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 Time, Tense and Aspect

States _________________________ 

Events .Set of repeated events (habits)

……………

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• Napoleon as a !orsican"

• !olumbus discovered America"• Arthur Ash pla#ed tennis brilliantl#"

•

Specif#ing $habit% or $state% more precisel#b# adding e&pressions of fre'uenc# orduration

  *e pla#ed the violin every day from the age

of ve"+ueen ictoria reigned for sixty four years"

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Present time

• -resent state (the Simple -resent Tense).%m hungr#"

• -resent event (the Simple -resent Tense). declare the meeting closed"

• -resent habit (the Simple -resent Tense) .t rains a lot in this part of the orld"

• Temporar# present (the -resent -rogressive) 

The# are living in a rented house"

• Temporar# habit (the -resent -rogressive)

.%m pla#ing golf regularl# these da#s"

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 The -ast tense refers to

• A de/nite time in the past

*e came to England in 0122"

• A gap beteen the time referred to andthe present moment

*is sister su3ered from asthma all her life"

*is sister has su3ered from asthma all her life"

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 The -erfect -rogressive

•  The present perfect progressive has thesame sort of meaning as the simplepresent perfect, e&cept that the period

leading up to the present t#picall# has thelimited duration

.%ve been stud#ing for the e&ams"

5hat have #ou been doing, sleeping all da#4

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 The -ast -erfect

• $-ast in the past%"

The house had been empt# for several months

hen e bought it"

5hen the guests had departed, 6ohn cleared thetable"

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-erfect aspect ith in/nitives andparticiples

• .n/nitives and participles have no tenseand hence cannot e&press the di3erence

beteen the past tense and the perfectaspect" .nstead the perfect e&pressesgeneral past meaning

*e seems to have missed  the point of #our 7o8e"

9ore than 0, ::: people are said to have been

arrested. 

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State or *abit in the past

• E&pressed b# used to and would 

9# uncle used to 8eep horses"

. used to 8no her ell hen . as a student"

• Would  ma# also e&press a past habit ith theparticular sense of characteristic, predictablebehavior"

*e ould go to o;ce late (ever# da#)"

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 The progressive aspect

• <efers to activit# in progress, andsuggests

0" That the activit# is temporar# (i"e" of limited

duration)

=" That it does not have to be complete

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erbs hich do or don%t ta8e theprogressive

•  The verbs hich most t#picall# ta8e theprogressive are verbs denoting

Activities (walk, read, drink, write, work etc")-rocesses (change, grow, widen, improve etc")

9omentar# events (knock, jump, kick etc")

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erbs referring to a state of mind orfeeling

• Believe, adore, desire, detest, dislike,doubt, forget, hate, hope, imagine, know,

like, love, mean, prefer, remember,suppose, understand, want, wish etc.

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erbs referring to a relationship or astate of being

• Be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain,cost, depend on, deserve, equal, t, have,

involve, matter, owe, own, possess,remain, require, resemble etc"

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• For smell, feel, and taste, there is nospecial activit# verb, so these verbs havethe role of e&pressing activit# as ell as

the state meaningShe was feeling in her poc8et for a

hand8erchief" (activit#)

The ater felt onderful on her s8in" (state)

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Att#pe prepositions

to

a

t  

(awayfrom

 away

from

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 The /&ed categories

!erbs"nouns that go both with#$"%&#'

!erbs"nouns that go only with%&#'

Spea8 about?on Teach (someone) about

Becture about?on Bearn about

Argue about?on <ead about

5rite about?on A 'uarrel about

A boo8 about?on A stor# about

A discussion about?on .gnorance about