Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all...
-
Upload
reina-wilkinson -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all...
![Page 1: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOLOGY STAAR REVIEW
Feb 22, 2012
![Page 2: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
(4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to:
![Page 3: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
(B) INVESTIGATE AND EXPLAIN CELLULAR PROCESSES, INCLUDING HOMEOSTASIS, ENERGY CONVERSIONS, TRANSPORT OF MOLECULES, AND SYNTHESIS OF NEW MOLECULES;
Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell
Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Maintains homeostasis for the cell.
![Page 4: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
OSMOSIS Cells will shrivel when put into a
solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic)
If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic)
Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic)
![Page 5: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PASSIVE Does NOT require energy Goes with the concentration
gradient (high to low) Simple Diffusion, Facilitated
DiffusionACTIVE Requires energy from ATP Goes against the concentration
gradient (low to high) Active Transport, Endocytosis,
Exocytosis
![Page 6: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
(C) COMPARE THE STRUCTURES OF VIRUSES TO CELLS, DESCRIBE VIRAL REPRODUCTION, AND DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF VIRUSES IN CAUSING DISEASES SUCH AS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND INFLUENZA.
Living prokaryote
Non –living – not made of cells must reproduce in
host cell
![Page 7: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LYTIC PATHWAY - RAPID REPLICATION OF THE VIRUS, ENDING IN CELL LYSIS (OR DEATH). MORE VIRUSES ARE RELEASED TO INFECT OTHER CELLS
▪Lysogenic pathway▪ The virus stays within the cell until certain environmental triggers cause it to enter the lytic cycle.
![Page 8: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WHAT IS A VACCINE A vaccine is a biological preparation
that improves immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe.
![Page 9: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.
![Page 10: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CELL CYCLEDuring the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells , each which begins the cycle again.
![Page 11: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CELL CYCLE COMPONENTS
Interphase Cell division
New DNA is formed during 3 phases:
G1 – 1st period of growth 1. Increase in size. 2. Makes new proteins and
organelles.
S1 – DNA is synthesized or replicated 1. Chromosomes are replicated. 2. New DNA molecules are synthesized.
G2 – final cell growth1. Shortest phase
2. Prepares cell for mitosis
4 phases:
(PMAT)
Mitosis1) Prophase
2) Metaphase3) Anaphase4) Telephase
![Page 12: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS THAT RESULT FROM MITOSIS & MEIOSIS MITOSIS produces 2 identical diploid
(2N) cells
MEIOSIS produces 4 different haploid (N) cells
(GAMETES)
![Page 13: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
INTERRUPTIONS IN THE CELL CYCLE CAN LEAD TO….. CANCER
Causes of cancer
smoking tobaccoRadiation exposureViral infection
![Page 14: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ROLES OF DNA DNA determines an organism’s
traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins.
The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information.
![Page 15: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
(6) Science concepts. The student knows the mechanisms of genetics, including the role of nucleic acids and the principles of Mendelian Genetics.
![Page 16: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
COMPONENTS OF DNA
* PHOSPHATE group* SUGAR - deoxyribose
* nitrogen bases (1of4) Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
purines
pyrimidines
![Page 17: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
GENE EXPRESSION DETERMINES TRAITS EXAMPLE: Gene 1 - body covering GUA-AGC-UUA
(Use chart to find amino acids)
val - ser – leu The amino acids sequence will
determine the trait. hairless
![Page 18: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
RNA RNA contains
the base uracil (U)DNA has thymine (T)
RNA molecule is single-stranded
Click icon to add picture
![Page 19: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GENETIC CODE A codon
designates an amino acid
An amino acid may have more than one codon
There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons
Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating
![Page 20: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
RNA Transcription-
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes
Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
![Page 21: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MUTATIONS CAN BE INHERITED.MUTATIONS CAN BE ACQUIRED.
• DELETION– loss of a chromosomal segment
• DUPLICATION– repeat a segment
• INVERSION– reverses a segment
• TRANSLOCATION
– move segment from one chromosome to another
err
or
of
rep
licati
on
err
or
of
cro
ssin
g o
ver
![Page 22: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
WHAT RESULTS FROM MEIOSIS??4 haploid (N) cells
Genetically different from each other & the original cell
Click icon to add picture
![Page 23: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
GENETIC MODIFICATIONS Is the direct human manipulation of an
organism's genome using modern DNA technology.
Exampleso Cloning o Gene therapyo Genetically engineered plants
![Page 24: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
(7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life.
![Page 25: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FOSSILS SHOW EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
Fossil record Homologies
Similar characteristics due to relatedness are known as homologies.
![Page 26: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ANATOMICAL HOMOLOGY Another example of homology is the
forelimb of tetrapods (vertebrates with legs).
![Page 27: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DEVELOPMENTAL HOMOLOGIES Snakes have legged ancestors.
Some species of living snakes have hind limb-buds as early embryos but rapidly lose the buds and develop into legless adults. The study of developmental stages of snakes, combined with fossil evidence of snakes with hind limbs, supports the hypothesis that snakes evolved from a limbed ancestor.
![Page 28: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
MOLECULAR HOMOLOGY Different species share genetic
homologies as well as anatomical ones. Roundworms, for example, share 25% of their genes with humans.
These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.
![Page 29: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Divergent Evolution is also known as Adaptive Radiation
Evolutionary Stasis occurs when one or many species remain the same genetically with little change over long geological periods of time
![Page 31: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Darwin’s finches
![Page 32: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
WHAT OTHER INDUSTRIES WOULD BE WORRIED ABOUT RESISTANCE?
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
![Page 33: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
ALL IMAGES: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
![Page 34: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(8) Science concepts. The student knows that taxonomy is a branching classification based on the shared characteristics of organisms and can change as new discoveries are made. The student is expected to:
![Page 35: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION CHART BELOW, WHICH TWO ORGANISMS ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED?
![Page 36: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
(9) Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.
![Page 39: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATESCOMPOSITION/STRUCTURE
C, H, O
FUNCTIONMAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY
TYPE/EXAMPLESGLUCOSE, GLYCOGN, FRUCTOSE, CELLULOSE, POLYSACCHARIDES,MONOSACCHARIDS, STARCH
![Page 40: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
LIPIDS
COMPOSITION/STRUCTURE
C,H,O ONE GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS
FUNCTION•STORES ENERGY•MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE•WATERPROOF COVERING
TYPE/EXAMPLESFATS, OILS, POLYUNSATURATED
![Page 41: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
PROTEINCOMPOSITION/STRUCTUREC, H, O, NLONG CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS
FUNCTIONBUILD MUSCLES, CELL MEMBRANES
TYPE/EXAMPLESENZYMES
Click icon to add picture
![Page 42: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
NUCLEIC ACID
COMPOSITION/STRUCTUREC, H, O, N, & P
FUNCTIONSTORE & TRANSMIT GENETIC INFO
TYPE/EXAMPLESDNA, RNA, NUCLEOTIDES
Click icon to add picture
![Page 43: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP POLYMERS
Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many
![Page 44: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS VS. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
![Page 45: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ROLE OF ENZYMES FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENZYMES
Lower activation energy
Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
Make materials cells need
Releasing energy
Temperature
PH Salt
![Page 46: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
(11) Science concepts. The student knows that biological systems work to achieve and maintain balance. The student is expected to:
![Page 47: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ANALYZE HOW ORGANISMS, POPULATIONS, & COMMUNITIES RESPOND TO EXTERNAL FACTORS
• Abiotic factors include any physical, or nonliving, part of the environment.
• Biotic factors include any living part of the environment.
![Page 48: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
![Page 49: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
![Page 50: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Autotrophs/ Producers (Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic)
Heterotrophs/Consumers (Herb-/Carn-/Omn-ivores and Decomposers)
![Page 51: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
(12) Science concepts. The student knows that interdependence and interactions occur within an environmental system. The student is expected to:
![Page 52: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
THE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE...
PARASITISM MUTUALISM COMMENSALISM
![Page 53: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Food Chains = a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Trophic Levels = each step in a food chain or food web
![Page 54: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
“Heterotrophs”“Consumers”
MainSource Energy flow through an Ecosystem
“Autotrophs”“Producers”
![Page 55: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Carbon CycleNutrient Cycles
![Page 57: Feb 22, 2012. (4) Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c8f5503460f9494881e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Nitrogen CycleProteins
Nitrogen Fixation
78%