)

Bran (Fibre, Protein)

Hull (Fibre)

Cereal grain structure with nutrient profile

Cereal grains:

i) CP - 8-12%

ii) Oil - 2-5% (including oleic & linoleic acid)

iii) Calcium - < 0.15;

iv) P - 0.3 - 0.5%

iv) CF - highest in oats, rice allong with hull

lowest in wheat & Maize

v) Deficient - Lysine, Methionine, Vitamin D and Pro-vitamin A (exception - yellow maize)

Maize or corn

Low in Protein, fibre

Starch - 65%; CP – 8 -9 %

High TDN 80 -85 %

Newer variety - opaque - 2 lysine content

- floury - 2 methionine & lysine

Prone to aflatoxin

BARLEY

CP - 6 - 14%, low in lysine

Variety Notch I and Notch II - rich in lysine

OATS

CP - 6 - 15%, (deficit - Methionine, histidine, tryptophan)

High CF - 10-18%

Wheat

CP - 6-12%; Protein (Prolamin &

Gultelin)

Amino acids - glutamic acid (33%),

proline(12%)

Strong Glutens - bread making

Finally ground wheat - unpalatable

Millets

Fiber content - more

Eg. Sorghum, Bajra.

Sorghum - Similar to maize

Higher protein & low in oil

then maize

Bajra - CP - 8-12%

Rich in tannin

Milling by products

Barley grain

Milling by-products

Bran - Outer course coat of grain, CP 9%, TDN 70%, Rich in B

vitamins

Rice bran

Wheat bran

Gluten - Poor quality protein, unplatable

Grain screening - small imperfect grains, weed

seeds

Hulls – Outer covering of grain

Middling - by-product of flour milling industry

Polishing - protein - 10-15%, fat 12%, CF 3-4%

Molasses

– by-product from sugar manufacture

– appetizer

– reduce dust, pellet binder

– stimulate rumen activity

Ruminant ration - 10-15%

Poultry - 2 - 5 %

Cane molasses – 3% CP,

Beet molasses – 6% CP,

Citrus molasses – 14% CP,

Wood molasses – 2% CP

Roots and Tubers

90 % and more moisture

Dried waste rich in starch

Valuable alternate energy source

Animal & Vegetable fat

Fat (Vegetable /Animal) provides 2.25% more energy

than carbohydrate or protein.

Controls dust, animals don’t like dusty rations

Lessens wear on feed mixing equipment.

High poly unsaturated fatty acid content in oil are prone to rancidity

Vegetable oil like corn oil, Groundnut oil, sunflower oil and

animal fat like lard, tallow are extensively used in feed.

anti oxidants like Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or Ethoxyquin

should be included in high fat diet.

Per cent composition of cereal grains and millets on DMB

DM CP CF ME

Kcal/Kg

MAIZE 90 9 2.2 3300

BAJRA (CUMBU) 90 13 2.2 2650

JOWAR (SORGHUM) 90 10 3.6 2650

RAGI 90 12 2.6 2800

BROKEN RICE 90 9 9.8 3000

Soy bean meal

• Three main kinds of soybean meal

are produced:

• Full-fat soybean meal, made from

whole soybeans. It has a high

metabolizable energy

concentration.

• defatted soybean meal, containing

no hulls. This product has an

intermediate energy concentration.

Crude protein concentration is

about 48 percent

• defatted soybean meal, containing

soybean hulls.

Anti nutritional factors in raw soyabean

➢Protease inhibitors - Kunitz anti trypsin factor, Bowman-Brik chymotrysin inhibitor

➢Glucosinolates- goitrogenic

➢Haemoagglutinins

➢Saponin -bloat

➢Antigens- toxic to young ruminants

➢Lectins-inhibit brush border hydrolases-pathogens- decrease absorption

➢Anti vitamin -Lipoxygenase, anti vitB12& anti vit D

➢Estrogenic -Genistein

Detoxification - optimum heating/roasting

Groundnut oil meal/cake

CP: 40-45%; ME: 2500Kcal ME/kg

Deficient in lysine, methionine and cystine

Oil 10% in expeller variety

Mycotoxins- Aflotoxin –Aspergillus flavus

Cottonseed MealCP 35 – 40 %

Milk fat-hard & firm

Gossypol - yellow pigment that is

toxic to all livestock, especially

non-ruminants

Olive green discolouration of

egg yolk

Cyclopropenoids - Pink

discoloration of egg white

FeSo4 - 1 to 4parts/ 1part

free gossypol

Coconut oilcake (Copra Meal)

• CP: 20-26%

• Oil: 2.5-6.5% rancid, diarrhoea

• Milk fat: increases, firm-butter making

• Absorb molasses- feed compounding

Sun flower meal

Protein varies with Process Used

28, 32, 40 or 48% Meals

High methionine, low lysine

High fibre-undecorticated

Can Replace 30-50% of SBM in Swine

Diets-soft pork

Ruminants Can be Used as Sole Protein

Supplement-soft butter

ME: 1700kcal/kg

Safflower meal

Protein: 40-45% decorticated (14% fibre)

18-20% undecorticated; 60% hulls

Low in lysine and methionine

High methionine, low lysine

Low energy

Used along with other protein supplements

Rapeseed Meal (Canola Meal)Feeding Problems

Erucic Acid (Oil)- heart problem

Myrosinase Enzyme (Glucosinolates)

- goitre

Canola Meal

Low Erucic and Glucosinolate

Fed to Swine at 5% of Diet,

Not Fed to Ruminants

CP-40%; fibrous; 1500kcalME/kg

Mustard oilcake

Northern India- Cattle feeding

Low palatability

Pigs-20%level

Poultry-10% level

CP-30-35%

TDN-74%

High phosphorus-1.0%

Sesame oil cake/ Til cake

Three variety - white, black & red

Oil rich in PUFA- rancid-soft body fat

Rich in phytates

Feed for all livestock

Ruminants

young ones - up to 5%

Adult - up to 15%

Pig & poultry

young ones -0%

Adult - up to 5%

Linseed meal (Flax seed)

Mechanically extracted contains

residual oil- soft body fat

Popular among horse owners and

show animal feeders because of

sleek hair coat

10% mucilage - form viscous slime-bulkiness, higher retention time-prevent constipation

Protects GI tract damage

CP:25-28%

Immature seeds- cyanogenetic glycoside-linamerine & Linase enzyme

HCN

Normal processing-destroyed

PulsesChick pea Green gram

Beans

Horse gram

Red gram

CP: 20-25%

Other minor oilcakes / unconventional protein

Neem cakeCP:11-24%; bitter taste, unpalatable

Mahua cakeCP: 14% - mowrine –bitter glucoside

Rubber seed cakeDCP: 18.6%; kernel-lipolytic enzyme, cyanogenetic

glycoside; 20% in ration

Karanj oilcake (Pongamia)

CP: 30-33%

Silk worm pupae mealAnimal protein, 55-65%CP; 25% oil; Replaces 50% of FM

Maize gluten feedCP:45%

-thick slurry blended with bran

concentrates of plant origin

Oil seed cake/ meal: Anti nutritional factors

Groundnut or peanut oil meal Prone to Aflatoxin

Soybean Goitrogenic, Protein inhibitor,

Heamaggultinin, Lectins,

phytoestogenic

Safflower meal / Kardi meal

Sunflower meal

Cotton seed meal Gossypol

Coconut meal

Linseed meal / Flax seed meal Mucilage/HCN linamarin , linase

Mustard cake

Sesame seed meal / Gingelly oil

cake

Rape seed meal / Canola meal Glucosinolates, thioglucosidase

(Myrosinase)

Animal and Marine Origin

Tankage

– By-product from Meat Packing or Rendering

– Unusable Animal Tissue (Bones, Gut, Tendons,

Connective Tissue, Blood Meal)

– If it Contains a Minimum 4.4% P it’s called

Meat/Bone Tankage

– No Hair, Horns, Manure, Gut Contents or Hide

– Supplement for swine

Meat and bone meal

Meat Meal (50 - 60%

CP)

– Contains Less

Gut, Tendons

and Connective

Tissue than

Tankage

– Normally no

Blood Meal

Fish meal

– Whole Fish, Fish Cuttings; With or Without Oil

– 66% CP, 6% ca and 3.5% P

– exceptional source of essential amino acids

– contains “amines” which cause fishy smell in poultry or swine fed fish meal immediately prior to harvest as well as laying hens

• Fish Solubles

– Evaporated Product After Oil Removed

Fish meal/dry fish

• Animal protein factor

• High content of lys, met & trypto

• Mineral source-Ca 8%, P-3.5%

• B complex vitamin source

• Good supplements for Monogastric and young animals- up to 10% level

• High undegradable protein for ruminants

• Check for

salt content

E. coli bacteria

Presence of urea, scales

Fishy taint in animal products

Raw fish- Thiaminase ( anti thiamine)

Squilla meal

CP -70%

Ca -10%

P -2%

Replaces fish meal

Shrimp meal, crab meal

–Exoskeleton contains

“chitin” a cellulose-like

polysaccharide that is

very poorly digested

–Protein content derived

from meat residue

Blood Meal (80-90% CP)

Drum, Ring or Flashed Dried

Excellent amino acid balance

Unpalatable

Ruminal bypass proteins

Plasma Protein

Poultry By-Products

– Poultry By-Product Meal

» Contains Heads, Feet, Intestines,

Undeveloped Eggs

» No Feathers

Feather Meal

»85% CP (Should

Guarantee 75% of CP

Digestible)

»No More Than 3% of

Swine Diets

»Good Source of

Ruminal bypass

proteins for Ruminants

Milk by products

• Whey

–Wet

» By-Product of Cheese Manufacturing

–Dried

» 11% CP, 61% Lactose

• Dried Whole Milk

• Dried Skim Milk

• Dried Buttermilk

Non protein Nitrogen Sources

(NPN)

– Ruminants - microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into protein

• Urea - made from anhydrous ammonia

• Fertilizer, Feed Additive, Plastics

• Urea is the end product in nearly all mammals

• Urea = 46.6% N = 281% protein

• Max Limits of use of Urea (25% of protein for pregnant cows)

Non-protein Nitrogen products

• Urea and biuret

– Requires readily available CHO

source to provide carbon chains for

microbial protein synthesis

– Rapidly degraded in rumen

– May require adaptation period

– Maximum levels established due to

toxicity problems

Urea Toxicity

– Rapid absorption of ammonia from rumen

– Convulsions, salivation, quiver, death

– Ammonia on breath

– 50% vinegar solution drench binds ammonia

– 1% urea in total Dry matter or 3% in concentrate

mixture

– Used only for mature ruminant animals

– Used for N enrichment of crop residues

Slow-release urea products

• Urea chemically bound to another compound

• Decreased solubility, slower release of ammonia

• More uniform ammonia level all day

• Less danger of Urea Toxicity

Uromol. Staurea, UMMB

Animal Organic Waste

• Poultry litter

• Rich source of nitrogen, Ca & P

Used Primarily in Ruminant Diets (20-30%)

Normally Broiler Litter (31% CP, 17% CF, 15%

Ash)

10-60% of the Protein Exists as NPN

Single-cell protein (SCP)

• protein from single-celled

organisms: yeast,

bacteria, fungi, algae

• Grown in: sewage,

petroleum by-products,

sawdust etc.

• Algae: can make 10 times

as much protein as

soybeans per acreBacteria - Methanomonas

Algae - Chlorella, Spirulina

Yeast - Torulopsis, Sacchromyces

Aquatic weeds/plantsSea weeds - marine algae- green, brown red & blue CP: 16-30%

Lotus - rhizome (Bhasinda) rich in energy, seeds rich in protein

Water spinach - green vegetable for human

Water hyacinth - 4% DCP & 52%TDN; green/hay for ruminants & pigs

Azolla - 26% CP, good protein supplements for livestock

Feeds Produced by the Fermentation of Grains

(normally corn) for Alcohol Production

– Distiller’s Dried Grains -

Dried Coarse Grain

Fraction.

– Distiller’s Dried Solubles -

Condensing the thin

Stillage Fraction and

Drying it.

• 25-30% CP; 15-20%CF

Ingredient DM CP

%

CF

%

ME

Kcal/kgSOYA BEAN MEAL 90 48 3.9 2600

SUN FLOWER OIL CAKE 90 35 11.6 2200

GROUND NUT OIL CAKE (expeller) 90 44 8.9 2600

GROUND NUT OIL CAKE (solvent) 90 55 11.2 2350

SEASAME OIL CAKE 90 39 4.7 2200

COTTON SEED CAKE 90 40 12 2200

MUSTARD OIL CAKE 90 35 8.2 2400

FISH MEAL 90 45-60 1 1800

MEAT MEAL 90 56 2.2 2300

POULTRY BY PRODUCT MEAL 90 47 2 2700

End Show