Features & Benefits -...

Features & Benefits• Provides practice questions for the

Science Assessment Framework

• Practice for benchmarks eligible forCriterion Reference Testing

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 10 09 08 07 06 05Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 0-07-873245-X

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Contents To the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Grade 8 Strands, Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance Standards . . v

Strand I Scientific Thinking and Practice

Standard I (I.I.I.1–I.I.III.2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Strand I Benchmark Test (I.I.I.1–I.I.III.2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Strand II Content of Science

Standard I Physical Science (II.I.I.1–II.I.III.8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Standard II Life Science (II.II.I.1–II.II.III.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Standard III Earth and Space Science (II.III.I.1–II.III.II.3) . . . . . . 43

Strand II Benchmark Test (II.I.I.1–II.III.II.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Strand III Science and Society

Standard I (III.I.I.1–III.I.I.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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To the StudentIn today’s world, knowing science is important for thinking critically, solving problems, and

making decisions. But understanding science sometimes can be a challenge.

Mastering the New Mexico Science Assessment Framework provides an opportunity for you toprepare for the state science assessment. Each question is correlated to the standards on the NewMexico Science Assessment Framework for Science for Grade 8.

New MexicoGrade 8 Standards, Benchmarks, and Performance StandardsStrand I: Scientific Thinking and PracticeStandard I: Understand the processes of scientific investigations and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting, and

validating to think critically.

Benchmark I: Use scientific methods to develop questions, design and conduct experiments using appropriate technologies, analyze and evaluateresults, make predictions, and communicate findings.1. Evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of data and observations.2. Use a variety of technologies to gather, analyze, and interpret scientific data.3. Know how to recognize and explain anomalous data.

Benchmark II: Understand the processes of scientific investigation and how scientific inquiry results in scientific knowledge.1. Examine alternative explanations for observations.2. Describe ways in which science differs from other ways of knowing and from other bodies of knowledge (e.g., experimentation, logical arguments, skepticism).3. Know that scientific knowledge is built on questions posed as testable hypotheses, which are tested until the results are accepted by peers.

Benchmark III: Use mathematical ideas, tools, and techniques to understand scientific knowledge.1. Use mathematical expressions and techniques to explain data and observations and to communicate findings (e.g., formulas and equations, significant figures,

graphing, sampling, estimation, mean).2. Create models to describe phenomena.

Strand II: Content of ScienceStandard I (Physical Science): Understand the structure and properties of matter, the characteristics of energy, and the interactions

between matter and energy.

Benchmark I: Know the forms and properties of matter and how matter interacts.Properties of Matter1. Know how to use density, boiling point, freezing point, conductivity, and color to identify various substances.2. Distinguish between metals and non-metals.3. Understand the differences among elements, compounds, and mixtures by:

• classification of materials as elements, compounds, or mixtures• interpretation of chemical formulas• separation of mixtures into compounds by methods including evaporation, filtration, screening, magnetism.

Structure of Matter4. Identify the protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom and describe their locations (i.e., in the nucleus or in motion outside the nucleus).5. Explain that elements are organized in the periodic table according to their properties.6. Know that compounds are made of two or more elements, but not all sets of elements can combine to form compounds.

Changes in Matter7. Know that phase changes are physical changes that can be reversed (e.g., evaporation, condensation, melting).8. Describe various familiar physical and chemical changes that occur naturally (e.g., snow melting, photosynthesis, rusting, burning).9. Identify factors that influence the rate at which chemical reactions occur (e.g., temperature, concentration).10. Know that chemical reactions can absorb energy (endothermic reactions) or release energy (exothermic reactions).

Benchmark II: Explain the physical processes involved in the transfer, change, and conservation of energy.Energy Transformation1. Know that energy exists in many forms and that when energy is transformed some energy is usually converted to heat.2. Know that kinetic energy is a measure of the energy of an object in motion and potential energy is a measure of an object’s position or composition, including:

• transformation of gravitational potential energy of position into kinetic energy of motion by a falling object.3. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy.4. Know that electrical energy is the flow of electrons through electrical conductors that connect sources of electrical energy to points of use, including:

• electrical current paths through parallel and series circuits• production of electricity by fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants, wind generators, geothermal plants, and solar cells• use of electricity by appliances and equipment (e.g., calculators, hair dryers, light bulbs, motors).

Waves5. Understand how light and radio waves carry energy through vacuum or matter by:

• straight-line travel unless an object is encountered• reflection by a mirror, refraction by a lens, absorption by a dark object• separation of white light into different wavelengths by prisms• visibility of objects due to light emission or scattering.

6. Understand that vibrations of matter (e.g., sound, earthquakes, water waves) carry wave energy, including:• sound transmission through solids, liquids, and gases• relationship of pitch and loudness of sound to rate and distance (amplitude) of vibration• ripples made by objects dropped in water.

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Benchmark III: Describe and explain forces that produce motion in objects.

Forces1. Know that there are fundamental forces in nature (e.g., gravity, electromagnetic forces, nuclear forces).2. Know that a force has both magnitude and direction.3. Analyze the separate forces acting on an object at rest or in motion (e.g., gravity, elastic forces, friction), including how multiple forces reinforce or cancel one another

to result in a net force that acts on an object.4. Know that electric charge produces electrical fields and magnets produce magnetic fields.5. Know how a moving magnetic field can produce an electric current (generator) and how an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnet).6. Know that Earth has a magnetic field.

Motion7. Know that an object’s motion is always described relative to some other object or point (i.e., frame of reference).8. Understand and apply Newton’s Laws of Motion:

• Objects in motion will continue in motion and objects at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force (inertia).• If a greater force is applied to an object a proportionally greater acceleration will occur.• If an object has more mass the effect of an applied force is proportionally less.

Standard II (Life Science): Understand the properties, structures, and processes of living things and the interdependence of living thingsand their environments.

Benchmark I: Explain the diverse structures and functions of living things and the complex relationships between living things and theirenvironments.1. Describe how matter moves through ecosystems (e.g., water cycle, carbon cycle). 2. Describe how energy flows through ecosystems (e.g., sunlight, green plants, food for animals).3. Explain how a change in the flow of energy can impact an ecosystem (e.g., the amount of sunlight available for plant growth, global climate change).

Benchmark II: Understand how traits are passed from one generation to the next and how species evolve1. Understand that living organisms are made mostly of molecules consisting of a limited number of elements (e.g., carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen).2. Identify DNA as the chemical compound involved in heredity in living organisms. 3. Describe the widespread role of carbon in the chemistry of living systems.

Benchmark III: Understand the structure of organisms and the function of cells in living systems.1. Describe how cells use chemical energy obtained from food to conduct cellular functions (i.e., respiration). 2. Explain that photosynthesis in green plants captures the energy from the sun and stores it chemically.3. Describe how chemical substances can influence cellular activity (e.g., pH).

Standard III (Earth and Space Science): Understand the structure of Earth, the solar system, and the universe, theinterconnections among them, and the processes and interactions of Earth’s systems.

Benchmark I: Describe how the concepts of energy, matter, and force can be used to explain the observed behavior of the solar system, the universe,and their structures.1. Understand how energy from the sun and other stars, in the form of light, travels long distances to reach Earth.2. Explain how the properties of light (e.g., emission, reflection, refraction) emitted from the sun and stars are used to learn about the universe, including:

• distances in the solar system and the universe• temperatures of different stars.

3. Understand how gravitational force acts on objects in the solar system and the universe, including:• similar action on masses on Earth and on other objects in the solar system• explanation of the orbits of the planets around the sun.

Benchmark II: Describe the structure of Earth and its atmosphere and explain how energy, matter, and forces shape Earth’s systems.1. Describe the role of pressure (and heat) in the rock cycle.2. Understand the unique role water plays on Earth, including:

• ability to remain liquid at most Earth temperatures• properties of water related to processes in the water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, surface run-off, percolation• dissolving of minerals and gases and transport to the oceans• fresh and salt water in oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers• reactant in photosynthesis.

3. Understand the geologic conditions that have resulted in energy resources (e.g., oil, coal, natural gas) available in New Mexico.

Strand III: Science and Society

Standard I: Understand how scientific discoveries, inventions, practices, and knowledge influence, and are influenced by, individuals and societies.

Benchmark I: Explain how scientific discoveries and inventions have changed individuals and societies.1. Analyze the interrelationship between science and technology (e.g., germ theory, vaccines). 2. Describe how scientific information can help to explain environmental phenomena (e.g., floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fire, extreme weather).3. Describe how technological revolutions have significantly influenced societies (e.g., energy production, warfare, space exploration).4. Critically analyze risks and benefits associated with technologies related to energy production.

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1

Name: Date: Class:Scientific Thinking and Practice

1. The results in the table shown belowindicate that acid rain has a negative effecton plant growth.

How could the reproducibility of thisexperiment be improved?

A. By increasing the amount of water used

B. By increasing the number of plantstested

C. By decreasing the acidity of the acid rainwater

D. By eliminating the plant treated withrain water

2. Chen measured the temperatures in Juneand July for two consecutive years andnoticed that the average temperature foreach month increased by 2°C. Hisconclusion that the climate in his area waswarming was based on—

F. inaccurate data.

G. sound evidence.

H. too few data points.

J. too long a time period.

PlantExperiment

Duration(days)

HeightIncreaseDuring

Experiment(cm)

Mass ofPot and Plant

at End ofExperiment

(kg)

1: watered with rainwater

240 18 22.5

2: watered with acid rainwater 240 11 16.1

3. The table below shows the pH level and fishpopulation of a lake.

The accuracy of the information in thetable could be questioned if—

A. the amount of rainfall varied annually.

B. weight of the fish had not been recorded.

C. the pH meter had not been calibrated.

D. streams flowing into the lake hadchanged pH over the same period.

4. Donald is planning to study the size ofsquirrel populations in two small patches offorest. One forest is surrounded byfarmland, and the other is in a city park.The most accurate information wouldresult from counting the squirrels inpatches of—

F. the same size and in the same habitat ineach forest.

G. the same size but in different habitats ineach forest.

H. different sizes but in the same habitat ineach forest.

J. different sizes and in different habitats ineach forest.

1940

1950

1960

1970

5.9

5.5

4.9

4.2

Year pH level Numberof Fish

abundant

many

few

very few

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSChoose the best answer for each of the following questions. Mark your answers on the answer sheetprovided by your teacher.

Strand I (I.I.I.1)

5. Elsa designed an experiment to find the life span of the brand of lightbulbs her family uses. Sherecorded the day and time one new bulb was put in a lamp, and she recorded the day and time itburned out. Elsa calculated the life span of the bulb by determining the difference between thedate and time she first used the bulb and the date and time it burned out. How could Elsachange her procedure to make her result more accurate? How could Elsa change her procedureto see if her result is typical of bulbs of that brand?

OPEN-RESPONSE QUESTIONWrite your answer to the following question on the lined answer sheet provided by your teacher.

1. Which of these technologies would be mostuseful to a scientist trying to analyze theeffect on global climate of an increase inEarth’s average temperature?

A. Doppler radar

B. A digital thermometer

C. A computer-generated mathematicalmodel

D. A weather balloon that can reach theupper atmosphere

2. Scientists sent a seismometer to Mars todetermine if Mars has—

F. a solid core.

G. an atmosphere.

H. moisture in the soil.

J. a magnetic field.

3. Which of these technologies has mostincreased scientists’ ability to gather largenumbers of data during an experiment?

A. Printer

B. Internet

C. Keyboards

D. Hard drives

4. Orbiting satellites have been most useful inpredicting—

F. tides.

G. weather.

H. eclipses.

J. earthquakes.


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5. For each of the following, identify a scientific tool or type of technology that would be useful forexamining it. Explain how the tool or technology would be useful.

A. the moons of Jupiter

B. a human skin cell

C. the chemical makeup of the soil on the planet Mars

D. the composition of an unknown powder


Strand I (I.I.I.2)

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1. Sometimes you can see that a measurementis incorrect because its value isunreasonable. Which of these measuredvalues is unreasonable?

A. The temperature of the ice water was0.2°C.

B. The diameter of the basketball was 24 cm.

C. The time for a stone to fall 20 m was 2.0 s.

D. The average speed of the winning racecar was 2.4 km/h.

2. Javier measured the temperature outside hishouse and recorded the results in the tablebelow.

He thinks he may have made a mistakewhen he recorded the nine o’clock reading.Which of these would most help Javier tellif the nine o’clock reading is incorrect?

F. Comparing the nine o’clock reading tothe lowest reading

G. Comparing the nine o’clock reading tothe highest reading

H. Comparing the average of all thereadings to the nine o’clock reading

J. Comparing the nine o’clock reading toreadings two hours earlier and twohours later

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

Temperature(°C)

9

12

17

17

19

Morning Temperatures

A.M.

Time

A.M.

A.M.

A.M.

A.M.

3. A technician measured the surface-level saltconcentration of the water in several areasof a saltwater tank. The results for the firstfour of the samples were about the same.The result for the fifth sample was 10 timesgreater than the average of the first four.Which is the most likely explanation for thedifference?

A. The technician misplaced a decimalpoint.

B. The difference was caused by randomerror.

C. The fifth sample was from a saltier partof the tank.

D. The fifth sample became saltier while thetechnician measured the others.

4. A scientist measured the temperature of areaction as it proceeded. The temperaturesshe recorded are plotted on the graph below.

Which point could the scientist ignorewhen drawing a curve to describe thereaction?

F. Point A

G. Point B

H. Point C

J. Point D

0 2 4 6 8 10 1215

20

25

30

35

A

B

D

C

Time (minutes)

Reaction Temperature

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)


Strand I (I.I.I.3)

5. Sometimes scientists discard data if they do not fit the pattern of the other data and if there is agood reason to think they are incorrect. Give two reasons why data could be incorrect.


1. During a September field study, Tanneycounted 45 flowering asters per acre. InOctober he counted 12 flowering asters peracre in the same field. In November noasters were flowering in the field. Heconcluded that most asters bloom inSeptember. Since he had data for only threemonths, which of the following is a betterexplanation for Tanney’s data?

A. Asters never bloom in November.

B. Aster blooms decrease after September.

C. The only time asters do not bloom isNovember.

D. The only time asters bloom is Septemberand October.

2. Alfred had a hypothesis that earthquakesare caused by solar eclipses. Lookingthrough historical records for the last 100years, he found seven cases of majorearthquakes that occurred within a monthof a solar eclipse. Scientists would challengeAlfred’s hypothesis for which of thefollowing reasons?

F. Alfred did not have a large enoughsample size.

G. Alfred should have included lunareclipses in his data.

H. Alfred looked only for evidence thatsupported his hypothesis.

J. Alfred did not include other naturaldisasters in his investigation.

3. An employer records which days of theweek his employees call in sick. When heobserves that 40% of the sick days are eithera Monday or a Friday, he says that thisproves that, instead of being sick, employeesare taking three-day weekends. Which ofthese is the best alternative conclusion thatcan be drawn from the employer’sobservation?

A. Only 40% of the employees ever get sick.

B. People tend to get sick after a weekend.

C. People tend to get sick after four days ofwork.

D. There is no apparent trend in which daysare taken as sick days.

4. Linda has observed that Shaun’s eyes lookgreen when he wears glasses and they lookblue when he doesn’t wear glasses. Lindaconcludes that Shaun’s eyes are really bluebut his glasses make them harder to see.Which of these is the most likely alternativeexplanation of Linda’s observation?

F. Sean’s glasses need new lenses.

G. Sean’s eye color changes with his mood.

H. Sean sometimes wears blue-tintedcontact lenses.

J. Sean’s eyes change color when heremoves his glasses.


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5. The average life expectancy in India is 63 years. The average life expectancy in the United Statesis 77 years. It is known that most Americans eat meat and most Indians do not eat meat. Thisobservation could lead to the conclusion that eating meat makes people live longer. Give twoalternative explanations for this difference in life expectancy.


Strand I (I.I.II.1)

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1. Which of these questions cannot beaddressed using the scientific method?

A. How fast does light travel?

B. How far is the moon from the sun?

C. What happened before the Big Bang?

D. When did dinosaurs roam Earth?

2. Which of these questions could not be thesubject of a scientific study?

F. Why is the sky blue?

G. Which brand of soft drink tastes best?

H. Which birds migrate south in thewinter?

J. Why do offspring share the traits of theirparents?

3. Which of these would not be acharacteristic of a correctly conductedscientific experiment?

A. Establishes absolute truth

B. Yields reproducible results

C. Leads to other experiments

D. Is a continuation of previous work

4. Which of these attitudes is most useful forscientists to have when designingexperiments and analyzing data?

F. Skepticism about established theories

G. Ability to ignore criticism of theirmethods

H. Ability to keep their experimentalmethods secret

J. Willingness to ignore data that do notsupport a hypothesis


5. Describe two ways that a scientific drawing of a rose in a botany textbook would be differentfrom an artist’s painting.


Strand I (I.I.II.2)

1. When scientists complete an experiment,they submit a report to other scientists, whocheck the report to see if it is reliableenough to publish as an article in ascientific journal. An article might not getpublished if—

A. it conflicts with accepted theories.

B. it reports results that cannot bereproduced.

C. it includes scientific terms unknown tothe average person.

D. it deals with an experiment that hasbeen performed in the past.

2. Which of these is the most importantfeature of a hypothesis?

F. It can be tested.

G. It is obviously true.

H. It has already led to many experiments.

J. It has been suggested by many scientists.

3. Which of the following is in the form of ahypothesis?

A. Was there ever life on Mars?

B. There once was life on Mars.

C. Life on Mars was created by a deity.

D. What kinds of life forms could live onMars?

4. Which of these is the best evidence that ahypothesis is supported?

F. The hypothesis sounds more logical thanother hypotheses.

G. The hypothesis is consistent with data inthe form of numbers.

H. The hypothesis was proposed by severalscientists at the same time.

J. Results of several groups of scientists areconsistent with the hypothesis.


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5. Sofia has several cactus plants in her house. She seldom waters them, and they seldom bloom.Write a hypothesis about what causes cactus plants to bloom that Sofia would be able to test.Describe briefly how Sofia could test the hypothesis.


Strand I (I.I.II.3)

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1. The graph shows the distance traveled bytwo walkers during a walkathon.

According to the graph,—

A. only John walked on a straight path.

B. Michael and John walked the samedistance.

C. Michael walked half his total distanceafter 30 minutes.

D. Michael had walked farther than John atthe 40-minute mark.

2. A bird flew for 120 minutes at a constantspeed of 30 km/h. How far did the bird fly?

F. 15 km

G. 24 km

H. 40 km

J. 60 km

Time (minutes)

JohnM

icha

el

Walkathon

Dis

tan

ce w

alke

d (

mile

s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

3. The forces required to move race cars canbe very large. In order to determine the netforce needed to move a 600-kg race carfrom 0 to 30 m/s in 4.0 s using F � ma,what would you need to determine first?(F � force, m � mass, a � acceleration)

A. The average speed of the race car from0–4.0 s

B. The average acceleration of the race carfrom 0–4.0 s

C. The distance the race car traveled from0–4.0 s

D. The kinetic energy of the race car from0–4.0 s

4. The table below shows average monthlytemperatures in a forest.

What is the mean temperature during thesummer months of June, July, and August?

F. 25°C

G. 28°C

H. 30°C

J. 33°C

April

May

June

July

August

5

15

25

32

33

MonthAverage

Temperature (¡C)


Strand I (I.I.III.1)

5. Rodney measured the tails of 15 of his friends’ cats to try to determine a cat’s average tail length.The shortest cat tail he measured was 27.0 cm, and the longest was 33.3 cm. From these twonumbers, he calculated and recorded the mean length to be 30.15 cm. In terms of significantfigures, what mistake did Rodney make in recording the mean length? What would have been amore reliable method of calculating the mean length?


1. Which of the following is not a reason thatscientists use models?

A. To describe phenomena

B. To simplify complex phenomena

C. To explain every detail of phenomena

D. To predict how phenomena will react tochange

2. In an experiment, a model can help ascientist—

F. predict the exact results of anyexperiment.

G. avoid having to actually perform anexperiment.

H. explain the theory on which theexperiment is based.

J. make an exact copy of something thatcannot be studied directly.

3. Which of these materials would be mostuseful in making models to show thedifference between how molecules arearranged in liquid water and how they arearranged in ice?

A. A golf ball and a baseball

B. A glass of water and a tray of ice cubes

C. Fifty small containers of water and 50 icecubes

D. Two large glass containers and 100 tabletennis balls

4. Oxygen atoms are larger than hydrogenatoms. A molecule of water (H2O) containsone oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.If balls represent atoms, and sticks representbonds between atoms, which of these couldyou use to make a model of a watermolecule?

F. One small ball, two large balls, and twosticks

G. Two small balls, one large ball, and twosticks

H. Three balls, one long stick, and twoshort sticks

J. Three balls, one short stick, and twolong sticks


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5. Describe two scientific models that could be used to explain or illustrate objects, groups ofobjects, theories, or events.


Strand I (I.I.III.2)

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Name: Date: Class:

1. Monroe designed an experiment to see ifgiving bean plants vitamin B would makethem grow faster. He planted two beanseeds. He gave vitamin B to one seedlingand none to the other. How could Monroemake his experiment more reproducible?

A. Give both plants vitamin B.

B. Include corn plants in the experiment.

C. Give more water to the plant that got novitamin B.

D. Increase the number of bean plants inhis experiment.

2. Which of these scientific tools ortechnologies would be best for determiningthe chemical composition of a liquid foundat a crime scene?

F. X-ray machine

G. Gas chromatography

H. Optical microscope

J. Magnetic resonance imaging

3. Which of these is the most testablehypothesis?

A. Vitamin C is the best vitamin.

B. Vitamin C will eventually eradicate thecommon cold.

C. Vitamin C can react with chemicalscalled free radicals.

D. Not taking vitamin C causes humans toget the common cold.

4. The chart below shows the number ofcalories per serving for five food items.

Which of these graphs represents the datain the chart?

F.

G.

H.

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45040035030025020015010050

Pizza

Yogu

rt

Lem

on

cake

Chicke

n

Fren

ch

fries

Cal

ori

es/s

ervi

ng

Food Item Calories per Serving

Pizza 360

Yogurt 180

Chicken 350

380Lemon cake

440French fries


Strand I (I.I.I.1–I.I.III.2) Benchmark Test

5. When we watch a sunset, we observe the beauty of the colors, but most people do not makescientific observations of a sunset. Describe two scientific observations that could be made as thesun is setting.


1. Robert wants to identify six unknownelements. He plans to first separate theminto metals and nonmetals, based on theirelectrical conductivity. Which of these toolscould he use to measure electricalconductivity?

A. Ruler

B. Balance

C. Voltmeter

D. Thermometer

2. The properties of three minerals are listedin the table below.

You have three unknown minerals. Youknow that they are amblygonite, ankerite, orarsenomarcasite. Which of their propertiesmust you know in order to identify all threefrom the information in the table?

F. Only density

G. Only hardness

H. Density and color

J. Hardness and density

Mineral

Amblygonite

Ankerite

Arsenomarcasite

Color

White,green,blue, oryellow

White,greenor red

Silver or white

Hardness on theMohs Scale

6

3 12 –4

–65 12

3–3.1

2.9–3.2

5.9–6.2

Density (g/cm3)

3. Aretha has 10 small, hard objects of varioussizes, made of 10 different materials thatshe wants to classify according to density.The objects’ densities range from 0.2 g/cm3

to 3.0 g/cm3. Which of the materials belowwould be best to use to separate the objectsinto a high-density group and a low-densitygroup?

A. A voltmeter

B. A thermometer

C. A measuring tape

D. A beaker of water

4. The element chlorine is a gas at roomtemperature, and the element bromine is aliquid at room temperature. Thisinformation shows that, of the twoelements, chlorine has a—

F. lower volume.

G. higher density.

H. lower boiling point.

J. higher melting point.


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Name: Date: Class:Physical Science

5. Unknown materials often can be identified by their properties. Identify two properties that canbe measured (not simply observed) in the laboratory and that can help to identify an unknownmaterial. For each of the properties you choose, briefly describe what tools and materials youneed to measure it.


Strand II (II.I.I.1)

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11


1. Which of these elements is not a metal?

A. Iron

B. Nickel

C. Calcium

D. Phosphorus

2. Which of these is a property of mostnonmetals?

F. Having a hard, shiny surface

G. Being a good conductor of heat

H. Being a poor conductor of electricity

J. Being easily bent into different shapes

3. Which of these properties of metals is themain reason they are used to make pots andpans for cooking?

A. High density

B. Reaction with nonmetals

C. Good conduction of heat

D. Good electrical conduction

4. Which of these statements about reactivityis correct?

F. Nonmetals do not react with metals.

G. Nonmetals do not react with each other.

H. Metals react most readily withnonmetals.

J. Metals react most readily with eachother.


5. Describe two tests that can be performed to distinguish a metal from a nonmetal solid. Tellwhich is identified by each test.



1. Which of these is not an element orcompound?

A. Salt

B. Brass

C. Carbon

D. Propane

2. Ethylene glycol, the major ingredient inantifreeze, can be represented by thechemical formula C2H4(OH)2. Onemolecule of ethylene glycol contains—

F. two atoms of carbon, four atoms ofhydrogen, and one atom of oxygen.

G. two atoms of carbon, five atoms ofhydrogen, and one atom of oxygen.

H. two atoms of carbon, four atoms ofhydrogen, and two atoms of oxygen.

J. two atoms of carbon, six atoms ofhydrogen, and two atoms of oxygen.

3. In the models shown below, the darkspheres represent carbon atoms and thelighter spheres represent oxygen atoms.

How many of the models representcompounds?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. Four

4. Which of these mixtures could be separatedinto two pure compounds by filtration?

F. Salt water

G. Soda water

H. Soil and water

J. Silver chloride and water


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5. A diver surfaced from a sunken treasure ship with a bucket containing sand, salt water, iron nails,and gold coins. Describe how you would use the tools shown below to separate the contents ofthe bucket into sand, salt crystals, iron, and gold.

Magnet Screen Filter Hot plate Beaker



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13


1. Which of these particles are located in thenucleus of an atom?

A. Only neutrons

B. Only electrons

C. Protons and neutrons

D. Electrons and protons

2. The diagram below represents a lithiumatom. Some of its particles are numbered.

Which of the numbered particles areelectrons?

F. 1 only

G. 1 and 2

H. 3 and 4

J. 1, 2, and 3

2

1

4 3

3. The hydrogen atom is the smallest atom. Ahydrogen atom is made of—

A. one proton in motion about a neutron.

B. one electron in motion about a proton.

C. one proton in motion about an electron.

D. one neutron in motion about anelectron and a proton.

4. Most of the mass of an atom is in a regioncalled the—

F. bond.

G. neutron.

H. nucleus.

J. molecule.


5. Carbon is the most important element for life. A carbon atom has six protons, six neutrons, andsix electrons. Draw a simple model of a carbon atom. Label the nucleus as well as each of theparticles.



1. An unknown element that will not reactwith any other element is most likely a—

A. metal.

B. halogen.

C. noble gas.

D. nonmetal.

2. The portion of the periodic table shownbelow has five elements in various locationsnoted by letters, not by their symbols.

Which element would be expected to havechemical properties similar to those ofelement A?

F. W

G. X

H. Y

J. Z

Periodic TableGroup Number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

AX

YZ

W

3. Elements in the far right column of theperiodic table are called inert gases becausethey are—

A. dense.

B. solid.

C. colorless.

D. unreactive.

4. Dmitri Mendeleev devised the first periodictable many years ago. He arranged theelements in his table according to—

F. their importance.

G. alphabetical order.

H. their chemical properties.

J. when they were discovered.


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5. A portion of the periodic table of the elements is shown below.

Write the symbols for two elements that have chemical properties similar to those of chlorine. Writethe symbols of the two elements whose atoms have masses closest to the mass of a chlorine atom.

Periodic Table of the Elements

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Synthetic

Hydrogen1H

1.008

Lithium3Li

6.941

Sodium11Na

22.990

Potassium19K

39.098

Calcium20Ca

40.078

Scandium21Sc

44.956

Titanium22Ti

47.867

Vanadium23V

50.942

Chromium24Cr

51.996

Manganese25Mn

54.938

Iron26Fe

55.845

Cobalt27Co

58.933

Magnesium12Mg

24.305

Beryllium4

Be9.012

1A1

12A2

2

3

4

93B3

4B4

5B5

6B6

7B7

Helium2

He4.003

Nickel28Ni

58.693

Copper29Cu

63.546

Zinc30Zn

65.39

Gallium31Ga

69.723

Germanium32Ge

72.64

Arsenic33As

74.922

Selenium34Se

78.96

Bromine35Br

79.904

Krypton36Kr

83.80

Aluminum13Al

26.982

Silicon14Si

28.086

Phosphorus15P

30.974

Sulfur16S

32.065

Chlorine17Cl

35.453

Argon18Ar

39.948

Boron5B

10.811

Carbon6C

12.011

Nitrogen7N

14.007

Oxygen8O

15.999

Fluorine9F

18.998

Neon10Ne

20.180

101B11

2B12

3A13

4A14

5A15

6A16

7A17

8A18

8B8

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15


1. Which of these sentences correctly explainswhat a compound is?

A. A compound is made of two or moreatoms.

B. A compound is made of two or moreelements.

C. A compound is the smallest particle ofan element.

D. A compound is the smallest particle of amolecule.

2. Which of these types of elements are mostlikely to combine to form a compound?

F. Two different metals

G. A metal and a nonmetal

H. A noble gas and a metal

J. Two different noble gases

3. Which of these chemical formulasrepresents a compound?

A. Br2

B. CO

C. Na

D. O3

4. FeS is not magnetic. A blend of Fe and S is apowder with magnetic properties. Fromthese observations, you should concludethat—

F. FeS is a mixture.

G. FeS is a compound.

H. FeS is a new element.

J. FeS forms Fe and S very easily.


5. Incandescent light bulbs contain argon (Ar) gas. The presence of air would reduce the life oflight bulbs considerably. To what family of elements does argon belong? What characteristic domembers of this family have in common?



1. Which of these changes is a physical changebut not a chemical change?

A. Rotting

B. Rusting

C. Burning

D. Freezing

2. Which of these changes can be reversed by achange in temperature?

F. Bread baking

G. Wood decaying

H. Milk turning sour

J. Water evaporating

3. Which of these is a phase change?

A. Metal melting

B. Bubbles popping

C. A cookie crumbling

D. A balloon expanding

4. Why is a change of phase considered to be aphysical change and not a chemical change?

F. A material changes shape.

G. It depends on temperature.

H. No new material is formed.

J. The change occurs naturally.


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5. Identify two phase changes that occur in most solids when they are heated to a very hightemperature. What two phase changes occur in most gases when the temperature is lowered to avery low temperature?



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17


1. Which of these describes a physical change?

A. Wood turning to pure carbon as it burns

B. Grass being broken down in thedigestive tract of a cow

C. Copper tarnishing as it reacts withoxygen in the air

D. Water molecules in vapor comingtogether to form water droplets in acloud

2. Which of these involves a chemical change?

F. Ice melting

G. Iron rusting

H. Glass breaking

J. Chalk crumbling

3. Which of these is not evidence that achemical reaction may have taken place?

A. A cube of a solid forms a puddle ofliquid.

B. Heating a blue solid turns the materialwhite.

C. Bubbles are given off when a solid isadded to a liquid.

D. A precipitate forms when two liquids aremixed together.

4. Which of these natural processes involves achemical change?

F. Freezing water splits a large boulder.

G. Limestone is worn away by acid rain.

H. A moving glacier gouges out a valley.

J. A rock face in a desert is polished byblowing sand.


5. A mountain lake is shown at the right.

The picture includes living andnonliving things. Describe twonaturally occurring changes thatcould be taking place in this scenethat are physical changes. You mayinclude changes that would resultfrom a change in temperature.Describe two naturally occurringchemical changes that could betaking place in this picture. Thechange need not be completelyvisible.



1. Which of these changes in reactionconditions would be least likely to speed upa chemical reaction?

A. Higher pressure

B. Increased moisture

C. Lower temperature

D. Smaller particle size

2. Which of these changes in reactionconditions will not increase the rate of achemical reaction?

F. Increasing the stirring rate of reactants

G. Increasing the temperature of reactants

H. Decreasing the concentration ofreactants

J. Decreasing the particle size of solidreactants

3. The remains of ancient desert civilizationsare much better preserved than the remainsof ancient jungle civilizations. This isbecause reactions that cause decay arespeeded up by—

A. high moisture

B. low moisture

C. high pressure

D. low pressure

4. Which of these describes the basic functionof a refrigerator?

F. To begin chemical changes

G. To reverse chemical changes

H. To stop chemical changes

J. To slow down chemical changes


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5. A concentrated acid is added to water. Next, a piece of metal is added. The acid slowly reactswith the metal. Describe two ways you could change the conditions in order to speed up thereaction. For each change, tell whether you would make it at the beginning or during theexperiment.



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19


1. Theresa was observing a chemical reactionand concluded it was exothermic. Which ofthese observations could have led Theresato this conclusion?

A. The reaction proceeded slowly.

B. The reaction proceeded rapidly.

C. The final products were colder than thereactants.

D. The final products were warmer than thereactants.

2. An endothermic reaction is defined as areaction that—

F. has an overall heat release.

G. has an overall heat absorption.

H. has more reactants than products.

J. has more products than reactants.

3. The table below contains descriptions offour chemical reactions.

Which of the reactions is(are) exothermic?

A. I only

B. II only

C. I and IV

D. II and III

4. If you wanted a chemical change to supplythe energy needed to boil water, which ofthe following would you choose?

F. A catalyzed reaction

G. An exothermic reaction

H. An endothermic reaction

J. A thermochemical reaction

I H2O H2 � O2

II glucose � oxygen carbon dioxide � water

III CH4 � 2O2 CO2 � 2H2O

IV 2C � H2 C2H2

Absorbs energy

Releases energy

Releases energy

Absorbs energy

Chemical Reaction Energy Change

12


5. Hot packs and cold packs have been invented for use whenever a hot or cold compress is neededto treat an injury or for use in emergency survival situations. When a seal in the pack is broken,chemicals mix together, causing the pack to become either hot or cold. Is the reaction in a coldpack exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer. Is the reaction in a hot pack exothermicor endothermic? Explain your answer.



1. Which of these energy conversions takesplace in the photovoltaic cells used to powera solar car?

A. Light energy is converted to heat energy.

B. Chemical energy is converted to lightenergy.

C. Heat energy is converted to electricalenergy.

D. Light energy is converted to electricalenergy.

2. A hydroelectric power plant is shownbelow.

What energy transformations take place asthis plant makes energy available to homesand businesses?

F. Kinetic energy → potential energy →electrical energy

G. Potential energy → kinetic energy →electrical energy

H. Potential energy → electrical energy →kinetic energy

J. Kinetic energy → electrical energy →potential energy

Spillway

Turbine Generator

Dam

3. The playground swing shown below is atype of pendulum.

Why does the swing come to a stopeventually if no effort is applied to keep itswinging?

A. Objects in motion tend to come to astop.

B. The force of gravity pulls the swing to astop.

C. Friction transforms kinetic energy intoheat energy.

D. The kinetic energy is transformed intopotential energy.

4. When a machine transfers energy from oneform to another, some energy is always lostin the form of—

F. heat.

G. light.

H. matter.

J. sound.


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5. Gasoline is the fuel that powers most cars. The chemical energy in gasoline is ultimatelyconverted into mechanical energy, which propels the car. Identify the energy conversion thatallows the battery to start the car’s engine. Identify the energy conversion that allows the gasolineto move the pistons of the engine up and down. Describe two ways in which a car, as it operates,loses energy in the form of unusable heat.


Strand II (II.I.II.1)

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21


1. Kinetic energy is a measure of the energyof—

A. an object in motion.

B. an object’s position.

C. the mass of an object.

D. the composition of an object.

2. How is the energy of an object changedwhen it is raised at a constant speed to agreater height?

F. Its kinetic energy is increased.

G. Its kinetic energy is decreased.

H. Its potential energy is increased.

J. Its potential energy is decreased.

3. How does the energy of a hammer changeas it falls from a roof to the ground?

A. Its kinetic and potential energy bothincrease.

B. Its kinetic and potential energy bothdecrease.

C. Its potential energy increases, and itskinetic energy decreases.

D. Its kinetic energy increases, and itspotential energy decreases.

4. When a fuel burns, some of its chemicalenergy changes into heat and light energy.The same atoms are present before andafter a fuel burns. What has happened tocause energy to be released by the burningfuel?

F. The kinetic energy of the atoms hasdecreased.

G. The potential energy of the atoms hasincreased.

H. The positions of the atoms have beenrearranged.

J. The mass of some atoms has beenconverted into energy.


5. A section of a roller coaster track is shown below. There is friction between the track and theroller coaster car’s wheels.

At which of the numbered points onthe track would the roller coaster carhave the greatest gravitationalpotential energy? Explain your answer.At which of the numbered points onthe track would the roller coaster carhave the greatest kinetic energy?Explain your answer.



1

2

3

4

5 6

1. The tables below show energy sourcesseparated into two groups.

The energy sources in Group A are differentfrom the energy sources in Group B in thatonly the energy sources in Group B—

A. are fossil fuels.

B. are renewable resources.

C. come from natural resources.

D. have no effects on the environment.

Energy Source

Hydroelectric

Wind

Solar

Geothermal

Percent of EnergyConsumed in the U.S.

3%

less than 1%

Biomass

less than 1%

less than 1%

less than 1%

Group B

Energy Source

Coal

Natural gas

Petroleum

Nuclear

Percent of EnergyConsumed in the U.S.

25%

25%

35%

8%

Group A

2. Which of these is an example of anonrenewable energy source?

F. Wind

G. Sunlight

H. Firewood

J. Natural gas

3. Crude oil is considered a nonrenewableenergy source because—

A. it cannot be recycled.

B. it takes millions of years to form.

C. its supply is nearly inexhaustible.

D. it is found only in certain locations.

4. Which of these is a form of renewableorganic matter that can be used as anenergy source?

F. Coal oil

G. Petroleum

H. Natural gas

J. Vegetable oil


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5. Identify two disadvantages of using nonrenewable energy sources. Identify one advantage andone disadvantage of using renewable energy sources.



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1. When one bulb burned out in a string ofthe old type of holiday lights, all the otherbulbs went out. The reason for this was thatthe old type of lights were—

A. wired in series.

B. wired in parallel.

C. powered by direct current.

D. powered by alternating current.

2. Most energy sources for electrical powerplants are used to turn generators thatproduce electricity. Which of these energysources can be converted directly toelectrical energy without first beingconverted to mechanical energy?

F. Solar

G. Nuclear

H. Geothermal

J. Hydroelectric

3. Houses and apartments have severalelectrical circuits. Each circuit can handle acertain amount of electricity to power lightsand electrical devices. Each of these circuitsmust—

A. be wired in series.

B. be wired in parallel.

C. have a transformer.

D. have a generator backup.

4. Which of these appliances uses electricity atthe greatest rate?

F.

G.

H.

J.

Table fan

Electric oven

Stereo

100-watt bulb




5. Four electrical devices are shown below.Draw a series circuit that connects thesefour devices, using lines to representelectrical wires. The wires should connect tothe black pegs on each device. Explain whatmakes this a series circuit.

Bat

tery

ON OFF

Switch

1. Energy can be transferred across emptyspace by means of—

A. radiation.

B. refraction.

C. conduction.

D. convection.

2. How does a prism create a rainbow?

F. A prism changes light into energy thathas different wavelengths.

G. Each kind of molecule in the prismreflects a different wavelength.

H. Each kind of molecule in the prismabsorbs a different wavelength.

J. A prism separates white light into thewavelengths of its component colors.

3. In which of these cases could a beam oflight be refracted?

A. When it strikes a black object

B. When it strikes a shiny surface

C. When it passes from one material intoanother

D. When it travels through completelyempty space

4. How does a metal object painted whiteinteract with light?

F. It reflects all wavelengths of white light.

G. It absorbs all wavelengths of white light.

H. It allows only white light to be refracted.

J. It allows only white light to pass throughit.


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5. Describe what happens to light when it strikes a mirror. Describe what happens to light when itstrikes a lens. What does an object that absorbs all wavelengths of white light look like?



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1. Why doesn’t sound travel across completelyempty space?

A. Sound travels in waves.

B. Empty space absorbs sound.

C. Sound can travel only through matter.

D. Gravitational forces scatter and distortsound.

2. Which phases of matter can transmitsound?

F. Only gases

G. Only gases and solids

H. Only gases and liquids

J. Gases, liquids, and solids

3. One way to visualize sound waves movingout from their source is to think of waves ofwater moving out from the spot where arock has been dropped into a pond. Whatkind of water waves would best model avery loud sound?

A. Water waves that are very high

B. Water waves that are very long

C. Water waves that are closely packedtogether

D. Water waves that move very rapidly awayfrom the source

4. Which of the following determines thepitch of a tuned guitar string?

F. How far it vibrates

G. How fast it vibrates

H. How hard it is plucked

H. How quickly it is plucked


5. The words in the list below are all related to sound. Use two of the words in the list to defineloudness. Use two of the words in the list to define pitch.

amplitudefrequencygreathigh long lowshort smallwavelength



1. Which two factors determine the force ofgravity between two objects?

A. Speed and mass

B. Mass and distance

C. Volume and speed

D. Distance and volume

2. Which of these is not one of thefundamental forces of nature?

F. Mass

G. Gravity

H. Nuclear force

J. Electromagnetic force

3. What is the strongest force in nature?

A. Gravity

B. Friction

C. Nuclear force

D. Electromagnetic force

4. Which of these forces can both attract andrepel?

F. Friction

G. Air resistance

H. The force between two electrical charges

J. The force between two objects with mass


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5. Identify the force that holds Earth in its orbit around the sun. Give one other example of aneffect of this force.


Strand II (II.I.III.1)

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27


1. The car shown below is moving forward.

Which arrow shows the direction in whichthe force of air resistance acts on themoving car?

A. Arrow 1

B. Arrow 2

C. Arrow 3

D. Arrow 4

2. Which of these pairs of values is needed todefine a force?

F. Speed and mass

G. Direction and speed

H. Mass and magnitude

J. Magnitude and direction

2

3

4

1

3. What is needed to represent the force that aperson’s feet exert on the floor?

A. The person’s height and an arrowpointing up

B. The person’s weight and an arrowpointing up

C. The person’s height and an arrowpointing down

D. The person’s weight and an arrowpointing down

4. What is needed to describe the force thatthe tabletop exerts on the book shownbelow?

F. The weight of the table and an arrowpointing up

G. The weight of the book and an arrowpointing up

H. The weight of the table and an arrowpointing down

J. The weight of the book and an arrowpointing down


5. In the picture below, a ball is shown rolling down a hill.

Draw an arrow to show the direction inwhich the force of friction is acting on theball, and label it F. Draw an arrow to showthe direction in which the force of gravityis acting on the ball, and label it G.



1. Maria is trying to move a sofa to the otherside of her living room. The sofa is notmoving, so she pushes harder and harder.When will the sofa begin to move?

A. When the force of gravity is greater thanthe force of friction

B. When the force of friction is greater thanthe force of gravity

C. When the force of Maria’s push is greaterthan the force of gravity

D. When the force of Maria’s push is greaterthan the force of friction

2. Four forces, shown by four arrows, areacting on the object shown below.

The length of each arrow represents themagnitude of that force. In which directionwill the object move?

F. East

G. West

H. Southeast

J. Northwest

OBJECT

N

3. When does a sky diver stop accelerating andbegin to fall at a constant velocity?

A. When the force of air resistance equalszero

B. When the net force on the sky diver isgreater than zero

C. When the force of air resistance equalsthe force of gravity

D. When the force of air resistance isgreater than the force of gravity

4. The children below are playing a game oftug-of-war.

The children are evenly matched, and therope is not moving. How would the forcesexerted on the rope by the children berepresented?

F. One arrow pointing up

G. One arrow pointing down

H. Two horizontal arrows of equal lengthpointing toward the center

J. Two horizontal arrows of equal lengthpointing away from the center


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5. The four forces that act on an airplane are thrust, weight, drag, and lift. Which pairs of forcesoppose each other? If the airplane is flying at a constant speed, in the same direction, and at thesame altitude, how do the magnitudes of the opposing forces compare with each other? If theairplane begins to climb at a constant speed, how do the magnitudes of opposing forces comparewith each other?



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1. Which of these statements about magnets istrue?

A. A permanent magnet can be made fromany metal.

B. The north and south poles of magnetsrepel each other.

C. A magnet can exert a force on an objectwithout touching it.

D. A magnet with only one pole can exist atvery low temperatures.

2. A charged object is shown in the diagrambelow.

At which position is the electric field thestrongest?

F. The field is the strongest at position 1.

G. The field is the strongest at position 2.

H. The field is the same at both positions.

J. It is impossible to determine, becausethe field varies over time.

+

2

1

3. How are electric fields and magnetic fieldsdifferent from gravitational fields?

A. They can exert repulsive forces.

B. They can be blocked by solid material.

C. Their strength does not depend ondistance.

D. They can affect objects only by touchingthem.

4. Which of these is true of both electricallycharged objects and magnetized objects?

F. Both can give an electric shock.

G. Both objects must be made of iron.

H. Both objects are surrounded by invisiblefields.

J. Both lose their charge or magnetism ifconnected to the ground.


5. Two pairs of bar magnets and two pairs of electrically charged objects are shown below.

Describe the forces acting on each pair.

N S N SN S S N



1. Moving electrical charges are surroundedby—

A. static electricity.

B. an insulating material.

C. an oppositely charged field.

D. both a magnetic field and an electricfield.

2. A coil of wire is carrying an electric current.How will the magnetic field of the coil beaffected if an iron rod is placed in itscenter?

F. The field will be cancelled out.

G. The strength of the field will increase.

H. The strength of the field will decrease.

J. The polarity of the field will be reversed.

3. What is the basic action that takes place inan electrical generator that causes electricityto flow?

A. Electrons are discharged from heatedwires.

B. Opposite poles of magnets are broughttogether.

C. An electric wire moves through amagnetic field.

D. A negative charge is repelled by apositive charge.

4. The pointer of a compass is a floatingmagnet. It points toward the northmagnetic pole. If an electric wire is placedon top of the compass and an electriccurrent is passed through the wire, thepointer deflects and no longer pointstoward the north magnetic pole. Whatcauses the pointer to deflect?

F. The pointer becomes demagnetized.

G. The wire has its own magnetic field.

H. The magnetic field of Earth is altered.

J. An electric current is created in thepointer.


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5. A length of electrical wire, a battery, and an iron rod are shown below.

Describe how you would use these three objects to construct an electromagnet.

Bat

tery



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1. Where is Earth’s magnetic south polelocated?

A. At the geographic south pole

B. Near the center of Earth’s inner core

C. At the intersection of the equator andthe prime meridian

D. Several hundred miles south of thegeographic north pole

2. Why does the needle of a compass pointnorth?

F. It aligns with Earth’s magnetic field.

G. It aligns with Earth’s axis of rotation.

H. It aligns perpendicular to Earth’s patharound the sun.

J. It aligns with the stream of chargedparticles from the sun.

3. Which of these devices would not operateproperly if Earth had no magnetic field?

A. A sundial

B. A compass

C. A barometer

D. A cell phone

4. Earth can be thought of as a giant barmagnet. Scientists think that Earth’smagnetic field is a result of—

F. global electrical storms early in Earthhistory.

G. the movement of liquid iron in Earth’souter core.

H. interactions with the charged particles ofthe solar wind.

J. the presence of large bodies of magneticrock on the seafloor.


5. A bar magnet and Earth are shown below.

The lines of magnetic force are shown for the magnetic field of the bar magnet. Draw the lines ofmagnetic force for the magnetic field of Earth.

EquatorN S



1. When we say a car is traveling at 60 milesper hour, the speed is relative to the—

A. surface of Earth.

B. speed of other cars.

C. rotation rate of Earth.

D. rotation rate of the tires.

2. A boy is sitting in a train looking out thewindow at another train a few feet away.Both trains have stopped at a station.Slowly, one of the trains starts to move, butthe boy cannot tell if it is his train or theother one. What can he do to tell whichtrain is moving?

F. Close his eyes.

G. See if a coin falls straight down.

H. Look at the ground outside.

J. Look at the seat across the aisle.

3. What is used as the reference point tomeasure the orbital speeds of the planets inour solar system?

A. Earth

B. The sun

C. The moon

D. The North Star

4. Why does it appear that Earth is motionlessand the sun moves across the sky?

F. Earth is both orbiting and spinning.

G. Earth is a fixed point of reference for us.

H. The sun is very far away, compared withobjects on Earth.

J. Motion of very large objects is difficultfor us to view accurately.


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5. A student is asked: How fast does the North American continent move? Explain why it isimportant for the student to include a frame of reference in the answer. Give an example of howthe answer could differ depending on the frame of reference.



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1. The picture below shows a crash testdummy moving forward and an air bagdeploying at the moment of the car’simpact.

Which principle best explains the motionof the dummy after impact, but before itstrikes the air bag?

A. Energy can be transformed but notcreated nor destroyed.

B. For every action force, there is an equaland opposite reaction force.

C. The greater the force acting on anobject, the greater its acceleration.

D. Objects in motion stay in motion unlessacted on by another force.

2. Which of these is the best definition ofinertia?

F. The net force acting on an object

G. The effect of gravity on an object

H. An object’s mass divided by its volume

J. Resistance of an object to change inmotion

3. If objects in motion tend to stay in motion,why does any ball rolling along a flat surfacecome to a stop?

A. The force that set the ball in motionwears off.

B. The ball is acted on by the unbalancedforce of friction.

C. For every action force, there is anopposite reaction force.

D. The mass of a ball is very smallcompared with the mass of Earth.

4. Which two factors determine the rate atwhich an object accelerates?

F. The weight of an object and its mass

G. The mass of the object and the net forceacting on it

H. Only the force acting on an object andthe resistance force

J. Only the force resisting an object’smotion and the weight of the object


5. A child is pulling two other children in a wagon. When they come to a hill, one of the childrengets out of the wagon and helps pull the wagon up the hill. Explain, in terms of force, how thischange makes it easier to pull the wagon up the hill. Explain, in terms of mass, how this changemakes it easier to pull the wagon up the hill.



3. The diagram below shows the carbon cycle,but the label for step 1 is missing.

Which of the following would be the bestcaption for step 1?

A. Plants release carbon into the air in theform of carbohydrates.

B. Plants absorb carbohydrates from the airand store it in their leaves.

C. Plants remove carbon dioxide from theair and use it to make carbohydrates.

D. Plants convert carbon intocarbohydrates through the process oftranspiration.

4. Much of the water that returns to theatmosphere from land ecosystems passesthrough plants. This occurs during theprocess of—

F. condensation.

G. photosynthesis.

H. precipitation.

J. transpiration.

4. After the carbonis returned to the atmosphere, thecycle continues.

3. The carbon from the carbohydratesis returned to the atmosphere throughrespiration, combustion, and decay.

2. The carbohydratesare eaten and used by otherorganisms.


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Name: Date: Class:Life Science

5. While studying the water cycle, Frances read in a textbook that water that was part of a lakeduring the time of the dinosaurs might fall from the sky tomorrow. Explain how this is possible.


Strand II (II.II.I.1)

1. What happens to the total amount ofcarbon on Earth as it moves through thecarbon cycle?

A. It fluctuates.

B. It remains constant.

C. It steadily decreases.

D. It continually increases.

2. In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen iscontinuously being recycled. Which types oforganisms break down nitrogencompounds in dead organisms and recyclethem back into the soil?

F. Worms

G. Bacteria

H. Green plants

J. Plant-eating animals

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1. Examine the pyramid above. A food pyramidis one way of showing how much energyflows from one level to another in anecosystem. Based on this pyramid, whichorganism has the most energy available to it?

A. Grass

B. Grasshopper

C. Starling

D. Owl

2. Most producers obtain energy primarilyfrom—

F. water.

G. the sun.

H. nutrients in the soil.

J. decomposing organisms.

Starling

Grasshopper

Grass

Owl

3. Which of the following is a major reasonwhy there are more primary consumersthan secondary consumers in an ecosystem?

A. Secondary consumers are larger thanprimary consumers.

B. Secondary consumers are more activethan primary consumers.

C. Primary consumers release most of theirfood's energy to the environment asheat.

D. Primary consumers are not assusceptible to predation as are secondaryconsumers.

4. In which of the choices is the order ofenergy transfer in an aquatic ecosystemcorrect?

F. Algae → fish → crayfish → sunlight

G. Algae → sunlight → crayfish → fish

H. Sunlight → fish → crayfish → algae

J. Sunlight → algae → fish → crayfish


5. Describe what happens to the energy contained in a sunflower seed when a blackbird eats it.



1. Many scientists think that plants grown inprotected greenhouses could supply oxygenfor colonies on other bodies in the solarsystem. Why would this be impractical for acolony located on a moon of one of the farplanets?

A. The life span of plants is too short forthem to survive a trip to the moon.

B. The temperatures at these regions of thesolar system are too cold for plants togrow.

C. There is not enough solar energy that farfrom the sun for plants tophotosynthesize.

D. The plants would not be able to survivethe harmful radiation present in thispart of space.

2. Average global temperatures have risen overthe past 100 years. Continued increase inglobal temperatures will cause more-rapidmelting of glaciers. Which type ofecosystem would be most directly affectedby this sequence of events?

F. A grassy field in Kansas

G. A coniferous forest in Michigan

H. A desert in northern New Mexico

J. A wetland along the coast of Florida

Use the food web below to answer questions 3and 4.

3. A massive volcanic eruption sends millionsof tons of ash into the atmosphere, blockingmuch of the sun's rays for an extended periodof time. How would this event most likelyaffect the organisms in the above food web?

A. The populations of all of the organismswould decrease.

B. There would be no change in thepopulations of the organisms.

C. The populations of all of the organismsexcept the mice would decrease.

D. The population of the plants woulddecrease and the populations of animalswould remain the same.

4. If all of the plants in the food web picturedabove die, the bat species will most likelydie also. Which statement best explains whythis will occur?

F. Bats rely on plants as a food source.

G. Mice will have to depend on bats as afood source.

H. Mice, a food source for bats, will losetheir food source and die off.

J. Bats, mice, snakes, and foxes will all becompeting for the same food source.


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5. Dennis had a fish tank in his room with several fish and some plants. During remodeling, hemoved the tank from the window to the corner of the room. Several days later, his fish becamelistless. When he moved the tank back to the window, the fish resumed their normal activities.Explain why moving the tank away from the window may have affected the activity level of thefish.



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1. Carbohydrates are important molecules inall living things. Which group of elements isfound in all carbohydrates?

A. Nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur

B. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

C. Calcium, carbon, potassium

D. Hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

2. In science class Anya is studying thecommon molecules that make up all livingthings. Which chapter of her sciencetextbook should contain the most relevantinformation?

F. Atoms and the Composition of Matter

G. Chloroplasts: Capturing the Energy inLight

H. The Chemical Structure of CarbonCompounds

J. The Cycling of Matter Through theNitrogen Cycle

3. Living and nonliving things sharesimilarities and have differences. Onedifference between them is that all livingthings contain—

A. atoms.

B. elements.

C. large molecules.

D. organic compounds.

4. Which is the correct term missing from thechart pictured above?

F. Elements

G. Genes

H. Proteins

J. Sugars

Living

things Macromolecules

contain

4 types of

?

Lipids

Hydrogen OxygenCarbon

which

contain

3 types of

such as


5. The bodies of living organisms consist mainly of four types of molecules: carbohydrates, lipids,proteins, and nucleic acids. Which three chemical elements are found in all four of thesemolecules? Name another chemical element found in living organisms and identify which ofthese molecules it is found in.


Strand II (II.II.II.1)

1. Eye color is an inherited trait. The materialthat is responsible for passing eye color onto future generations is—

A. CO2.

B. DNA.

C. membrane.

D. protein.

2. What is most likely to cause a change in thehereditary information stored within a cell?

F. Placing the cell in a weak salt solution

G. Altering the composition of the cell'sDNA

H. Increasing the amount of O2 available tothe cell

J. Adding sugars that are not normallyfound in the cell

3. Which statement best explains the role ofDNA during the process of cell division?

A. DNA is copied and passed on to the newcells.

B. New DNA forms spontaneously in thenew cells.

C. DNA helps destroy genetic informationfrom the original cell.

D. After division, DNA is converted intoenergy by the new cells.

4. By comparing the DNA of humans andchimpanzees, scientists can determinewhich of the following?

F. The behavior patterns shared by bothspecies

G. The location in which humans andchimpanzees originated

H. The differences in human andchimpanzee skeletal structures

J. The degree to which humans andchimpanzees share hereditary traits


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5. Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that causes serious intestinal and respiratory complications.Children will develop the disease if they carry two copies of the defective gene. How could adoctor determine whether a couple could have a child who would have cystic fibrosis?



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1. In what way are most of the molecules thatmake up living organisms alike?

A. They can dissolve in water.

B. They are about the same size.

C. They contain the element carbon.

D. They carry hereditary information.

2. During photosynthesis, plants take insunlight, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide(CO2) and make glucose (C6H12O6) andoxygen (O2). Which is considered anorganic compound?

F. Glucose

G. Oxygen

H. Sunlight

J. Water

3. Which feature of the element carbon allowsit to form the backbone of most biologicalmolecules?

A. It can form long chains.

B. It is easy to make in a laboratory.

C. It bonds with only a few other elements.

D. It can form bonds only with othercarbon atoms.

4. Eating organic compounds is an importantpart of maintaining good health. Based onwhat you know about organic compounds,which item listed on the nutrition labelabove is least likely to include organiccompounds?

F. Protein

G. Sodium

H. Saturated fat

J. Dietary fiber

Nutrition FactsServing Size 1/2 Cup (124g)Servings Per Container about 4.2

Amount Per ServingCalories 115 Calories from Fat 40

% Daily Value**

Total Fat 5g 8% Saturated Fat 3g 15%Cholesterol 25mg 8%Sodium 380mg 16%Total Carbohydrate 3g Dietary Fiber 0g 0% Sugars 4gProtein 15g 30%

1%


5. Heather and Lucas were discussing whether or not tomato ketchup contains carbon compounds.Heather believes it does, while Lucas disagrees and says it does not. Which student is correct andwhy?



1. Which of the following most directlyprovides chili plants with most of theenergy required to grow and produce fruit?

A. Water and nutrients from soil

B. Carbon dioxide exhaled by animals

C. Carbohydrates produced byphotosynthesis

D. Nitrogen compounds released by otherplants

2. Which of the following is the best exampleof cell respiration?

F. Deer releasing energy stored in grassesand fruits

G. Water moving from the outside to theinside of a cell

H. Plant cells converting energy in sunlightto chemical energy

J. Bacteria making carbohydrates fromsimple inorganic molecules

3. Which organelle shown in the diagrambelow provides energy for the cell byperforming aerobic respiration?

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

4. Nathan ate a bowl of cereal for breakfast.During cellular respiration, Nathan’s bodywill convert the cereal into—

F. usable energy.

G. oxygen and water.

H. new cell organelles.

J. larger and stronger muscles.

A

B C

D


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5. Describe how a muscle cell in your leg can use the energy stored in bread.


Strand II (II.II.III.1)

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1. Which statement best describes whathappens during photosynthesis?

A. Plants take in, but do not release, water.

B. Plants absorb oxygen and release water.

C. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and releaseoxygen.

D. Plants absorb sunlight and releasecarbon dioxide.

2. Plants contain chlorophyll. The plant useschlorophyll to—

F. absorb oxygen from the air.

G. capture energy from sunlight.

H. protect the plants from sunlight.

J. disguise the plants from predators.

3. Stomata are small openings on the surfaceof leaves. Stomata are important to plantsbecause they—

A. allow gases to enter and exit leaves.

B. convert energy into oxygen and water.

C. provide leaves with their greencoloration.

D. give the leaves extra support andstructure.

4. Due to photosynthesis, green plants storeenergy in the form of—

F. glucose.

G. nitrogen.

H. oxygen.

J. water.


5. In order to make their own food, plants need an adequate amount of sunlight. Describe a simpleexperiment that would support this statement, and predict the results of the experiment.



1. During an experiment, Ingrid places someonion cells in a 15% solution of salt water.After placing them in the saltwater solution,Ingrid can expect the onion cells to—

A. get larger in size.

B. become more rigid.

C. shrink and get spongy.

D. maintain their original appearance.

2.

Pepsin and trypsin are enzymes that helpthe human body digest food. The activity ofenzymes is often affected by pH levels in thebody. According to the graph above, whichconclusion may be drawn?

F. Pepsin is more effective at higher pHlevels.

G. Trypsin is most effective at pH levelsbelow 8.

H. The effectiveness of trypsin is notaffected by low pH levels.

J. The rates of activity of pepsin andtrypsin are affected by pH.

Enz

yme

activ

ity

pH

Pepsin

Trypsin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3. Carbon monoxide is an invisible gasproduced by burning fuel. Inhaling carbonmonoxide can decrease the available supplyof oxygen to brain cells. Therefore, carbonmonoxide may cause—

A. brain damage.

B. increased brain function.

C. rapid division of brain cells.

D. higher sensitivity of brain cells to oxygen.

4. Cystic fibrosis is a condition in which excesswater accumulates inside the cells of thehuman body. The excess water causesmucus to build up in the linings of severalorgans. What effect could this have on anindividual with cystic fibrosis?

F. Dehydration

G. Severe congestion

H. Buildup of lactic acid

J. Increased muscle activity


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5. Explain why a shipwrecked crew would probably die if they were to drink large amounts ofsalt water from the ocean.



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Name: Date: Class:Earth and Space Science

1. How does light travel through space fromthe sun to Earth?

A. Radiation

B. Absorption

C. Conduction

D. Convection

2. If the star nearest to our solar systemexploded, how long would it be before wecould observe the explosion?

F. It would take several years.

G. It is impossible to determine.

H. It would take several seconds.

J. We would never be able to observe it.

3. Why does the sun look much brighter thanall the other stars?

A. The sun is much hotter.

B. The sun is much closer.

C. The sun is much brighter.

D. The sun is much younger.

4. How much of the energy that we use onEarth was once light energy produced bythe sun?

F. Almost all of it

G. Only the amount collected in solar cells

H. Only the amount used forphotosynthesis

J. An amount that is impossible toestimate


5. Telescopes that look deep into space are sometimes called "time machines." Briefly explain howlight from stars far away gets to a telescope, and explain why looking at these stars is like lookingback in time.


Strand II (II.III.I.1)

1. By which method is it possible for scientiststo estimate the temperatures of stars?

A. By sending out space probes

B. By estimating the size of the stars

C. By measuring the distance of the starsfrom Earth

D. By analyzing the frequencies of theradiation they emit

2. It takes light about 1.3 seconds to reflect offthe moon and reach Earth. It takes lightabout 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from thesun. From this information you can inferthat—

F. the sun is 400 times farther from Earththan the moon is.

G. the sun is rotating at almost the samerate as the moon.

H. the sun is several hundred million yearsolder than the moon.

J. the surface of the sun is 6,000°C hotterthan the surface of the moon.

3. By studying the light that stars emit,astronomers have discovered that the mostdistant stars in the universe are—

A. the hottest stars.

B. the coldest stars.

C. traveling toward us at the greatest speed.

D. traveling away from us at the greatestspeed.

4. Astronomers learn about stars by studyingthe wavelengths of light they emit. In whichway could an astronomer separate starlightinto its wavelengths?

F. By refracting it from a mirror

G. By reflecting it from a mirror

H. By refracting it through a prism

J. By reflecting it through a prism


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5. What is the unit of measurement used to describe distances from Earth to stars? Explain whatone unit of this measurement represents. What is the unit, other than meters, kilometers, ormiles, used to measure distances within our solar system? What does this unit represent?



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1. Which of these is a complete list of thefactors that determine the gravitationalforce between an object and the planetEarth?

A. The mass of Earth and the mass of thesun

B. The mass of Earth and the mass of theobject

C. The mass of the object, its distance fromEarth, and the mass of Earth

D. The mass of the object, its distance fromEarth, and its distance from the sun

2. The term for the gravitational forcebetween an object and Earth is—

F. mass.

G. weight.

H. friction.

J. momentum.

3. If the distance between Earth and the moonwere halved, the gravitational force betweenthem would be—

A. one-fourth as great.

B. one-half as great.

C. twice as great.

D. four times as great.

4. Why does an astronaut weigh less on themoon than on Earth?

F. Earth is farther away.

G. The moon has less mass than Earth.

H. The astronaut has less mass on themoon.

J. The moon has a smaller diameter thanEarth.


5. What force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun? If Earth’s mass doubled, what wouldhappen to the force needed to keep Earth in its present orbit? If the mass of Earth remained as itis now but Earth orbited at twice its present orbital distance, what would happen to the forceneeded to keep Earth in that new orbit?



1. In all cases, high temperatures are requiredfor—

A. the uplift of igneous rocks to formmountains.

B. the formation of magma frommetamorphic rocks.

C. the erosion of metamorphic rocks toform sediments.

D. the metamorphism of sedimentary rocksto form metamorphic rocks.

2. In general, the formation of metamorphicrock is influenced most directly by—

F. erosion rate.

G. method of deposition.

H. rate of burial and cementation.

J. depth and temperature of surroundings.

3. The diagram below shows the rock cycle.

Where in the diagram would the label “heatand/or pressure” be most accuratelylocated?

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

4. In general, heat and pressure turn rocksinto metamorphic rocks by—

F. melting the crystals.

G. breaking the mineral crystals apart.

H. altering the chemical composition of theentire rock.

J. changing the shapes of the crystals andthe types of minerals in the rock.

Igneousrock

Solidification

Metamorphism

Sedimentaryrock

MetamorphicrockSediments

Deposition

A

B

D

C


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5. Briefly explain how loose sediments can form solid rock.


Strand II (II.III.II.1)

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1. Water from a lake is cycled into theatmosphere by changing from liquid waterto water vapor. This process is known as—

A. condensation.

B. evaporation.

C. precipitation.

D. transpiration.

2. The diagram below shows the water cycle.

At which location are minerals dissolvedand eventually transported into the ocean?

F. W

G. X

H. Y

J. Z

X

WZ

Y

Ocean

3. Much of Earth’s fresh water is stored inglaciers and ice caps. If these bodies of icemelted, which of the following would mostlikely occur?

A. Lowering of sea levels

B. Flooding of coastal areas

C. Increased levels of salinity in the oceans

D. Decreased amounts of fresh water inrivers and streams

4. If a plant did not get enough water, thelikely result would be wilting and—

F. an increase in the size of the leaves.

G. an increase in the length of the stem.

H. a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis.

J. a reduction in the rate of CO2

production.


5. The water table is an important source of water for rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Nameand describe the process by which water that falls as precipitation becomes part of the watertable.



1. Which of these processes contributes mostto the formation of coal?

A. The collection of energy using layers ofsilicon

B. The layering of sediments and decayedplant matter

C. The forcing of water through openingsin Earth’s crust

D. The decay of algae and microscopicorganisms on the seafloor

2. Which statement best explains why oil, coal,and natural gas are called fossil fuels?

F. They leave impressions in surroundingrock.

G. They are formed by extreme heat andpressure.

H. They are made of the remains of once-living organisms.

J. They are found deep in the ground nextto fossils of dinosaurs.

3. The regions of New Mexico where coal isfound must once have been—

A. warm and swampy.

B. covered by a deep ocean.

C. located at very high elevations.

D. charred during volcanic eruptions.

4. Oil is often found trapped beneath balloon-shaped diapirs of rock like the one shownin the diagram.

What kind of rock can push itself verticallythrough existing horizontal layers of rock toform this shape?

F. Salt, which is less dense than theoverlying rock

G. Basalt, which is more dense than theunderlying rock

H. Coal, which is originally deposited in aballoon shape

J. Limestone, which gets folded duringmountain building

oil

?


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5. Natural gas such as methane is an important energy source in New Mexico. In recent years, NewMexico ranked fourth among the states in the production of natural gas. In order to extract thegas, gas companies must drill 2 to 3 km beneath the surface of Earth. Where does natural gasoriginally come from? Why is it found so deep?



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Name: Date: Class:

1. Assuming no air resistance, when a foul ballis hit straight up and then caught at thesame height at which it was hit, what is thespeed of the ball just before it is caught?

A. Almost zero

B. Less than its speed when it left the bat

C. The same as its speed when it left the bat

D. Greater than its speed when it left thebat

2. There is a family of elements that aredesignated here as U, V, X, Y, and Z. Both Uand V are metals. Both Y and Z arenonmetals. X is a metalloid. Which is theexpected order of the elements on theperiodic table of elements?

F. U, V, X, Y, Z

G. X, U, V, Y, Z

H. Y, Z, U, V, X

J. Y, Z, X, U, V

3. An atom of silver has 47 electrons, 47protons, and 61 neutrons. Which of thefollowing is correct?

A. The nucleus contains 47 electrons and47 protons.

B. The nucleus contains 47 electrons and61 neutrons.

C. There are 47 protons in motion outsidethe nucleus.

D. There are 47 electrons in motion outsidethe nucleus.

4. White gold is used in making jewelry. Itcontains varying amounts of gold. Whitegold should be classified as a(n)—

F. compound.

G. element.

H. isotope.

J. mixture.


5. Briefly describe what happens in cellular respiration. How is the product of cellular respirationused?


Strand II (II.I.I.1–II.III.II.3) Benchmark Test

6. Which of the following is an example of anonmetal that has a metallic property?

A. Sulfur, which is brittle

B. Iodine, which is soluble in alcohol

C. Phosphorus, which is a poor heatconductor

D. Carbon, which is a good electricalconductor

7. How can you tell which appliance in yourhome uses the most electricity?

F. The appliance that is largest uses themost electricity.

G. The appliance that is most expensiveuses the most electricity.

H. The appliance that can do the mostthings uses the most electricity.

J. The appliance that has the highest powerrating in watts uses the most electricity.

8. The waves shown below are drawn to scale.Which represents the loudest sound withthe highest pitch?

A.

B.

C.

D.

9. A net force, F, is applied to a mass, m, andproduces acceleration, a. If the net force isdoubled and the mass is halved, theacceleration is—

F. 1–2 a.

G. a.

H. 2a.

J. 4a.


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10. An archer shoots an arrow at a target 100 m away. The archer launches the arrow at a 45° angleto the horizontal. Identify the type of force that launches the arrow. Identify two forces acting onthe arrow after it leaves the bowstring and the effect of each force on the flight of the arrow.



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Name: Date: Class:

11. What is the principle behind the operationof an electric generator?

A. A moving magnetic field produces anelectric current in a coil of wire.

B. A moving magnetic field pushes a coil ofwire through an electric field.

C. An electric current in a coil of wireplaced in a magnetic field produces arotation.

D. An electric current in a coil of wireproduces an electric current in anothercoil of wire.

12. Jet streams enable pilots to reach theirdestinations faster. Which of these must betrue in order for this to happen?

F. There can be no clouds or rain in the jetstream.

G. The plane has to be flying during awindy season.

H. The plane has to be flying at an altitudelower than the clouds.

J. The wind and the plane have to bemoving in the same direction.

13. Which of the following shows the flow ofenergy through an ecosystem?

A. Sun → lizard → grasshopper → grass

B. Lizard → grasshopper → grass → sun

C. Sun → grass → grasshopper → lizard

D. Grasshopper → lizard → sun → grass

14. Which of the following elements is notcommonly found in the molecules of livingorganisms?

F. Carbon

G. Hydrogen

H. Nitrogen

J. Silicon


15. Identify three different things you could do to increase the rate at which a lump of coal burns.



16. What is the function of photosynthesis?

A. To capture energy from the sun andstore it chemically

B. To break down glucose that can be usedby cells, tissues, and organs

C. To capture the sun’s energy for direct useby cells in carrying out cellular functions

D. To break down proteins andcarbohydrates that can be used by cells tomake new cells and repair damaged cells

17. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the cellsof your body. Thus it is important for thered blood cells to flow easily and quicklythrough your capillaries. The mechanismthat permits them to do this is the negativecharge on the outside of each healthy redblood cell. The negative charge makes eachred blood cell slightly repel other red bloodcells. If the pH of the blood gets too low,the red blood cells lose this negative charge.What effect would a lower pH have on themovement of blood through capillaries?

F. Speed the movement of red blood cellsthrough the capillaries

G. Cause the red blood cells to clump in thecapillaries

H. Cause the red blood cells to lose theiroxygen

J. Reduce the cells’ need for oxygen

18. Based on star color, scientists can determinethe temperatures of different stars. Usewhat you know about the properties ofvisible light to place blue, red, yellow, andorange stars in order from coolest tohottest.

A. Blue, yellow, orange, red

B. Orange, red, yellow, blue

C. Red, orange, yellow, blue

D. Yellow, orange, blue, red

19. If the moon orbited Earth at half its presentorbital distance, how would the moon’s pullon Earth’s oceans change?

F. It would be twice the present pull.

G. It would be four times the present pull.

H. It would be half as much as the presentpull.

J. It would be slightly less than the presentpull.


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20. Using the rock cycle shown at the right, briefly explainhow metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks form. Wheredoes the rock cycle stop?



IgneousRocks

Metamorphic

Rocks

SedimentaryRocks

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Name: Date: Class:Society and Science

1. Which of these is a medical application oflaser technology?

A. Relieving pain

B. Relieving anxiety

C. Preventing broken bones

D. Correcting nearsightedness

2. Which of these statements abouttechnology is most accurate?

F. Technology and science are the samething.

G. Technology is more precise but moredifficult to conduct than science.

H. Technology refers only to thedevelopment of hardware and software.

J. Technology solves practical problems byapplying scientific principles.

3. Which of these is the best example of atechnological application of basic scientificdiscoveries?

A. A nuclear reactor

B. The theory of plate tectonics

C. Newton’s laws of motion

D. The periodic table of the elements

4. Which of these is a technologicaldevelopment that has advanced scientificresearch?

F. The computer

G. Nuclear physics

H. Atomic theory

J. The structure of DNA


5. The Internet is a fairly recent technological development that has been of great use to scientistsworking in basic research. Describe two ways the Internet is helpful to scientists.


Strand III (III.I.I.1)

1. Scientists use information gathered fromseismographs primarily to—

A. prevent earthquakes.

B. understand earthquakes.

C. make buildings completely earthquake-proof.

D. transmit early warnings of approachingearthquakes.

2. Under which of these sets of conditionswould foresters be most likely to expectforest fires?

F. Heavy rain followed by high winds

G. High winds followed by clear skies

H. Dry conditions followed bythunderstorms

J. Cloudy skies followed by hightemperatures

3. Which of these natural disasters are mostoften predicted far enough in advance forpeople to evacuate the threatened area?

A. Hurricanes

B. Tornadoes

C. Earthquakes

D. Tsunamis

4. It is sometimes possible to warn people ofan approaching tsunami because mosttsunamis follow—

F. strong tornadoes.

G. high tides.

H. high winds.

J. strong earthquakes.


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5. Because of scientific discoveries, the causes of some natural disasters are understood much bettertoday than they were in the past. Identify one natural disaster that is understood much bettertoday than it was 1,000 years ago. Describe one scientific discovery that has led to a betterunderstanding of its cause.



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Name: Date: Class:Science and Society

1. Which of these was first applied to warfare,and later made space exploration possible?

A. Rocketry

B. Gas masks

C. Sonar

D. Nuclear weapons

2. In which area did discoveries contribute themost to making nuclear power plantspossible?

F. Atomic structure

G. Force and motion

H. Chemical reactions

J. Electricity and magnetism

3. Which of the following advancements hashad the greatest effect on the humanpopulation during the last century?

A. Medicine

B. Transportation

C. Manufacturing

D. Communication

4. Which of these was the first device thatallowed people to send messages at thespeed that messages are sent today?

F.

G.

H.

J.


5. During the nineteenth century, fossil fuels replaced wood as the main energy source for homes,factories, and transportation. Identify three effects that using fossil fuels has had on society.



1. Some power plants and factories use largevolumes of water as coolant. This heatedwater can cause environmental problemswhen it is—

A. recycled many times.

B. discharged into rivers.

C. used to heat the factory.

D. put into a holding tank to cool.

2. The picture below shows how a greenhousetraps energy from the sun.

Earth’s atmosphere acts in the same way.Which of these could happen if thisatmospheric effect increases?

F. Glaciers will advance.

G. Temperatures will rise.

H. Skin cancer cases will increase.

J. Earth’s upper atmosphere will be lost tospace.

Sun’s

rays

Hea

t

Hea

t Hea

t

Sun’s rays

Sun’s rays

3. Which of these is the main cause of acidrain?

A. Burning coal

B. Hydroelectric dams

C. Nuclear power plants

D. Using geothermal energy

4. Which of these problems can result fromgenerating electricity from wind power?

F. Disruption of air traffic

G. Change in global weather patterns

H. Hazardous radiation from power lines

J. Local interference with the flight pathsof birds


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5. Describe one hazard or environmental problem, other than accidental explosions or radiationleaks, caused by the use of nuclear power to generate electricity. Describe one environmentalproblem caused by the construction of a hydroelectric plant.



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