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Feasibility analysis of the privacy attributes of the
personal wellness information model
Pirkko Nykänen, Antto Seppälä, Pekka Ruotsalainen, Bernd Blobel
- Introduction- Privacy and privacy attributes- User wellness scenario with privacy attributes- Details of component walk-through- Conclusions
Introduction
• Feasibility study– Outline and clarify things and factors connected to developed
models and solutions– Proof-of-concept
• Wellness information model
Privacy
• Personal health information – confidential, needs to be protected from un-authorised use, access and disclosure
- Person’s ability to control the collection, use and dissemination of
one’s personal information– Persons, groups, institutions to determine themselves WHEN,
HOW and TO WHAT EXTENT information about them is communicated to others
– Privacy is personal and situation dependent concept
• Privacy metrics - to assess the degree to which a particular application complies with privacy requirements– no control, control over one kind of information, control over two kinds of
information or three kinds - Contents, location, identity• TRUST- mediating between privacy and willingness to disclose
private information
Privacy attributes
• Context– Type of domain, phenomena that exist, time(when), location (where), occupation
(who), culture (with whom), rationale (why)• Capability
– ability of the information entity to show the attribute values• Competence
– Level of privacy demonstration• Reliability
– How reliable information or source is considered by the person• Benefit
– Privacy benefits• Benevolance
– Extent to which an individual is perceived to have good intention towards others without profit motive
• Confidence– How confident the user is with the information
• Value– How valuable privacy is considered by a person in action/activity.
User wellness scenario with privacy attributes
Lifestyle
Health care
Social networks
Emotional and mental wellness
Receives treatment, medication and guidance for home care of DM T2
Starts to improve his lifestyle, uses a personal wellness diary system in PC
Searches for peer-support in the Internet, and for information on DM T2
Searches for recovery from depressed moods and support for higher spirits
Case – A 50-year old healthy, employed male, diagnosed recently on Diabetes Mellitus T2
Privacy attributes:Component - health care
Context Regulated
Capability Capable to provide privacy and trust
Competence Assumed to be high
Reliability Organisation-based trust
Benefit High personal benefit
Benevolance Good intention
Confidence Required procedures, standards and safeguards have been implemented
Health care
Receives treatment, medication and guidance for home care of DM T2
Privacy attribute Contents
Privacy attributes: Component lifestyle
Lifestyle
Starts to improve his lifestyle, uses a personal wellness diary system in PC
Context Non-regulated
Confidence Reputation-based
Reliability Past history-based
Benefit High personal benefit
Value High personal value
Privacy attribute Contents
Details of lifestyle component walk-through
Person searches for information on DM T2,on medication and treatment, on healthy lifestyle, on peer-support in the Internet
Privacy attribute – one’s ability to control
Context - Internet, non-regulated, Ability to control: only with certified sites which provide trust, other sites: no control
Confidence – Certified sites provide some confidence, otherwise confidence does not exist
Reliability – Certified sites are considered somewhat reliable, otherwise no reliability
Benefit – Considered high, controlled by a person
Value – Information value is high, very meaningful for the person, value is determined and controlled by a person
Details of lifestyle component walk-through
Person starts a healthy diet and documents his eating and blood sugar levelsin his own wellness diary in a PC
Privacy attribute – one’s ability to control
Context – Non-regulated, control by the person – what to document, where and when to document
Confidence – The person may or may not be confident, depending his abilities and on the security status of his PC
Reliability – PC diary system reliability is controlled normally by PC security service provider, sometimes by a person. Blood glucose meter reliability is not controlled by a person
Benefit – Benefit is considered high, controlled by a person
Value – High value for the person’s DM management and healthy lifestyle
Details of lifestyle component walk-through
Person stores the datahe receives from a doctor in health care into his PC diary system for his Personal use
Privacy attribute – one’s ability to control
Context – data is coming from a regulated context, stored in a non-regulated context, person controls (where, what)
Confidence – the person may, or may not, be confident
Reliability – Data is considered reliable, high trust by a person, data is transferred from an organisational trusted source
Benefit – Considered high, controlled by a person
Value – Information value is high, important for home care, DM management and for healthy lifestyle
How to achieve good privacy status
• Integration of regulated and non-regulated domains– Person has to be aware and have means to control
• Need to develop privacy services for non-regulated environments– To monitor and control privacy attributes
• Trust-building measures– Thirs-party certificates, branding, owner disclosure, self-
regulating policies– Pervasive health > Self-regulating policies– For each model concept the privacy attributes are defined,
made known, controllable and measurable
Trust building measures and processes
• Processes for pervasive ubiquitous health– Predictive - reputation-based trust building– Intentionality – trust is developed if we have perceptions on
the intensions of the service, provider– Capability – person is able to evaluate the ability of the
service, provider– Transference – information is transferred from regulated
context to non-regulated pervasive context
Conclusions
• Privacy management is important– Citizens are reluctant to adopt personal health and wellness
systems– Privacy is a driver for non-regulated health service business
model– Many existing personal health systems do not cover privacy and
security regulations
• Privacy attributes defined to each model concept help citizens to be aware of and to control the privacy of his/her personal health information– Technical solutions are needed to implement the privacy
attributes, to make them known, available and controllable by a person
Thank [email protected]
• Seppälä A, Nykänen P, Ruotsalainen P (2012), Development of personal wellness information model for pervasive healthcare. Journal of Computer Networks and Communication, article 596749, 10 pages
• Ruotsalainen P, Blobel B, Seppälä A, Sorvari H, Nykänen P (2012), A Conceptual Framework and Principles for Trusted Pervasive Health. J Med Internet Res 14(2):e52
• Nykänen P and Seppälä A (2012), Collaborative approach for sustainable citizen-centered health care. In: N Wickramasinghe, R K Bali, S Kirn and R Suomi (eds.), Critical issues of sustainable E-health solutions. Health care delivery in the information age. Springer Verlag, 115-134
• Seppälä A, Nykänen P (2011), Contextual analysis and modeling of personal wellness. In: Joaquim Filipe and Jan L. G. Dietz (Eds.) KEOD 2011, Proceedings of the International Conference Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development - Paris, France, 26-29 October 2011: SciTePress - Science and Technology Publications, 202-207
• P Ruotsalainen, B Blobel, P Nykänen, A Seppälä, H Sorvari (2011), Framework model and principles for trusted information sharing in pervasive health. In: A Moen, SK Andersen, J Aarts and P Hurlen (eds.), User Centred Networked Health Care. Proccedings of MIE2011, Oslo. IOS Press, Amsterdam, 497-501
• Nykänen P, Ruotsalainen P, Blobel B and Seppälä A (2009), Research on trusted personal health and wellness information in ubiquitous health information space. In: O. Dössel and WC Schlegel (Eds.): World Congress 2009, IFMBE Proceedings 25/XII, 432–435