feed estimation: Data, methodologies and gaps -...

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THAILAND COUNTRY REPORT

Food - feed estimation: Data, methodologies and gaps

K. Sommart1*, S. Nakavisut2, S. Subepang1, and T. Phonbumrung2 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen Thailand 2Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and cooperative,

Bangkok, Thailand *Email: [email protected]

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Contents1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3

2. Methodologies of food ‐ feed estimation system ............................................................................... 3

2.1. Data collection and sources of information ................................................................................. 3

2.2. Animal feed assessments model development ........................................................................... 4

3. Livestock and aquaculture profile and trends .................................................................................... 5

3.1 Growth of livestock and aquaculture production ......................................................................... 5

3.2 Production systems and structural change of livestock ............................................................... 6

3.3 Production system and feeding efficiency .................................................................................... 7

4. Growth and structural change in food‐feed production .................................................................... 7

4.1. Industrial crop and domestic grain production trends ................................................................ 7

4.2. Agro‐industrial co‐products and available feed resources .......................................................... 8

4.2.1. Crop residues. ....................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.2. Oil seed meals ....................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.3. Cereal and grain by products ................................................................................................ 9

4.2.4. Grains .................................................................................................................................... 9

4.2.5. Roots, tubers and other by‐products .................................................................................... 9

4.2.7. Grasses and forages .............................................................................................................. 9

4.2.8. Animal by products ............................................................................................................. 10

4.3. Current trends in animal feed industry in Thailand ................................................................... 10

4.3.1. Trade in feeds and raw materials ....................................................................................... 10

4.3.2. Growth of feeds industry .................................................................................................... 10

4.3.3. Feed balance, feed surplus and deficit ............................................................................... 11

5. Knowledge gaps and inconsistencies ................................................................................................ 12

References ............................................................................................................................................ 12

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1.IntroductionIn Thailand, livestock plays a very important role as an integral part of farming and rural

life providing food, family income and employment. Within the context of world population growth and economic development, consumption of animal products has been increasing, accompanied by increasing regulatory pressures related to food security/safety concerns, and concerns about environmentally sustainability. All of these factors have affected the livestock industry.

Growing food and feed demand (influenced by rice and cassava availabilities as well as pork and chicken exports) and investments in the bio-energy sector have influenced prices of feed grains and induced land use changes (e.g. from corn cassava sugarcane to rubber tree, palm oil, etc). It is clear that there is a growing need for accurate assessments of current and future food-feed supplies and as well as livestock product consumption, all of which are needed for planning national food security policy. National feed resources must be assessed and monitored to inform the development and implementation of appropriate policies for sustainable development.

This paper analyses the changing patterns of grain feed production and utilization for livestock in Thailand. The objective of the study focuses on the methodologies used to estimate feed production utilization, reviewing data collection processes as well as identifying knowledge gaps.

2.Methodologiesoffood‐feedestimationsystem

2.1.Datacollectionandsourcesofinformation In Thailand, in recognition of this need for better feed assessments, animal feed databases have been developed to collect and analyze information related to nation feed inventories and feed balance sheets (Annex 4) which are compiled from the official statistical systems.

National statistical institutions as well as associations that have specific duties in collecting, compiling and reporting agricultural statistical data used in this study include: the Department of Livestock Development, the Office of Agricultural Economics, the Thai Feed Mill Association, and research articles and other documents.

According to an August 2013 presentation by Budsara Sangaroon of the National Statistical Office, the agricultural and rural statistics system in Thailand is decentralized with the main agency responsible for agricultural statistics being the National Statistical Office (NSO) and the Office of Agricultural Economics (OAE). The NSO is a government agency with a departmental status under the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology. It plays the leading role in producing basic statistics at national and regional level and serving as the coordinating body for all statistical activities of government agencies.

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The Office of Agricultural Economics is a Governmental organization under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives which has an important role in guiding the country’s agricultural development. Its mandate is the collection of statistics on agricultural economics and agriculture development. It has recently published the “2013 Agricultural Statistics of Thailand”. The publication has been updated and has strengthened its contents to be more complete and relevant to a new era of agricultural economics information. Consequently it now includes up-to-date and comprehensive outlook information on agricultural economics, including situation and trends from both domestic and foreign sources. The data has been collected by the office with the rest of the information acquired from other agencies under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Finance, Defense, Information and Communication Technology and Natural Resources and Environment.

The major sources of agricultural statistics include the following:

1. The agricultural census which is conducted by the NSO once every ten years to obtain basic information such as number and area of holding, land use and tenure; planted area of crops, number of livestock; use of fertilizer and pesticides. The Agricultural Census of Thailand was conducted in 1950, 1963, 1978, 1993, and 2003.

2. The Inter-Censal Survey of Agriculture which is undertaken every 5 years with the most recent undertaken in 2008.

3. Agricultural surveys which include the following: Crop production survey undertaken annually by the OQE Livestock and Fisheries Production Surveys Cost of Production Survey Crop Forecasting Remote Sensing and GIS Agricultural farm household socio-economic surveys Agricultural prices

In addition to the above, there are statistical units in many government agencies, which collect food and agriculture data from registration or reports for their administrative purposes.

2.2.Animalfeedassessmentsmodeldevelopment Three animal feed assessment models were used in this study to compare and estimate food-feed production, feed supplies and demand for livestock over the past 10 years.

The Thai Feed Mill Association is the organization that publishes a report on animal feed demand, using livestock production figures and estimating feeding rates. In addition, there is a DLD feed assessment model which also estimates feed use and the nutrient requirements of each species/type of livestock. The DLD animal feed assessment model was develop by Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Cooperatives in collaboration with 10 University and institutions in the Indochinese peninsula region (WTSR, 2010). The national feed resource and nutritive values database system was established with the objective of calculating feed balances and composition (surplus/deficit) using a feed supply approach together with feed demand approach based on animal production systems, herd structure (see Annex 1, 2, 3) and animal nutrient requirements (Annex 5).

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3.Livestockandaquacultureprofileandtrends

3.1GrowthoflivestockandaquacultureproductionThailand is one of the world largest food producing and exporting countries with a

GDP of US$ 382.46 billion in 2012 and a population of 64.6 million in 2012 (NESDB, 2013). The agricultural (total 24,118,000 farmers) and livestock (total 3,630,725 families) sectors respectively account for 12.2% and 2.5% of GDP (Sommart et al., 2013).

The major livestock species are chicken, swine, dairy cattle, beef cattle with goat and sheep only a very minor composition of national stocks (Table 1). Broiler products (commercial chicken cuts) are the main commodity for export while other non-ruminant species and ruminant are produced for domestic consumption and small scale trading. Commercialized swine and chicken population have showed the fastest growth, rising over the past 10 years from 6.70 to 10.98 million heads for swine and 228.76 to 384.18 million numbers for chicken. Such rapid growth resulted in response to escalating domestic demand and growing global consumption of competitively priced broiler meat and products (Figure 5). Ducks, both layer and meat types, increased from 25.03 in 2002 to 36.69 million in 2012.

DLD animal feed assessment model

The system (Figure 1-3.) developed by the office of animal nutrition development, department of livestock development, was used to compile, estimate and report feed availability and utilization through the following summary process:

1. Data collected for assessing feed resources and feed balance includes data on: (a) feed resources derived from crop production (b) green fodder from land use and (c) feed demand or nutrient requirements according to animal production level of each livestock species/type.

2. Data on annual crops production are obtained from the national agricultural data and provide sufficient information for the estimation of the annual production, residues, by-products and waste that are available for feeding livestock by using a harvest index and estimated proportion use for animal feed.

3. Harvest index and extraction ratio of different agricultural crops (Annex 4) are used for estimating crop residues and byproducts (adapted from Chantalakhana and Skunmun (2002) Ramachandra et al., (2007) and Devendra (1993).

4. Additional information on feeds and raw material imports and exports of by- products used for animal feeding, data on pasture areas, pasture productivity. Livestock population data are also obtained.

5. The classification and identification of the national livestock feeding systems was undertaken by a task force of animal science researchers, animal nutrition researchers, administration officers, crop science researchers.

6. Estimate feed requirements of livestock: From data of livestock characteristics, nutrient requirements, and livestock population by production subgroup, the annual feed requirements of each type of livestock were quantified and presented in 3 major components (dry matter requirement, ME requirement, DP requirement)

7. Estimation quantity and quality of available feed resources are derived from data of crop production, extraction rates of by-products and co-products uses for animal feeding of each crops – available feed resources in terms of dry matter , metabolizable energy and crude protein by groups of feed resources were estimated. They include crop residues, oil seed cake/meals, grains, grain by products, roots and tubers, root and tuber by-products, other by- products, grasses, legume forages, forage trees, other forage.

8. The feed balance of the country is determined by the difference between feed produced, feed imported, feed exported and feed required (Table 21).

9. Feed surplus/deficit in terms of quantity (DM) and quality (ME and DP) are determined. 10. Annual production of compound and concentrate feeds for specific species and raw material required are

determined thus quantifying feed resources used in industrial intensive livestock production.

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Milk, pork and poultry meat exhibited the highest production and consumption growth rate compared to other products for Thailand (Figure 4). Broiler chicken products are one of Thailand’s main export commodities (mainly to Japan, UK, the Netherland and others; (Figure 5) while other non-ruminant species and ruminant are produced for domestic consumption and small scale trading.

Indigenous livestock (beef cattle, buffaloes, native chicken, goats and pigs) are mainly kept in low input production systems (See Annex-1). The most important ruminant species in Thailand is beef cattle which include native Thai cattle, crossbred cattle and a small number of purebred beef type cattle (Table 1, 3). Over the last 5 years, beef cattle numbers fluctuated, but witnessed a decline of 30.5%. This contrasts to the number of dairy cattle which increased approximately 23% percent over the 2008-2012 period, from 0.47 to 0.58 million head. The number of buffalo decreased from 1.62 million in 2002 to 1.24 million by 2012. In contrast to increasing goat numbers, sheep numbers have witnessed a negative growth.

3.2.Productionsystemsandstructuralchangeoflivestock The introduction of intensified modern livestock operations (dominated by contact

farming system/companies) over the past 30 years has resulted in a decline in the number of back-yard growers and a structural change from extensive to intensive farming system especially in dairy cattle, swine, broiler, layer and duck (Annex-2). These operations are characterized by larger herds per farm (Table 2). The average boiler farm size is now 6,000 birds per farm with corporate farms holding over 100,000 broilers per farm, which are characterized by closed semi-automatic housing systems which use large fans and water to cooling houses to 28 degree Celsius, thus saving housing and labor costs as well as reducing mortality rates.

The farm size of swine now includes 45 pigs per farm compared to commercial pig operations which have been also increasing, up to 300 sows (for contact farms) or 2400 sows (for corporate farm) from 100 sows in early 2000s (Poapongsakorn, 2012). The shift to large scale operations is driven by economies of scale in both production and marketing, input procurements and risk management when compared to smaller operations. Thailand expects to continue as an exporter of chicken cuts through the year 2030. However, Thai exporters, recognizing the importance of adding value to export products while being a large net importer of animal feedstuffs (corn, soy bean meal and fish meals), did not attempt to export fresh whole chicken from beginning, capitalizing on higher value cuts. The rapid intensification of poultry and pig production has; however, increasingly raised issues related to environmentally friendly production practices, animal welfare, disease issues and bio-security (e.g. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI).

The population numbers of beef cattle continues to decrease (30.5%) over the past 10 year, reflecting land use change which are intensifying food-feed-bio energy crop production that has limited grazing area and household labor availability. However, the growth of the dairy cattle population and production had increased in the past 10 year. The largest population of dairy cattle is in the central region (average 30 cattle per farm on 3.2 hectare

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land holding) with total milk production totaling approximately 967,844 ton per year. By contrast, annual catch of fresh water fishery production has recently dramatically decreased because of disease such as EMS (early mortality syndrome) (Table 4, 5).

3.3ProductionsystemandfeedingefficiencyFeeding efficiency of livestock in Thailand differs depending on the animal species/

type, and feeding system (Annex-1). Feed conversion ratios can be used to estimate compound or concentrate feed demand of an output of livestock production especially for non-ruminant species such as pig, poultry and fish (Annex-3; Table 17, 18). However, ruminant feeding systems are based largely on local agro-industrial by product feed and natural grasses fed in the traditional industrial crop-rice-livestock based mixed farming system. The majority, or 95%, of extensive beef production system use no cereal grain or concentrate feed supplements. In case of beef-dairy cattle, a shortage of feed, both in terms of quantity and quality, is a major constraint and is expected to pose larger obstacles as farm sizes increase. The shortage of high quality roughage forces dairy farmers to use high concentrate supplements (Annex-2.8) combined with rice straw, crop residue, agro-industrial co-products and/or low quality roughage. This results in low feed intake, digestibility, energy utilization and thus low production efficiency as well as air and water environmental stress (e.g. N, P and enteric methane emissions).

4.Growthandstructuralchangeinfood‐feedproduction

4.1.Industrialcropanddomesticgrainproductiontrends Thailand as “kitchen of the world policies” is located in a tropical and monsoon region and supported by a number of plantations, producing human and animal food, is one of the world’s major rice, cassava and others food exporter (Figure 6). Major crops produced include rice (Table 6 ), maize/corn grain (Table 7), cassava(Table 8), sugar cane(Table 9), oil palm(Table 10), soybeans(Table 11), coconuts(Table 12) and para rubber (Table 13) which are for human consumption/use with crop by-products and wastes used for livestock production (Figure 6, 7, 8). The land used for rice (11.2%), maize (6.2%), rubber (28.5%), cassava (13.0%) and oil palm (15.8%), sugar cane (32.7%) has increased, accompanied over the past 10 years by a small increase of yield per planting area. The planting areas of soybeans (-62.3%) and coconut (-12.6%) has decreased dramatically because of market price competition for second crop rice. In addition, the structure of crop production, especially land use between sugar cane, cassava and para rubber, has also shifted from upland to un-irrigated rice fields or other lower yielding crops. Land use changes have also occurred because of the completion between food and energy crop. Cassava, sugarcane, oil palm, para rubber production has increased acreage and production due to the world food and energy demand in the past 10 year. Out of total agricultural land of 23.879 million hectare, rice occupies the largest area of 10.399 hectares. Total rice production is approximately 39 million tons. Rice production in Thailand follows 2 major systems: major rice (first crop) which is cultivated in the rainy season occupies 10.399 million hectare (rain fed and irrigated) and second crop rice that is dependent on irrigated areas in the dry season uses 2.884 million hectares. The major rice production areas in terms of total land used and total rice production are in the Northeast,

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the North and the Central parts of the country. In addition to being a major source of human food, rice by-products are used for livestock feed, including rice bran, broken rice, rice straw, rice stove. Rice bran and broken rice are mainly used for swine or poultry feed. Rain-fed rice straw, especially in the Northeast, are abundant after harvest (November to June) for grazing ruminant populations. There is a limited commercial collection of products for animal feed, vegetable bedding and mush room culture. The irrigated rice straw is usually burnt right after harvest to expedite the next rice crop.

Others arable land associated with crops production and by-products feed sources can be classified into 4 categories: paddy lands, field crops lands, orchards and plantation lands, and vegetable gardens. On average, a Thai farmer holds on average 4.2 hectares of land. As indicated a large proportion of land has been used for main crop production which includes rice in the low lands, cassava, sugar cane, pineapple, corn and other crops on uplands as are oil palm or para rubber tree while the remaining low fertile land is used for ruminant grazing. For non-ruminants, including broilers, layers, meat ducks and pigs, feed availability is linked to commercial compound feed manufactured by feed factories. Main feed ingredients for non-ruminants include corn, soybean and fishmeal, cassava and rice bran. Thailand is a major importer of soybean meal as a feed. Meanwhile feed and roughages for ruminants are deficit in the dry season.

In addition to rice, 7 major crops provide additional sources of human food, exports and play important roles as major sources of animal feeds. These include the residues and by-products of these crops which are used for animal feeding in different forms (Figure 7, 8; Table 19, 20).

4.2.Agro‐industrialco‐productsandavailablefeedresources The classification of available feed resources in Thailand in accordance with the FAO guideline (FAO, 2012) can be described as follows.

4.2.1.Cropresidues.Crop residues are a major source of livestock feeds in Thailand for ruminants. Crop

production areas and productivity are highly associated with the annual yield of their by-products and residues available for livestock feed (Annex-4). Major crop residues for Thailand are derived from rice, corn, cassava, sugar cane, oil palm, soybeans, coconuts and pineapples. Some crops provide feed ingredients directly to livestock such as corn and cassava. Many crops generate more than one product and by-products, such as soybeans that provide the soybean meal used in non-ruminant feeds while supplying soybean hull and stems used in ruminant feeds. The major crop residues are rice straw and stove derived from rice harvesting, and sugar cane tops and corn stove. Cassava leaves and palm oil fond and residues are also animal feed sources. Due to a lack of data, it is difficult to accurately estimate the quantity of crop residues used in livestock feeding.

4.2.2.OilseedmealsOil seed meals are agro-industrial by-products derived from the processing of oil crop

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production. Major oil seed meals used in animal feed formulation and production growth are show in Figure 7 and 8. However, there is a decreasing area of oil plants (soybeans, cotton and coconuts) due to price competition with the second rice crop, as well as para rubber trees, sugarcane and cassava. Thus, increasingly protein as a domestically produced feed source is not sufficient and, in the context of rapidly growing non-ruminant production, Thailand has been obliged to increase imports of oilseed meal as a protein feed source, mainly for broiler and swine production (Table 14).

4.2.3.CerealandgrainbyproductsRice by- products including rice bran and broken rice are an important feed source (Table

14). However, because of robust demand, grain by-products have been increasingly imported including brewery by-products, DDGS, wheat bran and corn by-products (Table 14).

4.2.4.GrainsCorn is the major grain used in Thai feed formulation with annual feed use estimated at

approximately 6.5 million tons (Table 18). The largest quantity of corn is used in broilers, layers, ducks and pigs feed formulation. Some corn and corn products for livestock feeding have been imported.

4.2.5.Roots,tubersandotherby‐productsGlobally, Thailand is the largest exporter of cassava. Cassava chip or cassava pulp feeding

technologies have been developed and currently 20% of dairy cattle rations include cassava in order to reduce feed costs (Sommart et al., 2000a,b). However, cassava use as a feed is limited due to its low protein content with users required to maintain a mix of 75:25 cassava: soybean meal that allows the replacement of corn grain or broken rice for diets of pig or broilers.

Other crop by-products produce in Thailand are also abundant i.e. corn cobs, baby corn waste, tomato waste, can fruit waste, seafood industry waste, fish processing waste etc. However, formal data on their availability, their productivity and utilization in animal feeding are lacking.

4.2.7.GrassesandforagesGrasses are primary sources of roughage feeds for ruminant livestock in Thailand.

Sources of grasses for livestock are includes natural pastures, communal pastures, roadside grazing, forest grazing, natural grasses under paddy and upland crops, fallow lands and introduced improved pastures. Most dairy farms depend on improved pasture in addition to crop residues. Buffalo and goats depend on native grasses.

Although Thailand has introduced large numbers of leguminous species in hopes that Thai livestock farmers enhance their protein/nitrogen sources, legumes play a minor role in livestock production. The Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) is an important forage tree in Thailand, grown abundantly in the Central, North and Northeastern of Thailand. Its fresh fodder is used for ruminant feeding, while dry leucaena leaf meal is used in non-ruminant feeds. Other forages such as fresh leaves of many natural forest species are available through forest grazing. Twigs of fruit trees, vegetable by-products and many other crops by-products such as fruit waste (e.g. jackfruit, orange, banana) are rich sources of nutrients and have been commonly used in animal feeding.

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4.2.8.Animalbyproducts An important animal by-product widely used in intensive non-ruminant feed formulation is fish meal. Annual fish meal production in Thailand was reported at 443,153 tons in 2012 with approximately 75% used in livestock feed. Since the Thai Feed Mill Association reported total use of 578,463 tons of fish meal and protein supplements in livestock feed production in 2012, this indicated a deficit with imported fishmeal accounting for 37% of fish meal consumption. The largest amount of fish meals is used in broilers, pigs, fish and shrimp feeds, respectively (Table 18).

4.3.CurrenttrendsinanimalfeedindustryinThailand

4.3.1.Tradeinfeedsandrawmaterials Thailand is one of the leading importers of animal feed, increasing over fifty percent over the past decade, particularly corn and oilseed meals as inputs into the compound feed industry (Table 14). In 2012 over 3 million tons of protein source feed were imported; this included soybean meals, oil seed cake/bran and fish meals. Wheat by-products and corn by-products are also regularly imported to respond to energy shortages in non-ruminant feeds.

Thailand is also an exporter of feed and raw material ( e.g. 4,696,000 tons of cassava chips/pellets, 1,224,000 of corn and 374,00 tons of compound feed in 2012; Table 15). These shipments are likely a result of regional investments by Thai feed companies which import some raw feed materials and re-export compound feed to their livestock/feeding operations in Cambodia, Laos PDR, Vietnam and Myanmar. This reveals the dynamism of the feed import/export business of Thai feed operations which have a major presence in South East Asia. Through a long history of investments in the feed industry in Thailand and subsequent cross-border investments in the region, Thailand has became a hub of feed industry which is characterized by raw material imports and re-exports in the form of value added compound feeds.

4.3.2.Growthoffeedsindustry As a major producer and exporter of meat from non-ruminants, particularly pig and poultry, the compound feed industry in Thailand has witnessed very fast growth (Table 16). The Thailand Feed Mill Association has 51 members that commercially produced compound/concentrate feed. They include such companies as Charoen Pokphand Food Public Co.; CPF Food Products Co; Leamthong Agri products Co; Betagro Public Co.; etc. The Association publishes data on national compound feed production with the compound feed estimated annually by the domestic feed industries shown in table 16, 17. The total quantity of compound feeds produced in Thailand increased approximately 26.3% over the past 5 years to 15,488,540 tons and it is distributed among the major 13 livestock species, but mainly broilers (33%), layer hens (12%), finishing pigs (28%) and other species included fish and shrimp (Table 17).

The increase in demand of soybean, corn and broken rice is estimated to be 36.3, 34.7

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and 43.9%, respectively, over the past 10 year. In aggregate, the estimated feed supply (feed production+ import – export) increased dramatically (+55.3%) over the past 10 years (Table 19). Table 20 provides information on the major feedstuffs used in feed manufacturing (generated by the Thai Feed Mill Association model). Between 2012 and 2002, major changes in major raw materials used in industrial feed production included fish meal (-4.37%), soybean meal (36.27%), and maize/corn (34.67%) and broken rice (43.95%). The country produces surplus food for humans and is relatively sufficient in major feed ingredients for livestock except for protein feed requirements for non-ruminant. Each species of livestock requires different types of raw materials due to their specific nutrient requirements. Some of the feed ration considerations include that rice bran is used more in pig and duck feed while fishmeal, soybean meal and corn are the essential components in broiler feed. It should be noted that shrimp and fish feed have become an emerging feed industry requiring increasing high quality raw materials. As shown in Table 19, a large quantity of fish meal and soybean meal had been incorporated in fish and shrimp feed.

Results of the estimated available feed resources and composition by using DLD feed assessment model as a supply approach are presented in Table 21. The results indicated that in 2012 the annual feed availability in Thailand totaled 51,519,301 tons, derived mainly from crop residues (32.5%), grain by-products (8.3%), roots (28.8%) and by-products (3.78%), grains (6.3%). Crop residues were the major sources of dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME), accounting for 32.5% and 35.8% of total supplies, respectively, while cassava was the largest source, or 40.92%, of energy feed sources. Figure 10 provided information on dry matter availability by feed sources categories. In term of DM availability, crop residues were the major contributors (32.51 %), followed by roots (28.84 %) and grazing (19.23 %). Figure 11 indicated feed availability in term metabolizable energy (ME). Roots (cassava) provided the largest quantity of ME (40.92 %) for Thai livestock followed by crop residues (26.01 %). Figure 12 indicated digestible crude protein (CP) availability by feed resources categories. In term of DP, crop by-products i.e. soybean meals, coconut meals, palm kernel cake/meals, were the main contributors (35.87 %) followed by grain by-products and grazing. Figure 13 provides information on dry matter requirements by livestock categories. In terms of DM demand, cattle (Native, Crossbreds and Beef) required the largest quantity (43.49 %), followed by chicken (22.82 %). Figure 14 indicated feed requirements in terms of metabolizable energy (ME). Chicken (Native, Broilers and Layers) required the largest quantity of ME (34.12 %), followed by cattle (30.78 %) and pigs (21.81 %). Figure 15 indicated digestible crude protein (CP) required by livestock categories. In terms of DP, chicken and pigs required the largest quantity of 39.69 % and 23.35 %, respectively.

4.3.3.Feedbalance,feedsurplusanddeficit The national feed balance, e.g. major feedstuffs demand for compound feed production is presented in Table 20. The data reveals feed deficits for corn (-38.7%), broken rice (-19.6%), and fish meal (-12.0%). However, the estimate of feed balances using the DLD feed assessment model is presented in Table 23 which indicated a surplus of feed availability in terms of DM (+26.88 %), CP (+9.33 %) and ME (35.73 %). Crops, crop by-products and co-products (crop residues, grain by-products, roots, roots by-products, grains, crop by products) were major

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sources of feed DM (74.95 %), DP (51.40 %) and ME (82.35 %). Imported feeds (soybean meals and protein supplements) supplied significant quantity of digestible protein (31.81 %).

5.Knowledgegapsandinconsistencies For Thailand, domestic demand for livestock products will continue to grow, while exports to the region will accelerate to population and income growth. It is estimated that feed demand to meet livestock requirements will continue to increase. Our study indicated that energy feed production is sufficient for livestock production demand. However, besides producing a large quantity of food and feed, Thailand is importing and will continue to import large quantities of raw materials especially maize and soybean meal for pig and poultry feed. The usefulness of understanding feed use requirements has been discussed and the variation of information and systematic compiling and disseminating on feed resources use (Table 24) was demonstrated.

Increased consolidation of the poultry and pig industries are likely to be a key factor influencing food-feed imports which are likely to continue their upward trends. However, ruminant production systems, currently challenged by periodic feed shortages, need to develop an increased linkage between feed production and specialized - large farm size (e.g. fattening, milking cows system) to manage operational risk in a low return business. This requires increase adaptive research on food crops affected by climate change and/or agro-industrial co-products such as rice straw, pineapple waste, baby-corn by-products, cassava pulp from starch/bio-ethanol.

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Thai Feed mill Association. 2013. Animal Feed Businesses. Available from: http: //www.thaifeedmill.com

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Table 1 Livestock population (Million heads) in Thailand Year Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Buffalo Goat Sheep Swine Chicken Duck 2002 5.55 0.36 1.62 0.18 0.04 6.70 228.76 25.03 2003 5.92 0.38 1.63 0.21 0.04 7.82 252.72 23.80 2004 6.67 0.41 1.49 0.25 0.05 6.29 179.74 15.65 2005 7.80 0.48 1.62 0.34 0.05 8.17 254.20 21.54 2006 8.04 0.41 1.25 0.32 0.05 7.15 184.33 20.84 2007 8.85 0.49 1.58 0.44 0.05 9.30 283.13 24.95 2008 9.11 0.47 1.36 0.37 0.04 7.74 235.60 22.72 2009 8.60 0.48 1.39 0.38 0.04 8.54 281.67 27.57 2010 6.43 0.53 1.19 0.38 0.04 8.35 266.03 29.23 2011 6.58 0.56 1.23 0.43 0.05 9.68 316.53 32.18 2012 6.33 0.58 1.24 0.49 0.04 10.98 384.18 36.69

%change, 2008-2012

-30.52 22.96 -8.82 31.48 -14.55 41.86 63.06 61.49

Source: DLD (2013) Table 2 Structural change of livestock number per farmer (heads) in Thailand

Years Beef Cattle

Dairy Cattle

Buffaloes Goats Sheep Swine Broilers Layers Ducks

2007 6.65 23.06 4.18 11.51 8.77 27.82 3,507.02 2,841.53 48.51

2008 6.65 24.46 4.82 11.27 10.18 31.80 3,864.01 1,433.77 59.43

2009 8.60 27.13 4.62 10.68 8.26 31.84 6,076.79 1,709.24 63.39

2010 6.21 26.33 4.60 10.35 8.50 41.70 3,232.13 904.45 56.09

2011 4.94 27.20 4.55 10.28 8.36 42.57 3,962.83 959.49 55.11

2012 6.12 28.02 4.47 10.36 8.51 35.47 5,164.43 869.20 57.15

2013 5.89 29.96 4.51 10.56 8.13 45.08 5,782.04 1,962.49 95.86

%change, 2009-2013

-31.51 10.43 -2.38 -1.12 -1.57 41.58 -4.85 14.82 51.22

Source: DLD (2013) Table 3 Production of cattle (1,000 heads), buffaloes (1,000 heads), swine (1,000 heads), fresh milk (1,000 tons), poultry (1,000 birds) and eggs (1,000 units) in Thailand

Year Cattle Milk Buffaloes Swine Broilers Hen eggs Native chickens Meat ducks Duck egg

2004 1,022 843 238 12,096 694,359 6,555,291 68,423 21,008 1,209,820

2005 1,103 888 235 12,257 817,239 7,811,080 65,883 20,459 1,389,623

2006 1,166 803 231 13,315 849,881 8,553,867 67,390 20,491 1,436,334

2007 1,197 729 225 13,545 879,981 8,989,855 66,845 21,609 1,471,967

2008 1,187 786 222 12,088 920,754 9,425,964 68,620 21,642 1,462,733

2009 1,173 841 219 11,771 917,263 9,617,832 69,748 21,422 1,453,927

2010 1,130 911 216 12,099 970,943 9,786,855 70,806 21,002 1,410,348

2011 1,087 982 210 11,886 994,319 10,024,435 71,488 23,298 1,233,306

2012 1,026 1,022 206 12,828 1,055,127 10,998,333 72,613 23,769 1,182,365

2013 995 1,095 164 13,072 1,103,323 11,148,498 73,705 23,223 1,126,238 %change

2009-2013 -15.17 30.20 -25.11 11.05 20.28 15.91 5.67 8.41 -22.54

Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 4 Quantity (1,000 tons) and value (Million baht) of annual catch of fresh water fishery by species in Thailand

Species 2009 2010 2011

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

Striped snake-head 33.3 2,476 26.8 2,052.40 28.6 2,249.60

Walking catfish 144.2 6,029 151.8 6,725.80 113.8 5,329.80

Common climbing perch 16.4 643 15.5 645.6 14.4 639.7

Common silver barb 93.2 3,331 82.9 3,043.70 71.4 2,817.90

Nile tilapia 258.5 9,882 237.3 9,664.40 190.7 8,529.70

Common carp 10.2 393 7.3 290.80 6.9 287.70

Snake skin gourami 38.7 1,756 39.1 1,865.10 36.6 2,007.10

Striped catfish 35.3 1,007 32.5 963 26 805.70

Swamp eel 0.3 26 0.6 51 1 70.50

Other fish 65.4 2,468.60 83.1 3,465.10 92.5 3,874.10

Giant freshwater prawn 27.5 3,689.40 23.1 3,626.80 21.9 4,330.80

Shrimps 0.3 17 0.2 14.40 0.2 16.60

Others 5.4 693 5.7 714.80 5.5 725.60

Total 728.7 32,410.6 705.9 33,123.00 609.1 31,684.8

%change -3.13 2.19 -16.41 -2.24 Source: OAE (2014) Table 5 Quality (tons) and value (1,000 baht) of fish farms by type of culture in Thailand

Year Pond culture Paddy-field culture Ditch culture Cage culture Total

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

2002 266,461 9,899,436 20,602 823,125 4,113 119,478 3,325 145,721 294,501 10,987,761

2003 319,149 11,690,457 31,582 1,139,310 4,296 115,055 6,097 240,620 361,125 13,185,443

2004 455,981 16,799,953 34,967 1,329,305 5,659 185,998 27,102 997,636 523,709 19,312,892

2005 478,121 17,695,488 31,703 1,208,469 4,911 153,197 24,739 1,105,337 539,474 20,162,491

2006 465,307 17,687,421 29,226 1,098,898 4,762 150,069 28,119 1,251,951 527,414 20,188,339

2007 453,666 18,389,638 26,797 1,037,996 11,571 280,580 33,062 1,413,771 525,095 21,121,985

2008 455,643 19,966,319 20,568 829,280 11,929 365,568 34,324 1,716,444 522,463 22,877,610

2009 459,030 20,437,699 20,726 858,548 5,886 197,815 36,238 1,809,392 521,880 23,303,454

2010 429,523 20,229,630 20,923 892,084 6,318 233,077 39,834 2,190,132 496,599 23,544,922

2011 325,995 17,996,187 18,361 890,417 6,407 258,227 33,590 1,903,313 384,353 21,048,144 %change, 2007-2011

-28.14 -2.14 -31.48 -14.22 -44.63 -7.97 1.60 34.63 -26.80 -0.35

Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 6 Rice (Major and second rice): Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand

Year Planted area1 Harvested area Production Yield per rai Farm price2 Farm value

(1,000 rais) (1,000 rais) (1,000 tons) (kgs.) (Baht per ton) (Million baht)

2002 66,440 60,335 27,992 464 5,051 141,387

2003 66,404 63,524 29,474 464 5,569 164,138

2004 66,566 62,456 28,874 462 6,922 199,866

2005 67,677 63,906 30,648 480 6,832 209,387

2006 67,616 63,532 29,990 472 11,271 338,017

2007 70,187 66,681 32,477 487 9,689 314,670

2008 69,824 66,772 32,023 480 9,973 319,365

2009 72,720 69,627 32,398 465 10,810 350,222

2010 80,676 75,747 35,703 471 11,841 422,759

2011 83,405 74,729 38,102 510 11,358 432,763

2012 81,038 74,729 38,000 509 11,426 434,191

2013 80,845 76,648 38,247 499 8,441 322,840 %change, 2009-3013

11.17 10.08 18.05 7.31 -21.91 -7.82 11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014) Table 7 Maize/corn: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand


(1,000 rais) (1,000 rais) (1,000 tons) (kgs.) (Baht per kg.) (Million baht)

2002 7,374 7,167 4,259 594 4.14 17,633

2003 7,067 6,895 4,249 616 4.43 18,823

2004 7,272 7,032 4,341 617 4.59 19,927

2005 6,906 6,704 4,094 611 4.78 19,569

2006 6,405 6,223 3,918 630 5.45 21,355

2007 6,364 6,187 3,890 629 6.89 26,804

2008 6,692 6,518 4,249 652 7.01 29,788

2009 7,099 6,905 4,616 668 5.43 25,065

2010 7,481 7,268 4,861 669 8.13 39,518

2011 7,401 7,179 4,973 693 7.63 37,944

2012 7,529 7,154 4,948 692 9.34 46,210

2013 7,541 7,162 5,063 707 7.00 35,440 %change,

2009-2013 6.23 3.72 9.68 5.84 28.91 41.39

11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 8 Cassava: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand



2002 6,224 6,176 16,868 2,731 1.05 17,712

2003 6,435 6,386 19,718 3,087 0.93 18,337

2004 6,524 6,162 16,938 2,749 1.33 22,528

2005 6,933 6,693 22,584 3,375 1.29 29,134

2006 7,623 7,339 26,916 3,668 1.18 31,760

2007 7,750 7,397 25,156 3,401 1.93 48,551

2008 8,584 8,292 30,088 3,628 1.19 35,805

2009 7,669 7,405 22,006 2,972 1.84 40,491

2010 7,400 7,096 21,912 3,088 2.68 58,725

2011 9,242 8,513 29,848 3,506 2.09 62,382

2012 9,037 8,657 30,228 3,492 2.12 64,082

2013 8,666 8,316 29,199 3,511 2.15 62,779 %change,

2009-2013 13.00 12.30 32.69 18.14 16.85 55.04

11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014) Table 9 Sugarcane: Harvested area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand

Year Harvested area1 Production Yield per rai Farm price2 Farm value

(1,000 rais) (1,000 tons) (kgs.) (Baht per ton) (Million baht)

2002 6,320 60,013 9,496 435 26,106

2003 7,121 74,259 10,429 469 34,827

2004 6,670 49,586 7,434 520 25,785

2005 6,033 47,658 7,899 688 32,789

2006 6,314 64,365 10,194 683 43,962

2007 6,588 73,502 11,157 577 42,410

2008 6,023 66,816 11,094 700 46,772

2009 6,310 68,808 10,905 861 59,244

2010 7,870 95,950 12,192 908 87,123

2011 8,013 98,400 12,280 954 93,874

2012 8,260 100,096 12,118 917 91,788

2013 8,373 102,979 12,299 853 87,814 %change, 2009-2013

32.69 49.66 12.78 -0.93 48.22 11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 10 Oil palm: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand



2002 1,956 1,644 4,001 2,434 2.30 9,203

2003 2,057 1,799 4,903 2,725 2.34 11,472

2004 2,405 1,932 5,182 2,682 3.11 16,115

2005 2,748 2,026 5,003 2,469 2.76 13,807

2006 2,957 2,374 6,715 2,828 2.39 16,049

2007 3,200 2,663 6,390 2,399 4.07 26,007

2008 3,676 2,885 9,271 3,214 4.23 39,214

2009 3,890 3,188 8,163 2,561 3.64 29,712

2010 4,077 3,552 8,223 2,315 4.26 35,031

2011 4,098 3,565 10,760 3,018 5.34 57,458

2012 4,405 3,714 11,358 3,058 4.91 55,768

2013 4,504 3,915 12,812 3,273 3.54 45,354 %change,

2009-2013 15.78 22.80 56.95 27.80 -2.75 52.65

11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014) Table 11 Soybeans: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand



2002 1,093 1,093 260 238 10.40 2,703

2003 936 936 231 246 10.79 2,487

2004 945 912 218 238 10.88 2,367

2005 929 901 226 250 10.15 2,291

2006 886 860 215 250 10.72 2,302

2007 816 790 201 255 15.12 3,044

2008 753 729 187 256 15.46 2,885

2009 688 667 176 264 13.87 2,443

2010 577 561 152 271 15.36 2,335

2011 377 365 96 263 14.87 1,430

2012 316 311 85 272 18.39 1,557

2013 259 255 70 276 17.96 1,265 %change, 2009-2013

-62.31 -61.72 -60.00 4.55 29.49 -48.22 11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 12 Coconuts: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand


(1,000 rais) (1,000 rais) (1,000 tons) (kgs.) (Baht per ton) (Million baht)

2002 1,887 1,833 2,037 1,111 2,608 5,313

2003 1,782 1,740 2,117 1,217 2,688 5,691

2004 1,727 1,693 2,130 1,258 3,456 7,361

2005 1,690 1,662 1,874 1,128 3,512 6,581

2006 1,635 1,617 1,818 1,125 4,632 8,421

2007 1,614 1,601 1,724 1,077 3,312 5,710

2008 1,546 1,539 1,486 966 4,792 7,121

2009 1,496 1,490 1,383 928 4,624 6,395

2010 1,453 1,446 1,249 863 5,104 6,375

2011 1,357 1,350 1,055 782 10,608 11,195

2012 1,337 1,332 1,057 793 4,760 5,030

2013 1,308 1,304 1,010 775 6,712 6,779 %change, 2009-2013

-12.57 -12.48 -26.97 -16.49 45.16 6.00 11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014) Table 13 Para rubber: Area, production, yield per rai, farm price and farm value in Thailand



2004 12,954 10,350 3,007 291 44.13 132,699

2005 13,609 10,569 2,980 282 53.57 159,639

2006 14,355 10,893 3,071 282 66.24 203,423

2007 15,362 11,043 3,022 274 68.9 208,216

2008 16,717 11,372 3,167 278 73.66 233,281

2009 17,254 11,600 3,090 266 58.47 180,689

2010 18,095 12,058 3,052 253 103.00 314,333

2011 18,461 12,766 3,349 262 124.00 415,263

2012 21,958 13,807 3,625 262 87.15 315,944

2013 22,177 15,130 3,863 255 74.75 288,759 %change, 2009-2013

28.53 30.43 25.02 -4.14 27.84 59.81 11 rai = 0.16 hectare or 0.395 acre, 21 Baht = 0.3107 US dollar Source: OAE (2014)

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Table 14 Import quantity of main feed products in Thailand (1,000 tons)

Source: OAE (2014) Table 15 Export quantity of main feed products in Thailand (1,000 tons)

Source: OAE (2014) Table 16 Commercial compound feed production (tons) estimated by using demand approach in Thailand

Year Cattle Swine Chicken Duck Shrimp Fish Total 2002 405,150 3,592,600 6,402,977 271,700 560,000 262,500 11,494,927 2003 405,150 3,620,500 4,878,401 200,490 544,000 355,500 10,004,041 2004 427,050 3,923,900 5,109,173 229,340 492,000 402,000 10,583,463 2005 383,250 4,431,450 6,099,378 348,448 582,900 391,180 12,236,606 2006 344,925 4,814,250 5,886,877 359,258 883,000 575,085 12,863,395 2007 355,875 4,050,250 6,398,357 359,258 883,000 575,085 12,621,825 2008 474,500 3,753,000 6,354,165 403,900 720,000 557,000 12,262,565 2009 474,500 4,035,500 6,644,451 403,900 720,000 571,860 12,850,211 2010 498,225 4,623,900 7,366,331 436,400 800,000 600,453 14,325,309 2011 574,875 4,881,700 8,110,618 442,900 810,000 630,476 15,450,569 2012 591,300 5,192,100 8,380,192 442,900 375,000 507,048 15,488,540

%change, 2008-2012

24.62 38.35 31.89 9.66 -47.92 -8.97 26.31

Sources: Thailand Feed Mill Association (2013)

Feed Import 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 %change Maize/corn - 7.9 75.8 58.9 174 150 425 292 367 196 197 > 500

Soybean 1,529 1,690 1,436 1,608 1,395 1,541 1,723 1,535 1,819 1,994 2,120 38.65

Soybean meal 1,753 1,918 1,262 1,881 2,178 2,105 2,194 2,077 2,616 2,399 2,815 60.58

Oil seed cake 295 253 264 314 413 451 561 698 603 555 562 90.51

Cotton seed meal - - - - 0.1 - 0.3 < 0.01 0.8 1.4 1.0 > 500

Palm kernel meal - - 8.4 95.8 124 59.4 20.3 55.3 92.9 134.5 58.5 > 500

Cereal bran 7.8 10.3 11.7 7.7 2.6 41.9 36.9 55.2 22.6 36.0 63.2 > 500

Rice bran - - 0.02 0.11 3.08 3.38 0.2 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.2 0.6 > 500

Wheat bran 2.7 5.1 - - 5.3 7.2 4.5 5.2 12.9 12.6 4.7 74.07

Vegetable residue 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.6 4.7 11.0 20.6 13.7 > 500

Beet pulp-Bagasse - 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.2 > 500

Molasses - - - 0.1 0.1 5.7 9.6 20.1 157.6 87.4 21.5 > 500 Fish meal and flours

19.6 20.5 21.4 23.4 13.3 19.6 13.0 16.8 13.3 15.5 17.9 -12.68

Total 3,607 3,905 3,080 3,990 4,312 4,386 4,989 4,760 5,717 5,453 5,876 50.47

Feed exports 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 %change Maize/corn < 0.01 137.2 872 56.9 250 90.8 340 842 393 319 1,224 > 500 Cassava chip 1,369 1,812 2,806 2,773 3,930 2,680 1,202 4,024 4,117 3,604 4,612 236.89 Cassava pellet 1,535 1,860 2,213 258 393 1,811 1,647 332 156 36.7 84.2 -94.51 Cassava pulp - 61.6 194 320 316 407 332 435 537 422 610 > 500 Kapok meal 0.02 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 2.1 7.6 10.5 32.1 45.9 > 500 Cereal bran 19.7 23.4 28.6 28.3 25.1 29.8 49.2 45.1 51 36.4 15.1 -23.35 Rice bran 0.4 0.3 2.6 0.4 0.3 3.1 0.8 2.0 0.9 1.0 3.7 > 500 Wheat bran < 0.01 0.4 - 0.1 - < 0.01 - 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 > 500 Vegetable residue 61.0 66.1 56.7 55.6 90.2 58.3 39.1 44.4 45.5 38.7 34.8 -42.95 Beet pulp-Bagasse 1.8 3.1 6.6 6.8 6.6 9.8 11.7 9.1 10.2 11.1 11.9 > 500 Molasses 1,358 1,328 1,500 1,159 502 549 787 444 237 397 980 -27.84 Compound feeds 186 226 262 282 321 270 300 313 342 376 374 101.08

Total 4,531 5,518 7,942 4,941 5,834 5,909 4,711 6,500 5,900 5,274 7,996 76.47

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Table 17 Estimate compound feed productions (tons), livestock population (heads) and feeding rate (kg/head/year) in Thailand compared between 2002 and 2012

Animal/Types Year 2002 Year 2012

Compound Feed

Livestock Feeding

rate Compound Feed Livestock Feeding rate

1. Broiler 3,923,700 957,000,000 4.10 5,026,450 1,235,000,000 4.07

2. Broiler parent stock 555,300 12,340,000 45.00 691,992 13,730,000 50.40

3. Layer pullets and chicks 606,017 27,970,000 21.67 794,950 36,690,000 21.67

4. Layer hens 1,296,000 32,400,000 40.00 1,840,000 46,000,000 40.00

5. Layer parent stock 21,960 488,000 45.00 26,800 670,000 40.00

6. Finishing pig 2,932,300 9,940,000 295.00 4,336,500 14,700,000 295.00

7. Breeder pig 660,300 710,000 930.00 855,600 920,000 930.00

8. Meat ducks 159,600 19,000,000 8.40 252,000 30,000,000 8.40

9. Layer ducks 97,500 1,500,000 65.00 169,000 2,600,000 65.00

10. Breeder duck 14,600 200,000 73.00 21,900 300,000 73.00

11. Dairy cattle 405,150 370,000 1,095.00 591,300 360,000 1,642.00

12. Shrimp(tons) 560,000 280,000 2.00 375,000 250,000 1.5

13. Fish 262,500 - - 507,048 300,000 1.69

Total 11,494,927 1,061,828,000 - 15,488,540 1,381,520,000 -

%change 34.74 30.11 -

Source: Thailand Feed Mill Association (2002, 2012) Table 18 Major feedstuffs used in compound feed production (ton) by using demand approach in Thailand compared between year 2002 - 2012

Year 2002 Year 2003

Animal/types Fish meal Soybean

meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal Soybean

meals Corn Broken

Rice

1. Broiler 117,711 1,177,110 2,432,694 - 89,987 899,870 1,859,732 - 2. Broiler parent stock 16,659 138,825 333,180 - 12,500 104,164 249,993 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 18,181 151,504 363,610 - 13,817 115,142 276,341 -

4. Layer hens 64,800 324,000 712,800 - 49,248 246,240 541,728 - 5. Layer parent stock 659 5,490 13,176 - 500 4,163 9,990 -

6. Finishing pig 87,969 586,460 733,075 586,460 87,969 586,460 733,075 586,460

7. Breeder pig 33,015 132,060 - 297,135 34,410 137,640 - 309,690

8. Meat ducks 9,576 31,920 23,940 55,860 7,560 25,200 18,900 44,100

9. Layer ducks 7,800 14,625 0 39,000 5,200 9,750 0 26,000

10. Breeder duck 876 4,380 1,460 6,570 569 2,847 949 4,271

11. Dairy cattle - 20,258 60,773 - - 20,258 60,773 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 196,000 67,200 - - 94,400 96,000 - -

13. Fish (ton) 52,500 78,750 78,750 - 71,100 106,650 106,650 -

Total 605,746 2,732,582 4,753,458 985,025 467,260 2,354,383 3,858,131 970,521 %change2002-2003 -22.86 -13.84 -18.84 -1.47

9

Year 2004 Year 2005


meals Corn Broken


meals Corn Broken

Rice

1. Broiler 84,645 846,450 1,749,330 - 101,930 1,019,304 2,106,562 - 2. Broiler parent stock 13,064 108,864 261,274 - 16,057 133,812 321,149 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 17,908 149,229 358,150 - 19,910 165,913 398,190 -


6. Finishing pig 97,350 649,000 811,250 649,000 106,997 713,310 891,638 713,310

7. Breeder pig 33,945 135,780 - 305,505 43,245 72,980 - 389,205

8. Meat ducks 9,072 30,240 22,680 52,920 12,056 40,186 30,139 70,325

9. Layer ducks 5,200 9,750 0 26,000 10,400 9,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 788 3,942 1,314 5,913 1,051 5,256 1,752 7,884

11. Dairy cattle - 21,353 64,058 - - 19,163 57,488 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 64,200 93,600 - - 63,390 114,948 - -

13. Fish (ton) 80,400 120,600 120,600 - 114,948 117,354 117,354 -

Total 469,031 2,482,633 4,079,835 1,039,338 527,996 2,897,425 4,751,851 1,232,724 %change2004-2005 12.57 16.71 16.47 18.61

Year 2006 Year 2007


meals Corn Broken


meals Corn Broken

Rice

1. Broiler 96,432 964,323 1,992,935 - 109,714 1,097,142 2,267,426 - 2. Broiler parent stock 15,180.50 126,504

303,609.60 - 17,267 143,892 345,341 -

3. Layer pullets and chicks 19,909.50

165,912.50 398,190 - 19,910 165,913 398,190 -


6. Finishing pig 117,086 780,570 975,713 780,570 97,793 651,950 814,938 651,950

7. Breeder pig 45,570 182,280 - 410,130 39,525 158,100 - 355,725

8. Meat ducks 12,661 42,202 31,651 73,853 12,661 42,202 31,651 73,853

9. Layer ducks 10,400 19,500 - 52,000 10,400 19,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 1,095 5,475 1,825 8,213 1,095 5,475 1,825 8,213

11. Dairy cattle - 17,246 51,739 - - 17,794 53,381 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 101,050 172,520 - - 101,050 172,520 - -

13. Fish (ton) 115,017 172,526 172,526 - 115,017 172,526 172,526 -

Total 609,124 3,024,758 4,755,768 1,324,765 599,131 3,022,512 4,912,378 1,141,740 %change2006-2007 -1.64 -0.07 3.29 -13.82

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Year 2008 Year 2009


meals Corn Broken


meals Corn Broken

Rice

1. Broiler 112,355 1,123,551 2,322,005 - 117,149 1,171,487 2,421,073 - 2. Broiler parent stock 17,494 145,782 349,877 - 18,250 152,082 364,997 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 18,824 156,867 376,480 - 19,799 164,992 395,980 -


6. Finishing pig 90,270 601,800 752,250 601,800 97,350 649,000 811,250 649,000

7. Breeder pig 37,200 148,800 - 334,800 39,525 158,100 - 355,725

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 10,400 19,500 - 52,000 10,400 19,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 23,725 71,175 - - 23,725 71,175 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 72,000 144,000 - - 72,000 144,000 - -

13. Fish (ton) 111,400 167,100 167,100 - 114,372 171,558 171,558 -

Total 555,945 2,937,695 4,848,877 1,086,655 578,463 3,079,214 5,086,123 1,154,780 %change2008-2009 4.05 4.82 4.89 6.27

Year 2010 Year 2011


meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish mealSoybean

meals Corn Broken

Rice



6. Finishing pig 114,165 761,100 951,375 761,100 123,015 820,100 1,025,125 820,100

7. Breeder pig 40,920 163,680 - 368,280 39,060 156,240 - 351,540

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 13,000 24,375 - 65,000 13,520 25,350 - 67,600

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 24,911 74,734 - - 28,744 86,231 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 80,000 160,000 - - 81,000 162,000 - -

13. Fish (ton) 120,091 180,136 180,136 - 63,048 189,143 189,143 -

Total 637,696 3,427,941 5,671,868 1,292,435 614,699 3,712,497 6,217,118 1,337,295 %change2010-2011 -3.61 8.30 9.61 3.47

11

Year 2012


meals Corn Broken

Rice

1. Broiler 150,794 1,507,935 3,116,399 -

2. Broiler parent stock 20,760 172,998 415,195 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 23,849 198,738 476,970 -

4. Layer hens 92,000 460,000 1,012,000 -

5. Layer parent stock 804 6,700 16,080 -

6. Finishing pig 130,095 867,300 1,084,125 867,300

7. Breeder pig 42,780 171,120 - 385,020

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 13,520 25,350 - 67,600

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 29,565 88,695 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 37,500 75,000 - -

13. Fish (ton) 50,705 152,114 152,114 -

Total 579,241 3,723,789 6,401,568 1,417,975

%change2002-2012 -4.37 36.27 34.67 43.95 Source: Thailand Feed Mill Association (2002-2012) Table 19 Feed production, import, export and supply of major feedstuffs used in compound feed production (tons) in Thailand year 2002 and 2012

Feed Year 2002 Year 2012

Production* Import Export Supply** Production* Import Export Supply**

Fish meal 475,000 19,600 0 494,600 492,000 17,900 0 509,900

Soybean meals 202,800 2,945,620 0 3,148,420 66,300 4,468,600 0 4,534,900

Corn 4,259,000 0 10 4,258,990 4,948,000 197,000 1,224,000 3,921,000

Broken Rice 839,760 0 0 839,760 1,140,000 0 0 1,140,000

Rice bran 3,079,120 0 400 3,078,720 4,180,000 600 3,700 4,176,900

Cassava chip 6,885,517 0 1,369,000 5,516,517 12,339,069 0 4,612,000 7,727,069

Cassava pulp 5,060,400 0 0 5,060,400 9,068,400 0 610,000 8,458,400

Palm kernel meal 3,320,830 0 0 3,320,830 9,427,140 58,500 0 9,485,640

Total 24,122,427 2,965,220 1,369,410 25,718,237 41,660,909 4,742,600 6,449,700 39,953,809

*Extraction rate Soybean meals = 0.78%, Broken Rice = 0.03%, Rice bran = 0.11%, Cassava chip = 0.4082%, Cassava pulp = 0.3%, Palm nut and kernel meal = 0.83% **Supply = (production + import –export)

12

Table 20 Feed balances (demand/supply) of major feedstuffs used in compound feed production (ton) in Thailand year 2002 - 2012

Demand Year 2002 Demand Year 2003


meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice

1. Broiler 117,711 1,177,110 2,432,694 - 89,987 899,870 1,859,732 - 2. Broiler parent stock 16,659 138,825 333,180 - 12,500 104,164 249,993 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 18,181 151,504 363,610 - 13,817 115,142 276,341 -


6. Finishing pig 87,969 586,460 733,075 586,460 87,969 586,460 733,075 586,460

7. Breeder pig 33,015 132,060 - 297,135 34,410 137,640 - 309,690

8. Meat ducks 9,576 31,920 23,940 55,860 7,560 25,200 18,900 44,100

9. Layer ducks 7,800 14,625 - 39,000 5,200 9,750 0 26,000

10. Breeder duck 876 4,380 1,460 6,570 569 2,847 949 4,271

11. Dairy cattle - 20,258 60,773 - - 20,258 60,773 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 196,000 67,200 - - 94,400 96,000 - -

13. Fish (ton) 52,500 78,750 78,750 - 71,100 106,650 106,650 -

Feed demand 605,746 2,732,582 4,753,458 985,025 467,260 2,354,383 3,858,131 970,521

Feed supply

Fish meal 494,600 - - - 618,500 - - -

Soybean meal - 3,148,420 - - - 3,416,380 - -

Corn - - 4,258,990 - - - 4,119,700 -

Broken rice - - - 839,760 - - - 884,220

Balance (tons) -111,146 415,838 -494,468 -145,265 151,240 1,061,997 261,569 -86,301

Balance (%) -18.3 15.2 -10.4 -14.7 32.4 45.1 6.8 -8.9

13



meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice

1. Broiler 84,645 846,450 1,749,330 - 101,930 1,019,304 2,106,562 - 2. Broiler parent stock 13,064 108,864 261,274 - 16,057 133,812 321,149 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 17,908 149,229 358,150 - 19,910 165,913 398,190 -


6. Finishing pig 97,350 649,000 811,250 649,000 106,997 713,310 891,638 713,310

7. Breeder pig 33,945 135,780 - 305,505 43,245 72,980 - 389,205

8. Meat ducks 9,072 30,240 22,680 52,920 12,056 40,186 30,139 70,325

9. Layer ducks 5,200 9,750 0 26,000 10,400 9,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 788 3,942 1,314 5,913 1,051 5,256 1,752 7,884

11. Dairy cattle - 21,353 64,058 - - 19,163 57,488 -

12. Shrimp (ton) 64,200 93,600 - - 63,390 114,948 - -

13. Fish (ton) 80,400 120,600 120,600 - 114,948 117,354 117,354 -

Feed demand 469,031 2,482,633 4,079,835 1,039,338 527,996 2,897,425 4,751,851 1,232,724

Feed supply

Fish meal 561,400 - - - 523,400 - - -

Soybean meal - 2,552,120 - - - 3,311,520 - -

Corn - - 3,544,800 - - - 4,096,000 -

Broken rice - - - 866,220 - - - 919,440

Balance (tons) 92,369 69,487 -535,035 -173,118 -4,596 414,095 -655,851 -313,284

Balance (%) 19.7 2.8 -13.1 -16.7 -0.9 14.3 -13.8 -25.4

14



meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice

1. Broiler 96,432 964,323 1,992,935 - 109,714 1,097,142 2,267,426 - 2. Broiler parent stock 15,180.50 126,504 303,609.60 - 17,267 143,892 345,341 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 19,909.50

165,912.50 398,190 - 19,910 165,913 398,190 -


6. Finishing pig 117,086 780,570 975,713 780,570 97,793 651,950 814,938 651,950

7. Breeder pig 45,570 182,280 - 410,130 39,525 158,100 - 355,725

8. Meat ducks 12,661 42,202 31,651 73,853 12,661 42,202 31,651 73,853

9. Layer ducks 10,400 19,500 - 52,000 10,400 19,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 1,095 5,475 1,825 8,213 1,095 5,475 1,825 8,213

11. Dairy cattle - 17,246 51,739 - - 17,794 53,381 -

12. Shrimp 101,050 172,520 - - 101,050 172,520 - -

13. Fish 115,017 172,526 172,526 - 115,017 172,526 172,526 -

Feed demand 609,124 3,024,758 4,755,768 1,324,765 599,131 3,022,512 4,912,378 1,141,740

Feed supply

Fish meal 495,300 - - - 542,600 - - -

Soybean meal - 3,433,800 - - - 3,463,760 - -

Corn - - 3,842,000 - - - 3,949,200 -

Broken rice - - - 899,700 - - - 974,310

Balance (tons) -113,824 409,042 -913,768 -425,065 -56,531 441,248 -963,178 -167,430

Balance (%) -18.7 13.5 -19.2 -32.1 -9.4 14.6 -19.6 -14.7

15



meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice



6. Finishing pig 90,270 601,800 752,250 601,800 97,350 649,000 811,250 649,000

7. Breeder pig 37,200 148,800 - 334,800 39,525 158,100 - 355,725

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 10,400 19,500 - 52,000 10,400 19,500 - 52,000

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 23,725 71,175 - - 23,725 71,175 -

12. Shrimp 72,000 144,000 - - 72,000 144,000 - -

13. Fish 111,400 167,100 167,100 - 114,372 171,558 171,558 -

Feed demand 555,945 2,937,695 4,848,877 1,086,655 578,463 3,079,214 5,086,123 1,154,780

Feed supply

Fish meal 439,000 - - - 459,800 - - -

Soybean meal - 3,683,800 - - - 3,411,580 - -

Corn - - 4,334,000 - - - 4,066,000 -

Broken rice - - - 960,700 - - - 971,940

Balance (tons) -116,945 746,105 -514,877 -125,955 -118,663 332,367 -1,020,123 -182,840

Balance (%) -21.0 25.4 -10.6 -11.6 -20.5 10.8 -20.1 -15.8

16



meals Corn Broken

Rice Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice



6. Finishing pig 114,165 761,100 951,375 761,100 123,015 820,100 1,025,125 820,100

7. Breeder pig 40,920 163,680 - 368,280 39,060 156,240 - 351,540

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 13,000 24,375 - 65,000 13,520 25,350 - 67,600

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 24,911 74,734 - - 28,744 86,231 -

12. Shrimp 80,000 160,000 - - 81,000 162,000 - -

13. Fish 120,091 180,136 180,136 - 63,048 189,143 189,143 -

Feed demand 637,696 3,427,941 5,671,868 1,292,435 614,699 3,712,497 6,217,118 1,337,295

Feed supply

Fish meal 533,300 - - - 518,500 - - -

Soybean meal - 4,153,380 - - - 4,029,200 - -

Corn - - 4,835,000 - - - 4,850,000 -

Broken rice - - - 1,071,090 - - - 1,143,060

Balance (tons) -104,396 725,439 -836,868 -221,345 -96,199 316,703 -

1,367,118 -194,235

Balance (%) -16.4 21.2 -14.8 -17.1 -15.6 8.5 -22.0 -14.5

17

Demand Year 2012

Animal/types Fish meal

Soybean meals Corn

Broken Rice

1. Broiler 150,794 1,507,935 3,116,399 -

2. Broiler parent stock 20,760 172,998 415,195 - 3. Layer pullets and chicks 23,849 198,738 476,970 -

4. Layer hens 92,000 460,000 1,012,000 -

5. Layer parent stock 804 6,700 16,080 -

6. Finishing pig 130,095 867,300 1,084,125 867,300

7. Breeder pig 42,780 171,120 - 385,020

8. Meat ducks 15,120 50,400 37,800 88,200

9. Layer ducks 13,520 25,350 - 67,600

10. Breeder duck 1,314 6,570 2,190 9,855

11. Dairy cattle - 29,565 88,695 -

12. Shrimp 37,500 75,000 - -

13. Fish 50,705 152,114 152,114 -

Feed demand 579,241 3,723,789 6,401,568 1,417,975

Feed supply

Fish meal 509,900 - - -

Soybean meal - 4,534,900 - -

Corn - - 3,921,000 -

Broken rice - - - 1,140,000

Balance (tons) -69,341 811,111 -

2,480,568 -277,975

Balance (%) -12.0 21.8 -38.7 -19.6 Source: Thailand Feed Mill Association (2002- 2012)

18

Table 21 Estimated available feed resources supply and composition in Thailand year 2002-2012

Feed resources (year 2002) Composition of available feeds

DM CP ME (ton) (ton) (million MJ)

1 Crop residues Rice straw 6,214,224 223,712 41,387 Corn stem and aerial parts 558,994 46,396 5,422 Cassava leaf 76,412 16,963 889 Molasses 1,105,740 49,758 16,520 Sugar cane top 168,036 12,099 1,375 Bagasses 549,119 20,867 4,657 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 696,174 68,225 6,962 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 684,921 113,697 8,199

Palm fruit press 130,983 7,990 893 Subtotal- Crop residues 10,184,603 559,707 86,302 % 24.61 21.95 20.72 2 Grain by products

Broken rice 1,006,592 136,897 11,435 Rice bran 1,986,200 154,924 24,371

Corn husk 94,230 11,308 842 Subtotal- Grain by product 3,087,023 303,128 36,648 % 7.46 11.89 8.80 3 Roots by products

Cassava residue 738,818 20,687 7,942 Cassava pulp ethanol residue 379,530 15,181 4,141 Subtotal- Roots by products 1,118,348 35,868 12,083 % 2.70 1.41 2.90 4 Grains Corn grain 2,791,775 231,717 41,709 % 6.75 9.09 10.01 5 Roots Cassava chip 8,520,449 195,970 133,771 % 20.59 7.69 32.11 6 Fodders Cultivated pasture 2,869,354 243,895 24,016 % 6.93 9.57 5.77 7 Grazing Communal pasture 12,481,161 798,794 78,007 % 30.16 31.33 18.73 8 Animal by product 327,750 180,263 4,043 % 0.79 7.07 0.97 Grand Total 41,380,461 2,549,343 416,579 % 100.00 100.00 100.00

19



1 Crop residues Rice straw 6,543,228 235,556 43,578 Corn stem and aerial parts 557,681 46,288 5,410 Cassava leaf 89,323 19,830 1,039 Molasses 1,368,222 61,570 20,441 Sugar cane top 207,925 14,971 1,701 Bagasses 679,470 25,820 5,762 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 853,122 83,606 8,531 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 839,332 139,329 10,047

Palm fruit press 160,512 9,791 1,095 Subtotal- Crop residues 11,298,815 636,760 97,603 % 26.18 23.99 21.77 2 Grain by products




20



1 Crop residues Rice straw 6,410,028 230,761 42,691 Corn stem and aerial parts 569,756 47,290 5,527 Cassava leaf 76,729 17,034 892 Molasses 913,622 41,113 13,650 Sugar cane top 138,841 9,997 1,136 Bagasses 453,712 17,241 3,847 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 901,668 88,363 9,017 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 887,094 147,258 10,619





21



1 Crop residues Rice straw 6,803,856 244,939 45,314 Corn stem and aerial parts 537,338 44,599 5,212 Cassava leaf 102,306 22,712 1,190 Molasses 878,099 39,514 13,119 Sugar cane top 133,442 9,608 1,092 Bagasses 436,071 16,571 3,698 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 870,522 85,311 8,705 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 856,451 142,171 10,252





22



1 Crop residues Rice straw 6,657,780 239,680 44,341 Corn stem and aerial parts 514,238 42,682 4,988 Cassava leaf 121,929 27,068 1,418 Molasses 1,185,925 53,367 17,718 Sugar cane top 180,222 12,976 1,474 Bagasses 588,940 22,380 4,994 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 1,168,410 114,504 11,684 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 1,149,524 190,821 13,760




Cassava residue 1,178,921 33,010 12,673 Cassava pulp ethanol residue 605,610 24,224 6,607 Subtotal- Roots by products 1,784,531 57,234 19,281 % 3.67 1.99 3.70 4 Grains Corn grain 2,568,249 213,165 38,370 % 5.28 7.40 7.36 5 Roots Cassava chip 13,595,945 312,707 213,456 % 27.93 10.86 40.93 6 Fodders Cultivated pasture 4,496,098 382,168 37,632 % 9.24 13.27 7.22 7 Grazing Communal pasture 10,816,537 692,258 67,603 % 22.22 24.03 12.96 8 Animal by product 332,580 182,919 4,102 % 0.68 6.35 0.79 Grand Total 48,673,836 2,880,391 521,457 % 100.00 100.00 100.00

23








24








25








26








27




Palm fruit press 352,256 21,488 2,402 Subtotal- Crop residues 16,301,935 1,035,075 144,387 % 30.17 32.88 24.55 2 Grain by products



Cassava residue 1,307,342 36,606 14,054 Cassava pulp ethanol residue 671,580 26,863 7,327 Subtotal- Roots by products 1,978,922 63,469 21,381 % 3.66 2.02 3.64 4 Grains Corn grain 3,259,802 270,564 48,701 % 6.03 8.60 8.28 5 Roots Cassava chip 15,076,971 346,770 236,708 % 27.91 11.02 40.25 6 Fodders Cultivated pasture 720,316 52,583 6,929 % 1.33 1.67 1.18 7 Grazing Communal pasture 12,156,335 778,005 75,977 % 22.50 24.72 12.92 8 Animal by product 347,070 190,889 4,281 % 0.64 6.06 0.73 Grand Total 54,025,091 3,147,776 588,086 % 100.00 100.00 100.00

28




Palm fruit press 371,833 22,682 2,536 Subtotal- Crop residues 16,555,246 1,065,092 147,261 % 29.51 31.96 24.24 2 Grain by products




DM = dry mater; DP = digestible protein; ME = metabolizable energy

29

Table 22 Estimated feed demand and nutrient requirements of livestock by using DLD feed assessment model in Thailand years 2002- 2012

Livestock category

Requirement Per Year (year 2002) Requirement Per Year (year 2003)

Dry matter ME DP Dry matter ME DP

(tons/year) (million MJ) (tons/year) (tons/year) (million MJ) (tons/year)

Goats and sheep 54,609 553 3,466

61,399

622

3,910

Pigs 5,288,679 73,247 774,365

6,172,756

85,491

903,811

Dairy cattle 1,284,699 7,702 108,676

1,356,071

8,129

114,713

Buffalo 4,868,247 27,074 206,584

4,898,298

27,241

207,860

Cattle 14,859,399 102,732 705,638

15,850,026

109,581

752,681

Chicken 6,685,318 97,635 1,121,622

7,385,529

107,861

1,239,099

Ducks 1,297,815 15,006 218,025

1,234,039

14,268

207,311

Total

34,338,767

323,949

3,138,377

36,958,119

353,195

3,429,385 %change2002-2003 7.63 9.03 9.27

Livestock category





94,290

955

6,033

Pigs 4,965,043 68,765 726,979

6,449,030

89,318

944,263

Dairy cattle 1,463,129 8,771 123,770

1,712,932

10,269

144,901

Buffalo 4,477,586 24,901 190,007

4,868,247

27,074

206,584

Cattle 17,858,053 123,464 848,037

20,883,480

144,380

991,708

Chicken 5,252,750 76,713 881,275

7,428,781

108,493

1,246,356

Ducks 811,459 9,382 136,320

1,116,858

12,913

187,625

Total

34,901,939

312,746

2,911,089

42,553,618

393,403

3,727,471 %change2004-2005 21.92 25.79 28.04

30

Livestock category





116,922

1,185

7,513

Pigs 5,643,888 78,167 826,375

7,341,002

101,671

1,074,865

Dairy cattle 1,463,129 8,771 123,770

1,748,618

10,483

147,920

Buffalo 3,756,364 20,890 159,402

4,748,044

26,406

201,484

Cattle 21,526,048 148,823 1,022,222

23,694,717

163,816

1,125,207

Chicken 5,386,889 78,672 903,780

8,274,236

120,841

1,388,201

Ducks 1,080,562 12,494 181,528

1,293,667

14,958

217,328

Total

38,946,644

348,727

3,222,813

47,217,207

439,359

4,162,518 %change2006-2007 21.24 25.99 29.16

Livestock category





99,875

1,012

6,424

Pigs 6,109,608 84,617 894,565

6,741,092

93,363

987,027

Dairy cattle 1,677,246 10,055 141,882

1,712,932

10,269

144,901

Buffalo 4,086,924 22,729 173,429

4,177,076

23,230

177,254

Cattle 24,390,833 168,629 1,158,264

23,025,375

159,189

1,093,422

Chicken 6,885,212 100,555 1,155,159

8,231,569

120,217

1,381,043

Ducks 1,178,041 13,621 197,903

1,429,515

16,529

240,150

Total 44,425,475

401,194

3,727,480

45,417,435

423,808

4,030,221

%change2008-2009 2.23 5.64 8.12

31

Livestock category




Goats and sheep 99,875 1,012 6,424

114,659

1,162

7,365

Pigs 6,591,114 91,285 965,067

7,640,957

105,826

1,118,785

Dairy cattle 1,891,362 11,338 159,995

1,998,421

11,980

169,051

Buffalo 3,576,058 19,888 151,750

3,696,262

20,556

156,851

Cattle 17,215,484 119,021 817,523

17,617,089

121,798

836,595

Chicken 7,774,503 113,542 1,304,359

9,250,323

135,096

1,551,963

Ducks 1,515,587 17,524 254,609

1,668,546

19,292

280,305

Total

38,663,984

373,611

3,659,728

41,986,256

415,710

4,120,915 %change2010-2011 8.59 11.27 12.60

Livestock category

Requirement Per Year (year 20012) Dry matter ME DP (tons/year) (million MJ) (tons/year)

Goats and sheep

124,771

1,264

8,052

Pigs

8,667,118

120,038

1,269,035

Dairy cattle

2,069,793

12,408

175,089

Buffalo

3,726,313

20,723

158,126

Cattle

16,947,747

117,170

804,809

Chicken

11,227,337

163,969

1,883,655

Ducks

1,902,391

21,996

319,590

Total

44,665,470

457,569

4,618,355 %change2002-2012

30.07

41.25

47.16

32

Table 23 Feed balances using feed assessment model for Thailand year 2002-2012

Feed and Nutrient availability Feed resources (year 2002) Production Available for feed DM CP ME

(ton) (ton) (ton) (ton) (million MJ)

Crop and by-products 115,430,000 32,888,920 26,161,860 1,425,515 316,203

% 57.26 37.55 71.68

Animal by product 475,000 356,250 327,750 180,263 4,043

% 0.72 4.75 0.92

Forage and roughage 41,657,568 15,350,514 15,350,514 1,042,689 102,024

% 33.60 27.47 23.13

Import feed and raw materials 3,607,600 2,940,577 2,736,469 1,175,137 35,240

% 5.99 30.95 7.99

Export feed and raw materials 4,530,940 1,445,317 1,111,517 27,303 16,376

% 2.43 0.72 3.71

Total Availability 165,701,108 52,981,578 45,688,110 3,796,301 441,133

% 100.00 100.00 100.00

Total Requirement 34,338,767 3,138,377 323,949

Balance 11,349,343 657,925 117,184

% 24.84 17.33 26.56




% 60.29 38.87 75.36


% 0.86 5.69 1.08

Forage and roughage 39,974,000 14,147,500 14,147,500 969,952 94,935

% 29.38 24.32 20.22


% 6.23 32.25 8.25


% 3.24 1.13 4.91


% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 11,198,719 559,252 116,207

% 23.25 14.02 24.76

33




% 57.77 42.13 79.01


% 0.81 5.83 1.13


% 29.95 27.14 23.01

Import feed and raw materials 3,080,320 2,548,975 2,374,619 989,964 30,605

% 5.15 28.17 7.54


% 6.32 3.27 10.69


% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 11,235,521 603,337 93,106

% 24.35 17.17 22.94


(ton) (ton) (ton) (ton) (million

MJ)


% 60.98 39.90 77.63


% 0.70 4.83 0.89


% 28.25 24.54 19.78


% 6.02 32.01 8.06


% 4.05 1.29 6.36


% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 6,886,473 198,790 83,446

% 13.93 5.06 17.50

34



MJ)

Crop and by-products 133,937,000 41,351,608 33,421,055 1,707,121 417,012 % 60.65 41.00 79.87

Animal by product 482,000 361,500 332,580 182,919 4,102 % 0.60 4.39 0.79

Forage and roughage 41,456,814 15,312,635 15,312,635 1,074,427 105,236 % 27.79 25.81 20.15

Import feed and raw materials 4,310,980 3,356,256 3,102,358 1,280,711 40,325 % 5.63 30.76 7.72

Export feed and raw materials 5,834,210 3,646,780 2,937,234 81,735 44,534 % 5.33 1.96 8.53


% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 16,159,217 940,629 173,414

% 29.32 22.59 33.21 Feed and Nutrient availability

Feed resources (year 2007) Production Available for feed DM CP ME


MJ) Crop and by-products 143,340,000 41,267,537 33,334,147 1,717,140 410,089

% 61.07 40.19 77.12 Animal by product 523,000 392,250 360,870 198,479 4,451

% 0.66 4.64 0.84 Forage and roughage 42,731,500 15,623,875 15,623,875 1,094,176 107,164

% 28.62 25.61 20.15 Import feed and raw materials 4,385,780 3,428,710 3,175,447 1,317,612 41,156

% 5.82 30.84 7.74 Export feed and raw materials 5,908,910 2,653,190 2,088,668 54,349 31,081

% 3.83 1.27 5.84 Total Availability 196,889,190 63,365,562 54,583,007 4,273,058 531,780 % 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total Requirement 47,217,207 4,162,518 439,359 Balance 7,365,800 110,540 92,421 % 13.49 2.59 17.38

35

Feed and Nutrient availability








% 2.24 1.09 3.16 Total Availability 196,874,382 67,612,293 58,080,186 4,576,640 604,216 % 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total Requirement 44,425,475 3,727,480 401,194 Balance 13,654,710 849,161 203,022 % 23.51 18.55 33.60 Feed and Nutrient availability








% 6.24 2.94 10.57 Total Availability 194,166,578 65,482,017 56,414,021 4,333,503 503,643 % 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total Requirement 45,417,435 4,030,221 423,808 Balance 10,996,586 303,282 79,835 % 19.49 7.00 15.85

36




MJ)



Forage and roughage 49,936,390 19,138,494 19,138,494 1,380,701 135,348 % 31.23 27.68 24.15




% 100.00 100.00 100.00

Total Requirement 38,663,984 3,659,728 373,611 Balance 22,621,465 1,328,243 186,823

% 36.91 26.63 33.34



MJ)



Forage and roughage 46,891,376 12,876,650 12,876,650 830,588 82,907 % 21.15 17.66 13.84




% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 18,887,809 583,092 183,435

% 31.03 12.40 30.62

37





% 63.90 44.15 84.74


% 0.52 3.75 0.70


% 22.40 19.82 16.07


% 6.59 35.67 9.23


% 6.58 3.39 10.74


% 100.00 100.00 100.00


Balance 20,170,745 359,503 143,183

% 31.11 7.22 23.83

Table 24 Compared among three feed demand assessment model of compound feed (1,000 tons) for Livestock in Thailand year 2012

Livestock

Feed demand assessment model

TMA(1) OAE(2) DLD %Difference

Roughage Concentrate(3) Total (1) vs (2) (1) vs (3) (2) vs (3)

1. Goats and sheep - - 115 - 115 - - -

2. Pigs 5,192 4,264 - 6,236 6,236 18 20 46

3. Dairy cattle 591 949 - 1,926 1,926 60 226 103

4. Buffalo - - 3,709 - 3,709 - - -

5. Beef cattle - - 17,625 - 17,625 - - -

6. Chicken 8,380 7,349 - 9,251 9,251 12 10 26

7. Ducks 443 396 - 1,669 1,669 11 277 322

8. Shrimp 375 300 - - - 20 - -

9. Fish 507 551 - - - 9 - -

Grand Total 15,489 13,809 21,449 19,081 40,530 11 23 38

TMA = Thailand Feed Mill Association , OAE = Office of Agricultural Economics, DLD = Department of livestock development

1

Figure 1: Feed Assessment Framework

Figure 2: Feed Resources from Crop Data Assessment Model

2

Figure 3: Feed Requirements Assessment Model

Figure 4. Average annual meat and milk per capita consumption (kg) and per capita GDP (1US$ = 30 Thai Baht) in Thailand – 1961 to 2009 (Source: FAOSTAT, 2013)

3

Figure 5. Poultry export quantity and value from Thailand, 1994-2011 (Source: DLD, 2013) Figure 6. Changes in cereals and oilseed crop production in Thailand, (Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, Department of industrial works)

4

Figure 7. Growth of feedstuff production in Thailand during year 2002-2012, (Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, Department of industrial works, BRRD 2006) Figure 8. Feedstuff production use as feed in Thailand during year 2002-2012, (Source: Thai Feed Mill Association, Bureau of Livestock Standards and Certification)

5

Figure Beef, Buffalo meat, pork , chicken meat and duck meat production in Thailand

Source: OAE (2014)

Figure The production of cow milk and eggs (hen + duck) in Thailand Source: OAE (2014)

1

Annex-1: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012 Annex 1.1: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Beef cattle

Agro-eco-zone Mixed crop livestock system (MCLS)

Season (Year-round) Central, North and Northeast regions

Natural grass and crop residues based feeding systems: All year grazing on paddy and upland crops field after or before harvesting season with provision of crop waste and crop by-product.

Southern

Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems: Grazing under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil, orchard and roadside with provision of cut and carry fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm kernel meal and palm front.

Annex 1.2: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Buffalo Agro-eco-zone

Mixed crop livestock system (MCLS)

Season (Year-round) Central, North and Northeast regions

Natural grass and crop residues based feeding systems: All year grazing on paddy and upland crops field after or before harvesting season with provision of crop waste and crop by-product.

Southern

Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems: Grazing under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil, orchard and roadside with provision of cut and carry fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm kernel meal and palm fron.

Annex 1.3: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Dairy cattle Agro-eco-zone

Intensive system (IPS) Season (Year-round)

Central, North, Northeast and South regions

Intensive cut and carry and crop by product systems: Roughage based on intensive improved pasture provides by daily cut and carry systems with equal quantity of high nutrient compound concentrate of 50:50 ratio.

Annex 1.4: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Pigs

Agro-eco-zone Intensive system (IPS) Season (Year-round)

Central, North, Northeast and South regions

Intensive compound concentrate feeding systems: Under restrict feeding program boar and sows are feeding compound concentrate with the ration of commercial and home mixed of 30:70 ratio.

2

Annex 1.5: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Goats and sheep

Type Region Mixed crop livestock system

(MCLS) Intensive system (IPS)

Season (Year-round) Season (Year-round) Dairy goats All Intensive cut and carry and

crop by product systems: Roughage based on intensive improved pasture provides by daily cut and carry systems with equal quantity of high nutrient compound concentrate of 50:50 ratio.

Meat goats

Central, North and North east

Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems: All year grazing on paddy and upland crops field after or before harvesting season with provision of cut and carry pasture or grazing on improved pasture and supplementary of rop waste, crop by-product and/or concentrate compound feed.

Southern Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems: Grazing under plantation i.e. rubber, palm oil, orchard and roadside with provision of cut and carry fodder grass and fodder tree leaves, palm kernel meal and palm fron.

Sheep Central, North and North east

Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems: All year grazing on paddy and upland crops field after or before harvesting season with provision of cut and carry pasture or grazing on improved pasture and supplementary of crop waste, crop by-product and/or concentrate compound feed.

3

Annex- 1.6: Main Livestock Feeding Systems in Thailand, 2012: Poultry

Types Mixed crop livestock system (MCLS) Intensive system (IPS)

Season (Year-round) Season (Year-round) Native chicken

Broilers

Layers

Meat ducks

Intensive commercial compound based feeding systems: Under ad lib feeding program commercial compound feeds are used on meat duck feeding 100 %.

Layer ducks

Semi free range and agro-by-product supplementary systems: Smallholders raise free range native chicken by provide some quantity of agro-by-products i.e. rice bran, broken rice, corn, kitchen waste accounted for app. 40 % of their dairy requirement.

Small-holder ducks

Semi free range and commercial compound feed supplementary systems: Smallholders raise free range meat and layer ducks by scavenging in the paddy after rice harvested with daily supplement of commercial compound feeds accounted for app. 40 % of their dairy requirement.

Intensive commercial compound based feeding systems: Under add libitum feeding program commercial compound feeds are used on broiler feeding 100 %.

Intensive compound based feeding systems: Layer feeding program based on commercial compound feeds and home mixed feed with ratio of 50:50.

4

Annex-2: Livestock herd Structure Annex-2.1: Herd Structure: Beef cattle

Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg) 1. Native Native mature bulls 1,384,080 375-425 Native mature cows 1,028,541 175-250 Native yearly 1,677,776 80-175 Native calves 559,258 16-80 2. Crossbred Crossbred mature bulls 470,934 500-550 Crossbred mature cows 566,309 300-425 Crossbred yearly 594,656 100-300 Crossbred calves 198,218 24-100 3. Feedlot 103,332

Total 6,583,104 Annex-2.2: Herd Structure: Buffaloes

Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg) Mature native bulls 362,373 500-550 Mature native cows 614,403 350-440 Yearly native 193,052 90-350 Calves 64,350 24-90

Total 1,234,178 Annex-2.3: Herd Structure: Dairy cattle

Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg) Milking cows 215,868 450-650 Dry cows 70,157 550-650 Heifers pregnant 43,174 350-450 Heifer non-pregnant 26,984 280-350 Yearly heifer 70,157 125-280 Calves 113,330 24-125

Total 539,670 Annex-2.4: Herd Structure: Goats and sheep

Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg) Dairy goats 33,363 30 Meat goats 394,204 20 Sheep 51,735 30

Total 479,302

5

Annex-2.5: Herd Structure: Pigs Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg)

Native crossbred sows 711,943 120-150 Boars 153,724 150-200 Sows 942,586 150-200 Finishing Weight 20-50 kg 3,046,120 20-50 Finishing Weight 50-80 kg 2,030,746 50-80 Finishing Weight 80-200 kg 1,015,373 80-100

Total 6,092,239 Annex-2.6: Herd Structure: Poultry

Age groups Number (head) Average weight (kg) Chicken Native chicken 76,155,430 1.5-2.5 Broilers 173,869,082 1.5-2.0 Broiler parent stock 14,737,437 2.5-3.5 Layers 49,403,372 1.5-2.0 Layer parent stock 2,371,043 1.5-2.0

Total 316,536,364 Ducks Muscovy (meat) ducks 6,092,135 2.5-3.5 Native meat ducks 986,974 1.4-1.5 Meat ducks 8,949,007 2.5-3.5 Native layer ducks 7,976,123 1.4-1.5 Layer ducks 8,174,988 1.4-1.5

Total 32,179,227 Annex-2.7: Percent of livestock population by production systems

Livestock types Mixed crop livestock (%) Intensive Total (%) Beef cattle 99 1 100 Dairy cattle 100 100 Buffalo 100 100 Dairy goat 100 100 Meat goat 100 100 Sheep 100 100 Pigs 20 80 100 Native chicken 100 100 Broilers 100 100 Layers 100 100 Native ducks 100 100 Meat ducks 100 100 Layer ducks 50 50 100

6

Annex-2.8: Average daily concentrate feed allowances

Livestock types

Intensive systems Total (kg DM/day

Home-made concentrate (kg

DM/day)

Compound feed (kg DM/day)

Goats and sheep Dairy goats 0.6 0.6 Pigs Native crossbred fattening 1.5 1.5 Boars 5.35 5.35 Sows and piglets 5.35 5.35 Finishing Weight 20-50 kg 0.5 0.5 Finishing Weight 50-80 kg 1 1 Finishing Weight 80-200 kg 1.5 1.5 Dairy cattle 0 Milking cows 6.2 6.2 Dry cows 7.2 7.2 Heifers pregnant 5 5 Heifer non-pregnant 4 4 Yearly heifer 3.5 3.5 Calves 1 1 Feedlot 7.5 7.5 Chicken Broilers 0.07-.12 0.07-.12 Broiler parent stock 0.15 0.15 Layers 0.12 0.12 Layer parent stock 0.12 0.12 Ducks Muscovy (meat) ducks 0.15 0.15 Native meat ducks 0.12 0.12 Meat ducks 0.15 0.15 Native layer ducks 0.13 0.13 Layer ducks 0.13 0.13

7

Annex-2.9: Raw material used in livestock feeding (%DM)

Raw materials

Mixed Crop-Livestock Systems

Intensive Systems Total (%)

Roughage Home-made concentrate

Compound feed

Rice straw 12.88 12.88 Corn stem and aerial parts 1.26 1.26 Cassava leaf 0.26 0.26 Molasses 3.50 3.50 Sugar cane top 0.52 0.52 Bagasse 1.55 1.55 Palm kernel cake & meal with coat 3.83 3.83 Palm kernel cake & meal without coat 3.76 3.76 Palm fruit press 3.76 3.76 Broken rice 2.73 2.73 Rice bran 2.70 2.70 5.40 Corn husk 0.20 0.20 Cassava residue 2.50 2.50 Cassava pulp ethanol residue 2.50 2.50 Corn grain 3.16 3.16 6.32 Cassava chip 28.83 28.83 Cultivated pasture 0.48 0.48 Communal pasture 19.13 19.13 Fish meals 0.59 0.59 Total 36.28 8.59 55.13 100.00

8

Annex- 3: Summary of livestock production characteristics and feed requirement Livestock Types Characteristics Description

1. Beef Cattle

1.1 Native cattle

Production Systems Mixed crop-livestock systems (MCLS)

Feeding Systems Subsystem I: Natural grass and crop residues based feeding systems.

Subsystem II: Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems.

Population, head 4,649,655

Breeds Thai Native

Calf crop, %/year 40-45

Calving interval, year 1.5

Calf mortality, % 5-15

Cow replacement rate, % 6-7

Age at replacement, year 15-16

Land use per Animal Unit, ha .15-.20

Animal per family, head 1-4

Average body weight

Birth weight, kg 16-18

Weaning weight, kg 80-100

Mature cows, kg 175-250

Mature bulls, kg 375-425

ADG, kg 0.2-0.24

DM Requirement, kg/day 2.90-9.10

ME Requirement, MJ/day 20.50-66.11

DP Requirement, g/day 208-307

1.2 Beef cattle


Feeding Systems Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems.

Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems.


Breeds Crossbred Native-Brahman

Calf crop, %/year 40-45

Calving interval, year 1.5


Cow replacement rate, % 6-7


Land use per Animal Unit, ha .15-.20


Average body weight Birth weight, kg 24-32



9


ADG, kg .30-.35




1.3 Fattening cattle

Production Systems Intensive systems

Feeding Systems Intensive confine feedlot feeding systems.

Population, head 103,332

Breeds Crossbred Brahman-Europe Beef

Market weight, kg 500-650

Market age, year 1.5-3.0

ADG, kg 1.0-1.3

FCR 6.5-8.5

DM Requirement, kg/day 9.2

ME Requirement, MJ/day 81.79

DP Requirement, g/day 875

2. Dairy cattle

Production Systems Intensive Production Systems (IPS)

Feeding Systems Intensive cut and carry and crop by product systems.

Population, head 539,670 Breeds Crossbred Holstein Freisian

Average cattle per farms, head

Total cattle 38 (100 %)

Milking cows 15 (40 %)

Dry cows 5 (13 %)

Heifer, pregnant 3 (8 %)

Heifer, non-pregnant 2 (5 %)

Yearly 5 (13 %)

Calves 8 (21 %)

Average milk yield, kg/day 12.30

Milk quality

Average Bacterial Count, X 1,000 col/ml

220

Somatic Cell Count, X 1,000 cell/ml 328

Fat, % 3.75

Protein, % 3.01

Total solid, % 12.35

SNF, % 8.6

Pasture land, ha/farm 0.75

Roughage sources

Young corn stem, % 43.47

Fresh grass, % 32.60

Corn husk, % 21.74

Straw, % 2.17

DM Requirement, kg/day

10

Milking cows 12.40

Dry cows 14.40

Heifer pregnant 11.30

Heifer non-pregnant 9.60

Yearly heifer 7.00

Calves 3.10

ME Requirement, MJ/d

Milking cows 64.00

Dry cows 58.58

Heifer pregnant 84.94

Heifer non-pregnant 87.86

Yearly heifer 64.02

Calves 28.03

DP Requirement, g/d

Milking cows 1,121

Dry cows 871

Heifer pregnant 965

Heifer non-pregnant 887

Yearly heifer 648

Calves 284 3. Buffaloes

Production Systems

Feeding Systems Subsystem I: Natural grass and crop residues based feeding systems.

Subsystem II: Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems.

Subsystem III: Under plantation grazing with cut and carry and crop residue feeding systems.


Breeds Native swamp buffalo

Calf crop, % 35-40

Age at first calving, year 4.5-5.5

Callving interval, year 1.5

Replacement rate, % 6-7



Land use per AU, ha .15-.20


Average body weight

Birth weight, kg 24-32




ADG, kg .24-.30

Days work per year, days 60-120

Area of land plough per year, ha 1.6

11

Area of land plough per day, ha .14-.15

Average year of work, year 12

Age of bullock at slaughter, year 15




4. Goats and Sheep

4.1 Dairy goats


Feeding Systems Intensive cut and carry and crop by product systems.

Population, head 33,363 Breeds Native and Native crossbred

Number per farm, head 3-5

Average weight, kg 30

Milk yield, kg/day 2

Milk fat, % 4.5

DM Requirement, DM kg/day 1.2 (4 % BW)



4.2 Meat goat


Feeding Systems Subsystem I: Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems.



Breeds Native and Native crossbred



Market age, days 180

ADG, g 50

DM Requirement, DM kg/day 0.60



4.3 Sheep


Feeding Systems Subsystem I: Natural grass with cut and carry and crop residues based feeding systems.



Breeds Native and Native crossbred


12


Market age, days 180-365

ADG, g 50

DM Requirement, DM kg/day .95



5. Pigs 5.1 Breeder pigs


Feeding Systems Intensive compound concentrate feeding systems.

Population, head 1,096,310 Breeds Exotic commercial

Average weight, kg (sows) 150

DM Requirement, DM g/day 5.35



5.2 Finishing pigs




Average weight, kg (sows) 20-100

ADG, kg 0.4




5.3 Smallholder farms



Population, head 711,943 Breeds Exotic commercial

Average weight, kg (sows) 20-100

ADG, kg .4




6. Poultry

6.1 Broilers


Feeding Systems Intensive commercial compound based feeding systems.


Market weight, kg 1.5-2.0

13


Average Dairy Gain, g 26- 36

Feed Conversion Ratio 2.1-2.3

DM Requirement, g/day 70-120

ME Requirement, MJ/day .96


6.2 Layers


Feeding Systems Intensive compound based feeding systems.


Average weight, kg 1.5-2.0

Age at first laying, days 165-180

Average Egg Production, eggs 250-300

Replacement age, year 1.5-2.0

DM Requirement, g/day 110



6.3 Native chicken

Production Systems Semi-intensive production Systems (SIPS)

Feeding Systems Semi free range and agro-by-product supplementary systems.

Population, head 76,155,430 Breeds Native Thai Chicken (low growth rate,

low egg production, good meat quality)




Replacement age, year 3.5

Eggs per clutch, eggs 8-16

Average clutch per year, Clutch 3.5

Average Dairy Gain, g 12 - 16

DM Requirement, DM g/day 60-100

ME Requirement, MJ/d 1.43

DP Requirement, g/d 7

6.4 Meat ducks


Feeding Systems Intensive commercial compound based feeding systems.




Average Dairy Gain, g 15-20


14




6.5 Layer ducks


Feeding Systems Intensive compound based feeding systems.


Average weight, kg 1.4-1.5


Average Egg Production, eggs 250-300

Replacement age, year 1.5-2




6.6 Smallholder ducks

Production Systems Semi-intensive production Systems

(SIPS)

Feeding Systems Semi free range and commercial compound feed supplementary systems.


Breeds Crossbred Native with layer or meat

ducks



Average Dairy Gain, g 250-300





15

Annex-4: Available crop by-products as feed and composition

Feed Resources

Production (ton)

HI* % use in feeds Production and Composition

DM (%)

CP (%)

ME (MJ)

Crop and by-products Rice Rice production 39,171,852 Rice straw 1.00 0.25 88.80 3.60 6.66 Broken rice 0.16 0.25 89.90 13.60 11.36 Rice bran 0.09 0.90 87.60 7.80 12.27

Corn Corn production 4,964,631 Corn grain 1.00 0.75 87.40 8.30 14.94 Corn stem and aerial parts 2.50 0.25 21.00 8.30 9.70 Corn husk 0.10 0.25 88.50 12.00 8.94

Cassava Cassava production 29,410,120 Cassava chip 0.75 0.75 89.80 2.30 15.70 Cassava residue 0.10 0.50 87.60 2.80 10.75 Cassava pulp ethanol residue 0.15 0.50 30.00 4.00 10.91 Cassava leaf 0.02 0.25 90.60 22.20 11.63

Sugar cane Cane production 98,400,465 Molasses 0.05 0.50 73.70 4.50 14.94 Bagasse 0.10 0.10 91.50 3.80 8.48 Sugar cane top 0.10 0.10 28.00 7.20 8.18

Palm oil Palm oil seed production 11,326,660 Palm kernel cake with coat 0.25 0.75 92.80 9.80 10.00 Palm kernel without coat 0.25 0.75 91.30 16.60 11.97 Palm fruit press 0.05 0.75 87.30 6.10 6.82

Soybean Soybean seed production 78,883 Soy bean meals 0.70 0.75 90.70 45.70 13.33 Soy bean hulls 0.05 0.50 89.50 11.80 8.48 Soy bean pods 0.50 0.25 89.80 6.20 7.88 Soy bean straw 2.00 0.25 86.80 7.00 7.88

Coconuts Coconut production 1,036,658 Coconut meal 0.40 0.25 92.30 17.10 15.27

Pineapple Pineapple production 2,450,366 Pineapple cane residues 1.00 0.25 14.20 5.70 9.69 Pineapple crown 0.50 0.25 19.00 9.50 9.69 Pineapple aerial parts 0.50 0.10 47.80 4.60 9.69 Pineapple core 0.25 0.10 87.10 1.90 11.21

Grand Total 186,839,635

*Harvest index = proportion of yield from crop production

16

Annex – 5: Estimate feed requirements (DM, ME and DP) for livestock in Thailand, 2012.

Livestock category Number Requirement Per Year

Dry matter ME DP

(tons/year) (million MJ) (tons/year)

1. Goats and sheep

1.1 Dairy goats 33,363 14,613 190 1,721

1.2 Meat goats 394,204 82,158 791 4,604

1.3 Sheep 51,735 17,939 181 1,039

Sub-total 1 479,302 114,710 1,162 7,364

2. Pigs

2.1 Semi-intensive farms 711,943 350,810 4,792 52,621

2.2 Breeder farms

2.2.1 Boars 153,724 126,246 1,725 14,203

2.2.2 Sows and piglets 942,586 1,656,571 25,155 260,910

2.3 Finishing farms

2.3.1 Weight 20-50 kg 3,046,120 1,500,976 20,410 243,158

2.3.2 Weight 50-80 kg 2,030,746 1,601,040 21,101 223,345

2.3.3 Weight 80-200 kg 1,015,373 1,000,650 13,188 118,877

Sub-total 2 6,092,239 6,236,293 86,371 913,115

3. Dairy cattle

3.1 Milking cows 215,868 977,019 5,043 88,326

3.2 Dry cows 70,157 368,745 1,500 22,304

3.3 Heifers pregnant 43,174 178,071 1,338 15,207

3.4 Heifer nonpregmnant 26,984 94,552 865 8,736

3.5 Yearly heifer 70,157 179,251 1,639 16,594

3.6 Calves 113,330 128,233 1,160 11,748

Sub-total 3 539,670 1,925,871 11,545 162,914

4. Buffalo

4.1 Mature native bulls 362,373 1,454,928 7,543 51,981

4.2 Mature native cows 614,403 1,805,270 10,227 80,060

4.3 Yearly native 193,052 380,505 2,388 20,646

4.4 Calves 64,350 68,114 468 4,698

Sub-total 4 1,234,178 3,708,817 20,626 157,384

5. Cattle

5.1 Native

5.1.1 Native mature bulls 1,384,080 4,597,222 33,397 155,093

5.1.2 Native mature cows 1,028,541 3,115,965 22,053 152,044

5.1.3 Native yearly 1,677,776 3,429,374 26,135 184,941

5.1.4 Native calves 559,258 591,975 4,185 42,459

5.2 Crossbred

5.2.1 Crossbred mature bulls 470,934 1,959,556 14,456 63,600

5.2.2 Crossbred mature cows 566,309 1,818,985 4,200 95,083

5.2.3 Crossbred yearly 594,656 1,541,051 12,532 91,812

5.2.4 Crossbred calves 198,218 224,284 1,813 18,956

5.3 Feedlot 103,332 346,989 3,085 33,002

Sub-total 5 6,583,104 17,625,400 121,855 836,989

6. Chicken

17

6.1 Native chicken 76,155,430 1,667,804 39,775 191,797

6.2 Broilers 173,869,082 4,688,433 60,811 937,687

6.3 Broiler parent stock 14,737,437 806,875 9,621 104,894

6.4 Layers 49,403,372 1,983,545 23,653 305,466

6.5 Layer parent stock 2,371,043 103,852 1,238 12,151

Sub-total 6 316,536,364 9,250,509 135,098 1,551,994

7. Ducks

7.1 Muscovy (meat) ducks 6,092,135 276,683 3,160 56,167

7.2 Native meat ducks 986,974 36,025 414 5,584

7.3 Meat ducks 8,949,007 559,952 6,560 95,192

7.4 Native layer ducks 7,976,123 393,023 4,522 60,919

7.5 Layer ducks 8,174,988 402,823 4,635 62,437

Sub-total 7 32,179,227 1,668,506 19,292 280,298

Grand Total 40,530,105 395,950 3,910,058

18

Annex-6: Daily feed (DM, ME, DP) requirements of livestock in Thailand

Livestock category

Daily Requirements Dry matter ME DP (kg/day) (MJ/day (g/day)

1. Goats and sheep 1.1 Dairy goats 1.20 15.60 141 1.2 Meat goats 0.57 5.50 32 1.3 Sheep 0.95 9.58 552. Pigs 2.1 Semi-intensive farms 1.35 18.44 203 2.2 Breeder farms 2.2.1 Boars 2.25 30.74 253 2.2.2 Sows and piglets 4.82 73.12 758 2.3 Finishing farms 2.3.1 Weight 20-50 kg 1.35 18.36 219 2.3.2 Weight 50-80 kg 2.16 28.47 301 2.3.3 Weight 80-200 kg 2.70 35.58 3213. Dairy cattle 3.1 Milking cows 12.40 64.00 1,121 3.2 Dry cows 14.40 58.58 871 3.3 Heifers pregnant 11.30 84.94 965 3.4 Heifer non-pregnant 9.60 87.86 887 3.5 Yearly heifer 7.00 64.02 648 3.6 Calves 3.10 28.03 2844. Buffalo 4.1 Mature native bulls 11.00 57.03 393 4.2 Mature native cows 8.05 45.61 357 4.3 Yearly native 5.40 33.89 293 4.4 Claves 2.90 19.92 2005. Cattle 5.1 Crossbred mature bulls 11.40 84.10 370 5.2 Crossbred mature cows 8.80 20.32 460 5.3 Crossbred yearly 7.10 57.74 423 5.4 Crossbred calves 3.10 25.06 262 5.5 Feedlot 9.20 81.79 8756. Chicken 6.1 Native chicken 0.06 1.43 7 6.2 Broilers 0.07 0.96 15 6.3 Broiler parent stock 0.15 1.79 20 6.4 Layers 0.11 1.31 17 6.5 Layer parent stock 0.12 1.43 147. Ducks 7.1 Muscovy (meat) ducks 0.12 1.42 25 7.2 Native meat ducks 0.10 1.15 16 7.3 Meat ducks 0.17 2.01 29 7.4 Native layer ducks 0.14 1.55 21 7.5 Layer ducks 0.14 1.55 21

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