Federalist Paper 10Federalist Paper 10 James Madison James Madison

Patrick Henry and others: the U. S. was too Patrick Henry and others: the U. S. was too large to be effectively governed by a strong large to be effectively governed by a strong central government—tyranny would ensuecentral government—tyranny would ensueMadison wrote Federalist 10 as a counter Madison wrote Federalist 10 as a counter Factions are political parties or interest Factions are political parties or interest groups groups

““By faction, I understand a number of By faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority orcitizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.”aggregate interests of the community.”

““Among the numerous advantages promisedAmong the numerous advantages promised by a well-constructed Union, none deserves by a well-constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence tendency to break and control the violence of faction.” of faction.”

Federalist Paper 10 Federalist Paper 10 ““The latent causes of faction are thus sown in theThe latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man: and we see them everywhere nature of man: and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civilaccording to the different circumstances of civil society. . . .society. . . .

A zeal for different opinions concerning A zeal for different opinions concerning religion, concerning government . . . an attach-religion, concerning government . . . an attach- ment to different leaders. . . have, in turn, ment to different leaders. . . have, in turn, divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with divided mankind into parties, inflamed them with mutual animosity, and rendered them much moremutual animosity, and rendered them much more disposed to vex and oppress each other, than to disposed to vex and oppress each other, than to cooperate for their common good.”cooperate for their common good.”

““But the most common and durable source of But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal dis-factions has been the various and unequal dis- tribution of property. Those who hold, and thosetribution of property. Those who hold, and those who are without property, have ever formed who are without property, have ever formed distinct interests in society. . . .distinct interests in society. . . .

Cannot remove the causes of factionCannot remove the causes of factionEmbedded in human nature Embedded in human nature Only way: remove libertyOnly way: remove liberty

““. . . relief is only to be sought in the means of . . . relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects.”controlling its effects.”

If a faction consists of a majority?If a faction consists of a majority?

““Either the existence of the same passion or Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority, at the same time must beinterest in a majority, at the same time must be prevented; or the majority. . . must be rendered, prevented; or the majority. . . must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know, that be suffered to coincide, we well know, that neither moral nor religious motives can be neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control.” relied on as an adequate control.”

Is a pure democracy the answer?Is a pure democracy the answer?

““. . . a pure democracy . . . can admit of no. . . a pure democracy . . . can admit of no cure from the mischiefs of faction. A commoncure from the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case,passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert, results from the communication and concert, results from the form of government itself; and there is form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrificenothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party, or an obnoxious individual.” the weaker party, or an obnoxious individual.”

Differences between a democracy and a republicDifferences between a democracy and a republic

First: the delegation of the government in a First: the delegation of the government in a republic, “to a small number of citizens electedrepublic, “to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended.” which the latter may be extended.”

Main advantage of a republic over a democracyMain advantage of a republic over a democracy

Representatives are “a chosen body of citizens,Representatives are “a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true whose wisdom may best discern the true interest in their country, and whose patriotisminterest in their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice, will be least likely to and love of justice, will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations.”considerations.”

What can deter that advantage?What can deter that advantage?

““On the other hand, the effect may be inverted.On the other hand, the effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices, Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices, or of sinister designs, may by intrigue, by or of sinister designs, may by intrigue, by corruption, or by other means, first obtain the corruption, or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, then then betray the interests, of suffrages, then then betray the interests, of the people.”the people.”

Federalist Paper 10 Federalist Paper 10 Today: political parties dominate voting in Today: political parties dominate voting in Congress as opposed to each individual Congress as opposed to each individual representative voting based on his/her representative voting based on his/her conscience or the good of all the peopleconscience or the good of all the people

Sometimes, the Courts and their rulings haveSometimes, the Courts and their rulings havetended to favor minority factions over the tended to favor minority factions over the will of the majority will of the majority (as depicted in opinion (as depicted in opinion polls)polls)

A common complaint today among people is the A common complaint today among people is the power of special interests and special interest power of special interests and special interest groups.groups.

Hey, who can tell me Hey, who can tell me what an interest what an interest

group is?group is?

Interest groups are Interest groups are organized groupsorganized groups that that

are typically a are typically a minorityminority. . They usually have They usually have

intensely held concerns intensely held concerns about issues pertinent about issues pertinent

to their groupto their group..

Oh, many, many Oh, many, many things. They things. They provide a way provide a way that the views that the views

of certain of certain groups can be groups can be represented in represented in

political political decision-decision-makingmaking. .

Simoncini will Simoncini will tell you some tell you some ways on the ways on the next slide.next slide.

So what do So what do interest interest

groups do?groups do?

Here are some of those ways Here are some of those ways They organize groups who share They organize groups who share a concern a concern or several concernsor several concernsThey provide a means of political They provide a means of political participation participation

They supply information to the public They supply information to the public and to policy makers and to policy makers

As your textbook As your textbook indicates, indicates, pluralist pluralist

political scientists see political scientists see interest groups not as a interest groups not as a

problem, but as an problem, but as an additional tool of additional tool of

democratic democratic representation.representation.

Pluralist: American politics can best be Pluralist: American politics can best be understood in terms of the interaction, understood in terms of the interaction, conflict, and bargaining of groups.conflict, and bargaining of groups.

WhatWhat do pluralist political do pluralist political scientists say are scientists say are reasons reasons

that that Interest groups are Interest groups are

important instruments in important instruments in maintaining democracy maintaining democracy

and aiding the public and aiding the public interestinterest??

Free elections are not enough to adequately Free elections are not enough to adequately communicate to political leaders the specific communicate to political leaders the specific wants and interests of the people on a continuouswants and interests of the people on a continuous basis. Interest groups can do that.basis. Interest groups can do that.

Interest groups are easy to createInterest groups are easy to create

Government power in the U. S. is broadly Government power in the U. S. is broadly dispersed, leaving governmental institutions dispersed, leaving governmental institutions remarkably porous and open to the entreatiesremarkably porous and open to the entreaties of the many and diverse groups that existof the many and diverse groups that exist

Interest groups can allow all legitimate interests Interest groups can allow all legitimate interests in society to have their views taken into account in society to have their views taken into account by some public officialby some public official

Now, our text tells us that thereNow, our text tells us that thereAre Are private and public interestsprivate and public interests..

PrivatePrivate: organizations and: organizations andassociations that try to gain associations that try to gain protections or material advantagesprotections or material advantagesfrom government for membersfrom government for members

PublicPublic: advocates for a : advocates for a cause or ideologycause or ideology

Here are some examples of Here are some examples of general categories of general categories of

private interest groups.private interest groups.

BusinessBusinessTrade associationsTrade associationsLabor UnionsLabor Unions

AlsoAlso professional groups such as professional groups such as the the American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar AssociationNot THIS type of bar, Not THIS type of bar,

Norm, he means the Norm, he means the association of American association of American

lawyerslawyers..

A BAR A BAR association??association??? Hey! I want ? Hey! I want to join that!!!to join that!!!

Hey, students. What is an Hey, students. What is an advocacy groupadvocacy group??

An advocacy group is an An advocacy group is an interest group organized to interest group organized to support a cause or ideology.support a cause or ideology.

AdvocacyAdvocacy groups like The American Legion groups like The American Legion

The NAACP The NAACP

The Mexican-American Legal Defense and The Mexican-American Legal Defense and Education Fund Education Fund

National National Organization Organization For WomenFor Women

Also public advocacy groups such as: Also public advocacy groups such as:

The Sierra Club The Sierra Club

Center for Auto Safety Center for Auto Safety and Public Citizenand Public Citizenled by Ralph Nader led by Ralph Nader

Also public advocacy groups such as: Also public advocacy groups such as:

The National Rifle Association The National Rifle Association

Public interest groupsPublic interest groups

The Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America

The American Cancer SocietyThe American Cancer Society

The American Heart AssociationThe American Heart Association

Tax exempt groupsTax exempt groups

Foreign Policy Interest GroupsForeign Policy Interest Groups

Council on Foreign RelationsCouncil on Foreign Relations

The American-Israel Political Action CommitteeThe American-Israel Political Action Committee

Government Interest GroupsGovernment Interest Groups

National League of Cities National League of Cities

National Governors AssociationNational Governors Association

National Education AssociationNational Education Association

In the United States In the United States

Oh DO behave!!! Here are Oh DO behave!!! Here are some groovy facts about some groovy facts about

interest groups that might interest groups that might interest you.interest you.

112,611,029 households112,611,029 households4,611 political action committees4,611 political action committees (1 Jan 2012)(1 Jan 2012)5,945,274 corporations5,945,274 corporations16,300,000 labor union members16,300,000 labor union members

In the Washington, DC area there areIn the Washington, DC area there are12,192 lobbyists12,192 lobbyists, 35,000 people who , 35,000 people who try to affect government policies, and try to affect government policies, and about 260,000 people who work in about 260,000 people who work in the lobbying sector.the lobbying sector.

The The majority of lobbyists are lawyers majority of lobbyists are lawyers or former legislators or legislative or former legislators or legislative staff membersstaff members

2008: $3.3 billion 2008: $3.3 billion spent on lobbyingspent on lobbying the U. S. Congressthe U. S. Congress

Here are some more Here are some more GROOVY facts!!!GROOVY facts!!!

Hey, how do interest Hey, how do interest groups work?groups work?

Well, the Well, the main thingmain thing that that they do is to they do is to influence influence government leaders to government leaders to

enact laws or appropriate enact laws or appropriate money to help the cause of money to help the cause of

their interesttheir interest. One thing . One thing they do is they do is endorse endorse

candidates for officecandidates for office..

So, who can tell me So, who can tell me the definition of the definition of endorsementendorsement??

I can, David. After all, I I can, David. After all, I did get a few during did get a few during

the 2008 election the 2008 election campaign. An campaign. An

endorsement is a endorsement is a public declaration of public declaration of

support for a candidate support for a candidate or proposition.or proposition.

OK, Senator. I’ll buy OK, Senator. I’ll buy that. Who can tell me that. Who can tell me

why the endorsement of why the endorsement of an interest group is an interest group is

important?important?

Because, David, Because, David, many many members of interest groups members of interest groups practice single issue votingpractice single issue voting..

Thank, Mr. Vice President, Thank, Mr. Vice President, but who can give me a but who can give me a

definition of definition of single-issue single-issue voting?voting?

Let me take that Let me take that one, Joe. David, one, Joe. David,

many many people of an people of an interest group vote interest group vote

for or against a for or against a candidate simply candidate simply because of his or because of his or

her views on one or her views on one or more issues of great more issues of great

concern to the concern to the group.group.

OK, Ms. Palin. But are OK, Ms. Palin. But are endorsements and endorsements and

single-issue voting the single-issue voting the only things that interest only things that interest

groups do?groups do?

I’ll answer that, Dave, I’ll answer that, Dave, and the answer is and the answer is NONO! !

In fact, the most In fact, the most important thing interest important thing interest

groups do on a groups do on a continuing basis is continuing basis is

lobbying, which is trying lobbying, which is trying to persuade government to persuade government policy makers to make policy makers to make

particular decisions particular decisions regarding legislation.regarding legislation.

Thanks, Michelle, but Thanks, Michelle, but where the term where the term

lobbying comes fromlobbying comes from??

Hey, Dave—it goes back Hey, Dave—it goes back to the to the 1830s when 1830s when

people waited in lobbies people waited in lobbies of government buildings of government buildings

to talk to legislators.to talk to legislators.

And, Dave, today, And, Dave, today, lobbyists work lobbyists work for interest groups and political for interest groups and political

action committeesaction committees in in Washington and all state Washington and all state capitals. They capitals. They provide provide

informationinformation about issues, about issues, sometimes give gifts or moneysometimes give gifts or money

toto the re-election campaign the re-election campaign funds of funds of political leaderspolitical leaders, , andand do do

their best to their best to show elected show elected leaders that it is in their best leaders that it is in their best

interest to support the desired interest to support the desired policies of that interest grouppolicies of that interest group..

Mr. President, Mr. President, why are why are there so many interestthere so many interestgroupsgroups??

Well, Dave, the Well, Dave, the First Amendment guarantees First Amendment guarantees citizens citizens freedom of speech, assembly and freedom of speech, assembly and petitionpetition. Also, because of our form of . Also, because of our form of government, government, officials are relatively accessibleofficials are relatively accessible to interest groups. Also, there is to interest groups. Also, there is no no dominant center of decision-makingdominant center of decision-making..

Senator, what is Senator, what is disturbance theorydisturbance theory??

Dave, it’s a theory that says Dave, it’s a theory that says that that interest groups originate with interest groups originate with

changes in the economic, social, or changes in the economic, social, or political environment that threaten political environment that threaten the well-being of some segment of the well-being of some segment of

the population.the population.

Senator, as you know, Senator, as you know, lobbyistslobbyists are are really really

salespeoplesalespeople for interest for interest groups, except groups, except mostmost of of

them them are lawyersare lawyers. . Many areMany are also also former former legislatorslegislators. They also . They also tend to be very tend to be very well well paidpaid. In addition to . In addition to

providing information, providing information, they they often also actually often also actually

write billswrite bills that that Members of Congress Members of Congress

present for present for consideration by consideration by

Congress.Congress.

So, Mr. President, is that So, Mr. President, is that the reason why we have the reason why we have so many so many earmarksearmarks??

First off, David, let’s define an First off, David, let’s define an earmarkearmark. . It is It is setting aside money in annual appropriations setting aside money in annual appropriations bills for pet projects for constituents and bills for pet projects for constituents and private interestsprivate interests. . And the answer to your And the answer to your question is a definite question is a definite yes!yes!

And, students, And, students, todaytoday, there , there are are laws that limit what laws that limit what

lobbyists can dolobbyists can do, , particularly in Washington. particularly in Washington.

For example, For example, former former Members of Congress Members of Congress

cannot lobby in cannot lobby in Washington for one year Washington for one year after leaving office. Also, after leaving office. Also, there arethere are strict limits on strict limits on

money and gifts that money and gifts that lobbyists can give as well lobbyists can give as well as entertainment they can as entertainment they can

provide.provide.

Good points, Mr. Vice Good points, Mr. Vice President. Here’s an President. Here’s an

example of amounts of example of amounts of money some interest money some interest

groups contribute.groups contribute.

The Inside Game The Inside Game Lobbying—politics of insiders and the Lobbying—politics of insiders and the “ “old boy” networkold boy” networkOne-on-one persuasion One-on-one persuasion

Inside lobbyists are often former Inside lobbyists are often former legislators who try to get the decision legislators who try to get the decision maker to understand and sympathize maker to understand and sympathize with the group’s point of view—best in with the group’s point of view—best in narrow and technical issues and it’s narrow and technical issues and it’s done outside the public viewdone outside the public view

The Inside Game The Inside Game Career civil servants and political appointeesCareer civil servants and political appointees have great latitude because Congress oftenhave great latitude because Congress often legislates broad policies, leaving it to the legislates broad policies, leaving it to the Executive branch to fill in specifics.Executive branch to fill in specifics.

Interest groups can convey technical Interest groups can convey technical information, present results of research, help information, present results of research, help public officials deflect criticism, and show public officials deflect criticism, and show what the group wants is compatible with goodwhat the group wants is compatible with good public policy.public policy.

The Inside Game The Inside Game Regarding the courts, attorneys for lobbies Regarding the courts, attorneys for lobbies can file can file Amicus curiaeAmicus curiae (friend of the court) (friend of the court) briefs. briefs. In those cases, lobbies are not parties to suits,In those cases, lobbies are not parties to suits, but file an argument in support of one side or but file an argument in support of one side or the other in the hope of swaying the views of the other in the hope of swaying the views of a judge, justice or a group of judges or a judge, justice or a group of judges or justices in hopes that rulings will help their justices in hopes that rulings will help their lobby in the futurelobby in the future

The Outside Game The Outside Game Interest groups try to mobilize grass rootsInterest groups try to mobilize grass roots support and public opinion and bring support and public opinion and bring them to bear on public officials them to bear on public officials

Pre-printed letters from Interest GroupsPre-printed letters from Interest Groups

PAC: political action committeePAC: political action committee Private organizationPrivate organization Raise and distribute funds to candidatesRaise and distribute funds to candidates

Soft Money: general public education Soft Money: general public education voter registration, voter mobilization voter registration, voter mobilization

Representational inequalities: not all Representational inequalities: not all segments segments of society are equally represented in the of society are equally represented in the interest group system; especially tilted interest group system; especially tilted toward big businesstoward big business

Key terms:Key terms:Iron Triangle: an enduring alliance of Iron Triangle: an enduring alliance of common interest among an interest group, common interest among an interest group, a congressional committee, and a a congressional committee, and a bureaucratic agency—the goal is to bureaucratic agency—the goal is to advance and protect government programsadvance and protect government programs that work to the mutual benefit of its that work to the mutual benefit of its members members

AUSA AUSA

DOD/DOA

DOD/DOAHASC/SASC

HASC/SASC

Key terms:Key terms:Issue networks are coalitions that form around Issue networks are coalitions that form around different policy areas that include a range of different policy areas that include a range of public and private interest groups and policy public and private interest groups and policy experts as well as business representatives,experts as well as business representatives,bureaucrats and legislators.bureaucrats and legislators.

These are more fluid than iron trianglesThese are more fluid than iron triangles

Independent expenditures: money spent onIndependent expenditures: money spent on behalf of candidates by interest groups & behalf of candidates by interest groups & individuals who are not connected with individuals who are not connected with the candidate’s campaign organization. the candidate’s campaign organization. Example: Gray Davis’s organization ran Example: Gray Davis’s organization ran anti-Riordan ads in the 2002 Republicananti-Riordan ads in the 2002 Republicanprimary election primary election The Swift Boat Veterans For Truth ran The Swift Boat Veterans For Truth ran anti-Kerry ads in 2004. anti-Kerry ads in 2004.

Students, I am former Nevada Students, I am former Nevada Governor and senator, Paul Governor and senator, Paul Laxalt. I was part of the Laxalt. I was part of the revolving revolving door: a former government door: a former government official who became a lobbyist.official who became a lobbyist.I became a lobbyist for the I became a lobbyist for the South African diamond industry South African diamond industry in Washington. I had not in Washington. I had not dealtdealt much much with that industry while a with that industry while a senatorsenator (the true definition of a (the true definition of a revolving door), but I still revolving door), but I still became a very well-paid became a very well-paid lobbyist.lobbyist.

With regard to With regard to soft moneysoft money, Senator Russ Feingold, , Senator Russ Feingold, a Wisconsin Democrat and I, an Arizona Republican,a Wisconsin Democrat and I, an Arizona Republican,sponsored the sponsored the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, which was aimed at banning soft money in 2002, which was aimed at banning soft money in federal elections.federal elections.

That’s right, John. Our law enhanced the importanceThat’s right, John. Our law enhanced the importanceof of 527 organizations: groups that can collect and 527 organizations: groups that can collect and spend money without legal limits to advocate for andspend money without legal limits to advocate for andagainst issuesagainst issues. Unfortunately, most have evolved . Unfortunately, most have evolved as efforts to as efforts to support or attack candidates or partiessupport or attack candidates or parties..

Our law placed Our law placed no limits on how much money can beno limits on how much money can becontributed to 527 organizations, but banned soft contributed to 527 organizations, but banned soft money contributions to national party committeesmoney contributions to national party committees. . So, large amounts of unregulated money has flowed So, large amounts of unregulated money has flowed to 527s.to 527s.

Here is an example of the worst of theHere is an example of the worst of the Inside Game—a lobbyist gone bad.Inside Game—a lobbyist gone bad.

Jack Abramoff Jack Abramoff