FE 537 Catchment Scale - Oregon State University · 2005-10-03 · Isotope Tracers in Catchment...

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Oregon State University

CatchmentCatchment ScaleScale(Isotope Hydrology (Isotope Hydrology

PrimerPrimer Aside)Aside)

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Primer HistoryPrimer History

Last 5 years:For IAEA in South Africa and China

CSIRO Catchment Modeling School, MelbourneDept. of Civil Engineering, U. Western Australia

Dept,. of Physical Geography and Quaternary Studies, Stockholm UniversityDept. of Civil and Env. Engineering, Stuttgart University

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Carol Kendall, USGS Menlo Carol Kendall, USGS Menlo ParkParkDon Siegel, Syracuse Don Siegel, Syracuse

UniversityUniversityIAEA Isotope Hydrology IAEA Isotope Hydrology

SectionSection

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Tracing the hydrologic cycleTracing the hydrologic cycle

Rainfall and where it goesRainfall and where it goesLake water and its evaporation, inflows and Lake water and its evaporation, inflows and

outflowsoutflowsWater residence time, transit time, water ageWater residence time, transit time, water ageComposition of Composition of streamflowstreamflowNew ways to calibrate and test hydrologic New ways to calibrate and test hydrologic

modelsmodelsA very different data source to help structure, test and A very different data source to help structure, test and

calibrate modelscalibrate modelsA way to figure out where trees (and other A way to figure out where trees (and other

vegetation) get their watervegetation) get their water

Hooper (2001)

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Potential usefulness to local problemsPotential usefulness to local problems

Determining components of flowto the Swedish Rivers

Quantifying “success” inLand rehabilitation

Lake/reservoir evaporation

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A Useful Quote...A Useful Quote...

““The role of isotopes is like the role of the The role of isotopes is like the role of the aliens in the famous scialiens in the famous sci--fi movie fi movie ““The The Invasion of the Body SnatchersInvasion of the Body Snatchers””. Isotopes . Isotopes and trace elements have pervaded the and trace elements have pervaded the entire discipline (geochemistry) and they entire discipline (geochemistry) and they are us now!are us now!””

K. K. TurekianTurekian, Editor, EditorGeochimicaGeochimica et et CosmochimicaCosmochimica ActaActa…….the same could now be said .the same could now be said for Hydrology!for Hydrology!

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A recent GEOREF Search A recent GEOREF Search by by AgarwaalAgarwaal (2002 HP) (2002 HP)

19651965--19701970: 650 papers : 650 papers using isotope tracers using isotope tracers 19951995--20002000 over 6500 over 6500

papers using isotope tracers papers using isotope tracers in groundwater studies in groundwater studies alonealone

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References References -- TextbooksTextbooks

Clark, I. and Fritz, P. 1998. Environmental Clark, I. and Fritz, P. 1998. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publisher Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Lewis Publisher (w/ web(w/ web--link)link)Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J. (eds.), Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.J. (eds.), 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment 1998. Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology. Elsevier (w/ webHydrology. Elsevier (w/ web--link)link)FerronskyFerronsky, V. I. And , V. I. And PolyakovPolyakov, V. A., 1982 , V. A., 1982 . Environmental Isotopes in the . Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrosphere. Wiley & Sons.Hydrosphere. Wiley & Sons.MazorMazor, E., 1991. Applied Chemical and , E., 1991. Applied Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology. Open Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology. Open University PressUniversity Press

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The classicThe classic

Rodhe, A., 1987. The origin of streamwatertraced by oxygen-18. Ph.D. thesis, Uppsala Univ., Dept Phys. Geogr., Div. Hydrol., Report Series A 41, 290 p. + Appendix 73 p.

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Isotope Tracers in Isotope Tracers in CatchmentCatchmentHydrologyHydrology

“…“…Isotope tracers have been Isotope tracers have been among the most useful tools for among the most useful tools for understanding:understanding:

--GroundwaterGroundwater--surface water surface water interactionsinteractions--StreamflowStreamflow generationgeneration--FlowpathFlowpath dynamicsdynamics””

Kendall, C. and J. McDonnell Kendall, C. and J. McDonnell edseds (1998). (1998). Isotope Tracers in Isotope Tracers in

CatchmentCatchment HydrologyHydrology, , Elsevier Science Publishers, Elsevier Science Publishers,

817p 817p

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References References -- InternetInternet

USGS Isotope Interest Group Home Page USGS Isotope Interest Group Home Page (http://(http://wwwcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoigwwwcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/)/)ISOGEOCHEM Web Page with an EISOGEOCHEM Web Page with an E--mail mail Discussion List in Stable Isotope Discussion List in Stable Isotope Geochemistry Geochemistry ((http://geology.uvm.edu/geowww/isogehttp://geology.uvm.edu/geowww/isogeochem.htmlochem.html))IAEA web page and online teaching IAEA web page and online teaching materialsmaterials

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Head of IAEA Isotope HydrologyHead of IAEA Isotope Hydrology

See Summer 2005 Science Times article in NYT by Pradeep and his IAEA group

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Isotopes in HydrologyIsotopes in Hydrology

Environmental IsotopesEnvironmental Isotopes

STABLESTABLE

22H/HH/H

RADIOACTIVERADIOACTIVE

CosmogenicCosmogenic PrimordialPrimordial Fallout ProductsFallout Products

Daughter ProductsDaughter Products

1818O/O/1616OO 1313C/C/1212CC

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The Isotopes of General Hydrologic The Isotopes of General Hydrologic Interest in HydrologyInterest in Hydrology

OxygenOxygen--18 and 18 and OxygenOxygen--1616HydrogenHydrogen--2 2

(Deuterium) and H(Deuterium) and H--11Tritium (HTritium (H--3)3)

(From Don Siegel, SU)

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Isotope hydrologyIsotope hydrology

T

Kendall (2001)

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Isotope biogeochemistryIsotope biogeochemistry

T

Kendall (2001)

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Applications of Isotopes as Tracers:Applications of Isotopes as Tracers:

1.1. Tracers of the water itself (D, O, T)Tracers of the water itself (D, O, T)= Isotope Hydrology= Isotope Hydrology

2.2. Tracers of solutes or reactions (C, N, S)Tracers of solutes or reactions (C, N, S)= Isotope Biogeochemistry= Isotope Biogeochemistry

This usage is This usage is NOTNOT universal, but is very universal, but is very useful (conceptually)useful (conceptually)

Kendall (2001)

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Isotopes of water = history of waterIsotopes of water = history of water

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FundamentalsFundamentals

Isotopes are atoms of the same element Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.that have different numbers of neutrons.1818O and O and 22H are constituent part of natural H are constituent part of natural water moleculeswater molecules——they they areare the water the water molecule molecule Applied naturally during precipitation Applied naturally during precipitation

eventseventsConservative at ambient temperaturesConservative at ambient temperaturesOnly mixing can alter concentrationOnly mixing can alter concentration

Kendall (2001)

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n

3He

1H

15N

10B

17O

6Li

14C

14N

16O

12C

9Be

2H

7Li

4He

10Be

13C

number of neutrons N

number of protons Z

3H

11B

18O

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have

different numbers of neutrons.

C. Kendall, USGS

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Stable Isotopes Stable Isotopes 22H and H and 1818OO

Relative amounts in earthRelative amounts in earth’’s hydrosphere: s hydrosphere: 1818O = 0.2%, O = 0.2%, 22H H = 0.015%= 0.015%1818O and O and 22H content of water changes only through H content of water changes only through fractionation associated with phase exchange processes fractionation associated with phase exchange processes (except for saline waters)(except for saline waters)Conservative behavior Conservative behavior -- once isotopes become part of once isotopes become part of water molecule, they change only through mixingwater molecule, they change only through mixing

0.20%0.20%101088881818OO99.76%99.76%8888881616OO

AbundanceAbundanceNeutronsNeutronsProtonsProtonsElectronsElectronsNameName

C. Kendall, USGS

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Delta Isotope =(i.e. δ in o/oo )

Ratio sample Ratio standard

Ratio standard

x 1000

A DELTA O-18 = -10 o/oo means there is 10 parts per thousand less O-18 in the sample than in the standard, standard "mean" oceanic water (SMOW)

Note ratio is 18O/16O (or 2H/1H for deuterium)

Parts Per Mil Nomenclature

-


…in other words……

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Fractionation

Some atoms of elements can have different weights. light

heavy

Fractionation—sorting the “light” from the "heavy" versions of the elements.

Fractionation


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Fractionation Effects Associated with Phase Fractionation Effects Associated with Phase Changes of HChanges of H22OO

EvaporationEvaporation –– vapor that forms is lighter vapor that forms is lighter than surrounding waterthan surrounding waterCondensation Condensation –– liquid that forms is heavier liquid that forms is heavier than surrounding vaporthan surrounding vaporSo, precipitation selectively removes So, precipitation selectively removes 1818O O and and 22H from the vapor phaseH from the vapor phase

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In other wordsIn other words……

University of Arizona

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Fractionation in Fractionation in δδ1818O and O and δδDDduring the hydrologic cycleduring the hydrologic cycle

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Commonly Used Terms:Commonly Used Terms:

heavy vs. light isotopesheavy vs. light isotopesthe the ““heavyheavy”” isotope is the one with more neutrons; it is isotope is the one with more neutrons; it is also generally the less abundant isotope.also generally the less abundant isotope.

enriched vs. depletedenriched vs. depletedremember to state remember to state whatwhat isotope is in short supply:isotope is in short supply:

does does ““enriched sulfateenriched sulfate”” mean that:mean that:the sulfate is enriched in heavy sulfur the sulfate is enriched in heavy sulfur ORORthe sulfate is enriched in light sulfur?the sulfate is enriched in light sulfur?

positive vs. negativepositive vs. negative--10 10 00//0000 is more positive than is more positive than ––20 20 00//0000

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Fractionation Effects on Fractionation Effects on 1818O and O and 22HH

Equilibrium fractionationEquilibrium fractionation –– vapor pressure of water vapor pressure of water containing light isotopes > water containing heavy containing light isotopes > water containing heavy isotopes, therefore vapor is enriched in light isotopesisotopes, therefore vapor is enriched in light isotopes

E.g. at 100% humidity when the air is still and the E.g. at 100% humidity when the air is still and the system is almost chemically closedsystem is almost chemically closed

Kinetic fractionationKinetic fractionation –– rapid phase changes increase rapid phase changes increase fractionation because light isotopes diffuse more rapidly fractionation because light isotopes diffuse more rapidly than heavy onesthan heavy ones

E.g. this is more typical in hydrological systems where E.g. this is more typical in hydrological systems where the system is out of chemical equilibrium (<100% the system is out of chemical equilibrium (<100% humidity) or the products become slightly separated humidity) or the products become slightly separated from the reactants (i.e. from the reactants (i.e. thth resultant vapor is blown resultant vapor is blown downwind).downwind).

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http://ww

wrcam

nl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchfig2-3.htm

l

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Example of a Rainfall Event:Example of a Rainfall Event:Fractionation in Fractionation in δδ1818O during the hydrologic cycleO during the hydrologic cycle

Kendall (2001)

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Fractionation Effects Associated with Phase Fractionation Effects Associated with Phase Changes of HChanges of H22O O ---- summarysummary

EvaporationEvaporation –– vapor that forms is lighter vapor that forms is lighter than surrounding waterthan surrounding waterCondensation Condensation –– liquid that forms is heavier liquid that forms is heavier than surrounding vaporthan surrounding vaporSo, precipitation selectively removes So, precipitation selectively removes 1818O O and and 22H from the vapor phaseH from the vapor phase

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Fractionation in the hydrological

cycle

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Some Some ““EffectsEffects””

Amount Effect:Amount Effect:The more rainfall, the The more rainfall, the

more depleted the rainmore depleted the rainApparent Temperature Apparent Temperature Effect:Effect:

Approximately 0.5Approximately 0.5%%0 0 for every for every °°C for oxygenC for oxygenEvaporation:Evaporation:

As rain falls through As rain falls through dry air, it may evaporate, dry air, it may evaporate, resulting in heavier rainresulting in heavier rain

Kendall (2001)

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Some Some ““EffectsEffects””

Altitude effect:Altitude effect:On the windward (not On the windward (not

lee) side of a lee) side of a mountain mountain the rain gets lighter with the rain gets lighter with

increasing altitudeincreasing altitudeGRADIENTSGRADIENTS

1818O: O: --0.15 to 0.15 to ––0.5%0/100 0.5%0/100 metersmeters

D: D: --1.5 to 4%0/100 meters1.5 to 4%0/100 meters

Continental Effect:Continental Effect:Delta values decrease Delta values decrease

inlandinlandKendall (2001)

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Geography and Seasonality of Geography and Seasonality of 1818O and O and 22H H Content of PrecipitationContent of Precipitation

Precipitation becomes lighter as air mass Precipitation becomes lighter as air mass moves inlandmoves inlandPrecipitation becomes lighter with Precipitation becomes lighter with increasing elevation increasing elevation –– orographicorographic effecteffectPrecipitation becomes lighter towards the Precipitation becomes lighter towards the poles and is lighter in winter than summerpoles and is lighter in winter than summer

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Altitude EffectAltitude Effect

Source: IAEA

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Amount effectAmount effect

Source: IAEA

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Temperature EffectTemperature Effect

Source: IAEA

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Continental effectContinental effect

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Continental EffectContinental Effect

Mean δO18 of the Columbia Watershed vs distanz from the West Coast

-18

-17

-16

-15

-14

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100Distanz from the West Coast [km]

Mea

n δ

O18

Errorbars = 2x Stdev O18

Starke, McDonnell and Kendall, in prep

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Elevation EffectElevation Effect

Mean δO18 of Columbia Watershed vs elevation

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

elevation [m]

mea

n δ

O18

Errorbars = 2x Stdev

Starke, McDonnell and Kendall, in prep

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Air Temperature “Effect”

0- 10- 20- 30- 40

20

- 20

- 40

Delta O-18

0

Northern Sweden

AirTemp.(C)

Vienna

(after Don Siegel, SU)

Athens

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Latitudinal Latitudinal ControlsControls

NorthernNorthernHemisphereHemisphere

IAEA

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Latitudinal Controls Southern Latitudinal Controls Southern HemisphereHemisphere

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Temperature EffectsTemperature Effects

IAEA

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-40.00

-30.00

-20.00

-10.00

0.00

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Spring SummerWinter Fall

Waco, Texas

Chicago, Illinois

Barrow, Alaska

Lower Warmer Latitude

Higher, Colder Latitude

δ18

O (o

/ oo)

Months

Latitudinal Effect


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Oregon State University (Kendall and Coplen, 2001)

Some spatial data

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summary

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Why are 18-O and D so similar?

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Global Meteoric Water Line

0- 10- 20- 30- 40

0

- 100

- 200

- 300

δ D = 8 δ18 O + 10

δ18 O

δD


…because they are related

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dDdD = 8 d18O + 10 (= 8 d18O + 10 (Factoids)Factoids)The slope is 8 (actually, different data sets give slightly diffThe slope is 8 (actually, different data sets give slightly different values) erent values) because this is approximately the value produced by equilibrium because this is approximately the value produced by equilibrium RayleighRayleigh condensation of rain at about 100% humidity. condensation of rain at about 100% humidity. The value of 8 is also close to the ratio of the equilibrium fraThe value of 8 is also close to the ratio of the equilibrium fractionation ctionation factors for H and O isotopes at 25factors for H and O isotopes at 25--3030ººC. At equilibrium, the d values of C. At equilibrium, the d values of the rain and the vapor both plot along the MWL, but separated bythe rain and the vapor both plot along the MWL, but separated by the the 18O and 2H enrichment values corresponding to the temperature of18O and 2H enrichment values corresponding to the temperature of the the cloud base where rainout occurred. cloud base where rainout occurred. The yThe y--intercept value of 10 in the GMWL equation is called the intercept value of 10 in the GMWL equation is called the deuterium excessdeuterium excess (or d(or d--excess, or d parameter) value for this equation. excess, or d parameter) value for this equation. The term only applies to the calculated yThe term only applies to the calculated y--intercept for sets of meteoric intercept for sets of meteoric data "fitted" to a slope of 8; typical ddata "fitted" to a slope of 8; typical d--excess values range from 0 to 20excess values range from 0 to 20The fact that the intercept of the GMWL is 10 instead of 0 meansThe fact that the intercept of the GMWL is 10 instead of 0 means that that the GMWL does not intersect d18O = the GMWL does not intersect d18O = dDdD = 0, which is the composition = 0, which is the composition of average ocean water (VSMOW). of average ocean water (VSMOW). The GMWL does not intersect the composition of the ocean, the soThe GMWL does not intersect the composition of the ocean, the source urce of most of the water vapor that produces rain, because of the 10of most of the water vapor that produces rain, because of the 10‰‰kinetic enrichment in D of vapor evaporating from the ocean at akinetic enrichment in D of vapor evaporating from the ocean at an n average humidity of 85%. average humidity of 85%.

http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.3

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Oregon State University http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchfig2-3.html

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Oregon State UniversityIAEA

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IAEA Stations in GNIPIAEA Stations in GNIP

IAEA

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IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.Accessible at http://isohis.iaea.org

GloballyGlobally

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Global Atmospheric Circulation System Distills Water Isotopes

equator“Heavier”WaterRemains

”Light“water vapor

HeavierRain Falls

Even lighterwater vapor

CondensationEvaporation

Cold

HotHot

Raleigh Distillation

Solar Heat


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IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.Accessible at http://isohis.iaea.org

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IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.

Accessible at http://isohis.iaea.org

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Precipitation in midPrecipitation in mid--latitude regionslatitude regions

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The The δδDD and and δδ18180 0 taken from the GNIP taken from the GNIP database were amountdatabase were amount--weighted weighted

according to:according to:

where Pi and where Pi and δδDDii are the monthly are the monthly precipitation amount (mm) and the precipitation amount (mm) and the

isotopic composition (isotopic composition (‰‰), respectively, ), respectively, and n is the number of months.and n is the number of months.

iiiw PPxn

i

n

i 11 ==ΣΣ= δδ

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Characteristics of Characteristics of δδDD and and δδ18180 of 0 of Precipitation:Precipitation:

Consistent Consistent averageaverage compositions over time and compositions over time and space.space.Annual cycle of compositional changesAnnual cycle of compositional changes——heavy heavy in summer and light in winter.in summer and light in winter.Large variations Large variations amongamong storms.storms.Often considerable variability within storms.Often considerable variability within storms.Snow often plots along lines of higher Snow often plots along lines of higher dd--exessexessthan rain.than rain.Storms derived from different storms tracks Storms derived from different storms tracks may have consistently different meteoric water may have consistently different meteoric water lines.lines.

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Database of HDatabase of H-- and Oand O--IsotopesIsotopes

•• Global Network for Isotopes Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitationin Precipitation

http://www.iaea.or.at/prograhttp://www.iaea.or.at/programs/ri/gnip/gnipmain.htmms/ri/gnip/gnipmain.htm

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Now, back to the MWLNow, back to the MWL

IAEA

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This knowledge can be very powerfulThis knowledge can be very powerfule.g. Lake e.g. Lake ChalaChala in Kenyain Kenya

People wanted to use the Lake water for People wanted to use the Lake water for irrigation, but wanted to make sure that irrigation, but wanted to make sure that using lake water would have no adverse using lake water would have no adverse effect on the discharge of nearby springs effect on the discharge of nearby springs whose waters were already being utilized.whose waters were already being utilized.

(i.e., they didn(i.e., they didn’’t want to t want to ““rob Peter to pay rob Peter to pay PaulPaul””))

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Can they tap lake water without Can they tap lake water without affecting spring flow?affecting spring flow?

Carol Kendall, USGS

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MWL at a single site MWL at a single site –– Woods Lake USAWoods Lake USA

Doug Burns, USGS

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Oregon State UniversityIAEA

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Groundwater Isotopes Same as thatfor Average Precipitation

0- 10- 20- 30- 40

0

- 100

- 200

- 300

Groundwater Sample

Well Mixed System--HighDispersion

Average Precipitation

δ18 O

δD


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0- 10- 20- 30- 40

0

- 100

- 200

- 300

Groundwater SampleAverage Precipitation

SummerRecharge

WinterRecharge

Pleistocene GlacialMeltwater!!

"Plug Flow" -Low Dispersion

Groundwater Isotopes Different thanthat for Average Precipitation

δ18 O

δD


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-20

-15

-10

-5

0

δ 18

O (p

er m

il SM

OW

)

Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96-10

0

10

20

air t

empe

ratu

re (°

C)

Neversink watershed, 1993 - 1996

Vitvar, 2000

Seasonal Variation in Seasonal Variation in 1818O of PrecipitationO of Precipitation

Vitvar, SUNY-ESF

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What you might see in the SpringWhat you might see in the Spring

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Kendall (2001)

Individual Rainfall Events

FE 537 Catchment Scale - Oregon State University · 2005-10-03 · Isotope Tracers in Catchment...

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