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![Page 1: Feeding Relationships. Ecosystem An association of organisms and their physical environment, interconnected by ongoing flow of energy and a cycling of.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649ee05503460f94bf0ac5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Feeding Relationships
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Ecosystem
An association of organisms
and their physical
environment, interconnected
by ongoing flow of energy and a cycling of materials
energy input from sun
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS(plants, other producers)
nutrientcycling
HETEROTROPHS(consumers, decomposers)
energy output (mainly heat)
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http://www.eduweb.com/portfolio/earthsystems/food/foodweb2.html
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Important Terminology:
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Modes of Nutrition
• Autotrophs– Capture sunlight or chemical energy
– Producers
• Heterotrophs– Extract energy from other organisms or
organic wastes
– Consumers, decomposers, detritivores
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert energy from the sun to
usable energy for humans
Human survival depends on the stored energy in agricultural ecosystems
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Consumers
• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Parasites
• Omnivores
• Decomposers
• Detritivores
SPRING
rodents, rabbits
fruits
insects
birds
SUMMER
rodents, rabbits
fruits
insects
birds
Seasonal variation in the diet of an omnivore (red fox)
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Consumers
• Herbivores “plant eaters”
• Carnivores “meat eaters”
• Parasites “living eaters”
• Omnivores “all eaters”
• Decomposers “dead thing/waste eaters”
• Detritivores“eat materials from living things”
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Herbivores
Animals that get energy from eating plants
• Possess special digestive systems for digesting all kinds of plants
• Need a lot of energy to stay alive
• May eat all day long
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OmnivoresAnimal that eats either other animals or plants
• Some will hunt and others will scavenge for dead matter or eggs of other animals
• Generally eat only the fruits and vegetation of fruit-bearing plants
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Carnivores
Generally eat herbivores, but will also eat omnivores
• Require large amounts of energy in order to hunt and kill
• The bigger the carnivore, the more it has to eat.• Important to the ecosystem because they keep
other species from becoming overpopulated.
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Decomposers
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Food Chain
• A straight line
sequence of who eats
whom
• Simple food chains
are rare in nature
MARSH HAWK
UPLAND SANDPIPER
GARTER SNAKE
CUTWORM
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Decomposer Food Chains• Organisms that receive energy from dead
plant and animal material• Make up majority of food chains• Scavengers eat the remaining energy in
large dead organisms– Ex: Vultures eat the carcasses of dead animals
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FoodWeb
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http://www.vtaide.com/png/oceanchain.htm
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Two Types of Food Webs
Producers (photosynthesizers)
Producers (photosynthesizers)
herbivores
carnivores
decomposers
decomposers
detritivores
ENERGY OUTPUT ENERGY OUTPUT
Grazing Food Web Detrital Food Web
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Feeding Levels
• Important terms:– Trophic levels – Detrivores– Decomposers– Pyramid of Numbers– Pyramid of Biomass– Pyramid of Energy Flow
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Trophic Levels
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Trophic Levels• The source of energy (input) for all
ecosystems is the sun
• All the organisms at a trophic level are the
same number of steps away from the
energy input into the system
• Producers are closest to the energy input
and are the first trophic level
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Feeding Levels• First trophic level
– always plants
• Second trophic level – primary consumers
• Third trophic level – secondary consumers
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1. Primary Producer = Autotrophs support all other trophic levels by synthesizing sugars and other organic molecules using light energy.
2. Primary Consumers = Herbivores consume primary producers.
3. Secondary Consumers = Carnivores eat herbivores.
4. Tertiary Consumers = Carnivores eat other carnivores.
5. Detritivores = Consumers derive energy from organic wastes and dead organisms
Trophic Levels - Definitions
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Energy Losses
• Energy transfers are never 100 percent
efficient
• Some energy is lost at each step
• Limits the number of trophic levels in an
ecosystem
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• Energy flows through the food chain but only about 10% of the energy is passed on from one trophic level to the next.– Ex: Plant has 100kJ, caterpillar uses 10% for life
processes, 90% is lost as heat or waste
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All Heat in the End
• At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism
• This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem
• Eventually, all energy is released as heat
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Environmental Pyramids• Food chains are useful for describing
basic feeding relationships among organisms
• Pyramids illustrate different feeding relationships– visual comparisons among organisms at
different trophic levels within the same pyramid and between pyramids
• Pyramid of Numbers• Pyramid of Biomass• Pyramid of Energy
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Pyramid of Numbers
• Shows the numbers of organisms that are required to feed the next trophic level.
• The greatest number of organisms is in the first trophic level, least number on top of the trophic level
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Pyramid of Biomass
• Shows the relative mass of the organisms at each trophic level
• Shows the energy available in each trophic level
• More useful than pyramid of numbers because it takes into account the size of the organism
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Pyramid of Energy Flow
• Shows the amount of nutrient energy at each trophic level (difficult to measure
• Shows how the energy available at each trophic level is greatest at the bottom of the food chain and least at the top
• Pyramid of energy is always upright and cannot be inverted, the other pyramids can be
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Pyramid of Energy
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Pyramid of Energy Flow• Primary producers trapped about 1.2 percent
of the solar energy that entered the ecosystem
• 6-16% passed on to next level
detritivores
21
383
3,368
20,810 kilocalories/square meter/year
top carnivores
carnivores
herbivores
producers
decomposers
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Food and Population Size
• The closer humans are to the producer, the more usable energy we consume
• The further we are down the food chain, the less energy we receive from the producers
• Fig 1.23 pg 28
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Food and Competitors
• Monocultures – where humans mass produce a particular type of food
• This decreases biodiversity and increases pests – Ex: Population of aphids can become out
of control when their food source is grown as a monoculture
– Ex: Wheat Rust article
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• By selecting plants with desired characteristics, scientists have been able to produce also reduced the genetic variety of crops.
• Historically, humans relied on about 200 different species of plants.
• Today we rely heavily on about 20 different species – wheat rice, corn, and potatoes being the most common.
• Plants selected for rapid growth and desired aesthetic qualities may not be ideally suited to withstand disease an other negative environmental conditions
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Poisons in Food Chains
• Pesticides are used to kill pests but are designed to not harm plants or humans
• Biological Magnification: – once pesticides enter a food chain, its
concentration increases as it moves through the food chain
– Ex: DDT in food chain (pg 30-31)
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Biological Magnification
A nondegradable or slowly degradable
substance becomes more and more
concentrated in the tissues of
organisms at higher trophic levels of a
food web
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DDT in Food Webs
• Synthetic pesticide banned in the United States since the 1970s
• Birds that were top carnivores accumulated DDT in their tissues
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Consuming the Planet
• Human population is increasing rapidly!– Due to decrease in death rate with medical and
scientific advancements• We are consuming the earth’s natural
environment to feed ourselves • We are also using up resources for
convenience– Ex: cotton, tobacco, domestic pets (birds, fish,
etc)• We are destroying natural ecosystems
– Burn forests, drain wetlands, pave highways, build golf courses
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References/Resources
• http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/ES%20-%20%20understanding_the_environment.htm
• http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_4.htm