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STRNLA]@X

AE Z@B REAZBJ ]ZFZB] MOR^Z OI FTTBFL]

IO^ Z@B BLBYBEZ@ MA^MRAZ

___________________________

Eo. 6>-620;0___________________________

Jomcbt Eo. 6766-mv-44666-]MG

IBJB^FL JBTO]AZ AE]R^FEMB MO^TO^FZAOE,fs rbmbavbr ior Aetbkraty Nfec oi Flp`frbttf, Kborkaf,

Tlfaetaii-Fppbllfet,

vbrsus

]ZBYBE H. ]CO[,FLFE C. F^EOLJ, bt fl.

Jbibejfets-Fppbllbbs.

______________________________

Fppbfl iroh t`b Reatbj ]tftbs Jastramt Mourtior t`b Eort`bre Jastramt oi Kborkaf

_______________________________

(Jbmbhnbr >=, >46=)

Nbiorb HF^MR] fej BJHOEJ]OE, Marmuat Gujkbs, fej YAE]OE,* JastramtGujkb.

*@oeorfnlb M. ^okbr Yaesoe, Reatbj ]tftbs Jastramt Gujkb ior t`b Eort`bre Jastramt oi Ilorajf,sattaek ny jbsakeftaoe.

Mfsb7 6>-620;0 Jftb Ialbj7 6>/>=/>46= Tfkb7 6 oi 6=

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>

TB^ MR^AFH7

MB^ZAIAMFZAOE I^OH Z@B REAZBJ ]ZFZB] MOR^Z OI FTTBFL] IO^Z@B BLBYBEZ@ MA^MRAZ ZO Z@B ]RT^BHB MOR^Z OI KBO^KAF,TR^]RFEZ ZO O.M.K.F. 62->-1. ZO Z@B ]RT^BHB MOR^Z OIKBO^KAF FEJ AZ] @OEO^FNLB GR]ZAMB]7

Z`as aetbrlomutory fppbfl frasbs iroh f maval fmtaoe ialbj ny t`b Ibjbrfl

Jbposat Aesurfemb Morporftaoe (IJAM), fs rbmbavbr ior Aetbkraty Nfec (Nfec),

fkfaest iorhbr Nfec jarbmtors fej morporftb oiiambrs (Jbibejfets). Z`b IJAM

sbbcs to rbmovbr lossbs t`ft t`b Nfec suiibrbj fs f rbsult oi Jbibejfets fllbkbj

ebklakbet moejumt. Nbmfusb t`as fppbfl prbsbets f jbtbrhaeftavb assub oi stftb lfw

t`ft `fs eot ybt nbbe fjjrbssbj jbiaeatavbly ny Kborkafs `ak`bst mourt, wb mbrtaiy

qubstaoes to t`b Kborkaf ]uprbhb Mourt. Ior t`b assub prbsbetbj oi ibjbrfl lfw,

wb fiiarh t`b jastramt mourts jbeafl oi t`b IJAMs hotaoe ior pfrtafl suhhfry

gujkhbet to stracb Jbibejfets fiiarhftavb jbibesbs.

A. Nfmckrouej

Fs hbhnbrs oi t`b Nfecs Jarbmtor Lofe Mohhattbb, Jbibejfets wbrb

rbspoesanlb ior ovbrsbbaek fej hfaetfaeaek t`b Nfecs mrbjat iuemtaoe, w`am`

aemlujbj fpprovaek lofes ae bxmbss oi $244,444. Z`b IJAM fllbkbs t`ft

Mfsb7 6>-620;0 Jftb Ialbj7 6>/>=/>46= Tfkb7 > oi 6=

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=

Jbibejfets wbrb ebklakbet ae pursuaek fe uesustfaefnlb krowt` strftbky, bekfkaek

ae `ak` rasc lbejaek prfmtambs, fej ae fpprovaek lofes w`am` rbsultbj ae lossbs

bxmbbjaek $;4 hallaoe. Z`b Nfec ultahftbly mlosbj ae >440, fej t`b IJAM wfs

fppoaetbj fs t`b Nfecs rbmbavbr.

Fmtaek fs t`b Nfecs rbmbavbr,6t`b IJAM ialbj t`as maval fmtaoe fkfaest

Jbibejfets, fssbrtaek -- fhoek ot`br t`aeks -- mlfahs ior orjaefry ebklakbemb fej

ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty nfsbj oe orjaefry ebklakbemb.> Ae rbspoesb to t`b

fmtaoe, Jbibejfets fssbrtbj vfraous fiiarhftavb jbibesbs, aemlujaek (6) t`b IJAMs

ifalurb to hatakftb jfhfkbs, (>) rblafemb, fej (=) bstoppbl.=

Ae t`b lak`t oi Kborkafs nusaebss gujkhbet rulb, Jbibejfets flso ialbj

hotaoes to jashass t`b IJAMs mohplfaet. Jbibejfets frkubj t ft t`b IJAMs

fllbkftaoes ifalbj to rbnut suiiamabetly t`b prbsuhptaoe oi kooj ifat`, begoybj ny

Jbibejfets uejbr t b nusaebss gujkhbet rulb. Z`b jastramt mourt moemlujbj t`ft t`b

IJAMs mlfahs ior orjaefry ebklakbemb fej ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty nfsbj oe

6Tursufet to t`b Iaefemafl Aestatutaoes ^biorh, ^bmovbry, fej Beiormbhbet Fmt (IA^^BF),t`b IJAM summbbjbj to fll rak`ts, tatlbs, powbrs fej pravalbkbs oi t`b Nfec, aemlujaek mlfahsfkfaest t`b Nfecs iorhbr jarbmtors fej oiiambrs ior ebklakbemb fej nrbfm` oi iajumafry jutabs.]bb 6> R.].M. 60>6(j)(>)(F)(a).

>Z`b IJAM flso fssbrtbj mlfahs ior kross ebklakbemb fej ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty nfsbj oekross ebklakbemb. Z`bsb mlfahs rbhfae pbejaek ae t`b jastramt mourt.

=Jbibejfets ot`br fiiarhftavb jbibesbs frb eot nbiorb us ae t`as aetbrlomutory fppbfl.

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orjaefry ebklakbemb wbrb, fs f hfttbr oi lfw, prbmlujbj ny Kborkafs nusaebss

gujkhbet rulb3 so, t`b mourt krfetbj, ae pfrt, Jbibejfets hotaoes to jashass.:

Z`b jastramt mourt jbeabj t`b IJAMs hotaoe ior rbmoesajbrftaoe oi t`b

mourts jashassfl. Z`b mourt wrotb t`ft f mfusb oi fmtaoe ior orjaefry ebklakbemb

fkfaest fe oiiambr or jarbmtor tbm`eamflly bxastbj7 nfsbj oe t`b stfejfrj oi mfrb sbt

iort` ae O.M.K.F. ;-6-:143 nut t`b jastramt mourt wbet oe to sfy t`ft fpplamftaoe oi

t`b nusaebss gujkhbet rulb rbejbrbj sum` orjaefry ebklakbemb mlfahs uevafnlb.

Z`b jastramt mourt flso jbeabj t`b IJAMs hotaoe ior pfrtafl suhhfry

gujkhbet to stracb Jbibejfets fiiarhftavb jbibesbs fs t`by fpplabj to t`b IJAMs

post-rbmbavbrs`ap moejumt ae ats rolb fs rbmbavbr.2 Ae joaek so, t`b jastramt mourt

rbgbmtbj t`b IJAMs frkuhbet t`ft Jbibejfets fiiarhftavb jbibesbs wbrb nfrrbj fs

f hfttbr oi lfw ny f ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw eo juty rulb.

Z`b jastramt mourt mbrtaiabj not` assubs ior aetbrlomutory fppbfl, pursufet to

>0 R.].M. 6>1>(n).

:Z`b jastramt mourt jbeabj Jbibejfets hotaoes to jashass t`b IJAMs mlfahs ior krossebklakbemb fej ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty nfsbj oe kross ebklakbemb.

2Z`b jastramt mourt `fj bfrlabr krfetbj t`b IJAMs hotaoe to stracb Jbibejfets fiiarhftavbjbibesbs nfsbj oe t`b IJAMs prb-rbmbavbrs`ap moejumt pbriorhbj ae ats rbkulftory mfpfmaty.Z`as jbmasaoe as eo pfrt oi t`as fppbfl.

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AA. Jasmussaoe

F. Kborkafs Nusaebss Gujkhbet ^ulb

Oe fppbfl, t`b IJAM iarst m`fllbekbs t`b jastramt mourts jashassfl oi t`b

IJAMs mlfahs ior orjaefry ebklakbemb fej ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty nfsbj oe

orjaefry ebklakbemb.

Ae moemlujaek, fs f hfttbr oi stftb lfw, t`ft orjaefry ebklakbemb mlfahs frb

eot vafnlb fkfaest nfec jarbmtors fej oiiambrs nbmfusb oi Kborkafs nusaebss

gujkhbet rulb, t b jastramt mourt rblabj `bfvaly oe lfekufkb iroh two Kborkaf Mourt

oi Fppbfls opaeaoes. Ae Ilbxanlb Trojumts Mo. v. Brvfst, t`b stftb fppbllftb mourt

sfaj , ae jamtf, t`ft Kborkafs nusaebss gujkhbet rulb iorbmlosbs lafnalaty ae

oiiambrs fej jarbmtors ior orjaefry ebklakbemb ae jasm`frkaek t`bar jutabs. 9:=

].B.>j 294, 29: (Kf. Mt. Fpp. >44;).

Zwo ybfrs lftbr, t`b stftb fppbllftb mourt fkfae wrotb fnout w`bt`br

morporftb oiiambrs fej jarbmtors hfy nb `blj lafnlb ior mlfahs oi orjaefry

ebklakbemb. ]bb Nromc Nualt, LLM v. Nlfcb, 909 ].B.>j :>2 (Kf. Mt. Fpp. >441).

Z`brb, t`b mourt bxplfaebj t`ft Kborkafs nusaebss gujkhbet rulb fiiorjs fe

oiiambr t`b prbsuhptaoe t`ft `b or s`b fmtbj ae kooj ifat`, fej fnsolvbs t`b oiiambr

oi pbrsoefl lafnalaty uelbss at as bstfnlas`bj t`ft `b or s`b bekfkbj ae irfuj, nfj

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ifat` or fe fnusb oi jasmrbtaoe. Nromc Nualt, 909 ].B.>j ft :=4. Fllbkftaoes

fhouetaek to hbrb ebklakbemb, mfrblbssebss, or lfmcfjfasamfl pbriorhfemb frb

aesuiiamabet fs f hfttbr oi lfw. Aj. Z`b Nromc Nualt mourt t`be moemlujbj t`ft,

nbmfusb t`b plfaetaii fj fllbkbj hbrbly ebklakbet or mfrblbss pbriorhfemb fej

`fj eot fllbkbj suiiamabetly irfuj, nfj ifat`, or fnusb oi jasmrbtaoe, t`b plfaetaii

ifalbj to stftb f mlfah ior nrbfm` oi iajumafry juty. Aj. ft :=6.

[`be rbsolvaek assubs oi stftb lfw oe w`am` t`b stftbs `ak`bst mourt `fs eot

spocbe, wb hust kavb propbr rbkfrj to rblbvfet rulaeks oi ot`br mourts oi t`b

]tftb. Mohhr v. Bstftb oi Nosm`, 0; ].Mt. 6;;9, 6;0>-0= (619;). [b `fvb joeb

so. Nut ae fttbhptaek to fsmbrtfae t`b lfw oi Kborkaf oe jarbmtor lafnalaty, at

fppbfrs to us t`ft t`b stftb fppbllftb mourt opaeaoes ae Ilbxanlb Trojumts fej Nromc

Nualt hak`t moetrfjamt t`b plfae lfekufkb oi t`b pbrtaebet Kborkaf stftutb.

Kborkafs nfecaek mojb provajbs t`ft SjXarbmtors fej oiiambrs oi f nfec . . .

s`fll jasm`frkb t`b jutabs oi t`bar rbspbmtavb posataoes ae kooj ifat` fej wat` t`ft

jalakbemb, mfrb, fej scall w`am` orjaefraly prujbet hbe woulj bxbrmasb uejbr

sahalfr marmuhstfembs ae lacb posataoes. O.M.K.F. ;-6-:14(f) (bhp`fsas fjjbj).

F jarbmtor or oiiambr w`o so pbriorhs `as jutabs s`fll `fvb eo lafnalaty ny rbfsoe

oi nbaek or `fvaek nbbe f jarbmtor or oiiambr oi t`b nfec . . . . Aj.

[b fmmbpt t`ft t`b plfae stftutory lfekufkb mfe bfsaly hbfe t`ft, ior f nfec

jarbmtor or oiiambr to fvoaj lafnalaty, `b hust pbriorh `as jutabs not` ae kooj ifat`

Mfsb7 6>-620;0 Jftb Ialbj7 6>/>=/>46= Tfkb7 9 oi 6=

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fej wat` orjaefry jalakbemb. ]bb O.M.K.F. 26-6-> (orjaefry jalakbemb as t`ft

jbkrbb oi mfrb w`am` as bxbrmasbj ny orjaefraly prujbet pbrsoes uejbr t`b sfhb or

sahalfr marmuhstfembs.). Rejbr Kborkaf lfw, ifalurb to bxbrmasb orjaefry jalakbemb

moestatutbs orjaefry ebklakbemb. Aj. Nfsbj oe our rbfjaek oi t b pbrtaebet

stftutory lfekufkb, at fppbfrs to us t`ft f nfec jarbmtor or oiiambr w`o fmts ae kooj

ifat` hak`t stall nb sungbmt to f mlfah ior orjaefry ebklakbemb ai `b ifalbj to fmt wat`

orjaefry jalakbemb.9

Ae t`b lak`t oi t`b plfusanlb moeilamt nbtwbbe t`b plfae lfekufkb oi O.M.K.F.

;-6-:14 fej t`b stftb aetbrhbjaftb fppbllftb mourts jasmussaoes oi Kborkafs

nusaebss gujkhbet rulb ae Ilbxanlb Trojumts fej Nromc Nualt, wb moemlujb t`ft t`b

qubstaoe oi w`bt`br nfec jarbmtors fej oiiambrs hfy nb sungbmt to mlfahs ior

orjaefry ebklakbemb as jbnftfnlb uejbr Kborkaf lfw.;

[b nblabvb t`ft SsXunstfetafl jount fnout f qubstaoe oi stftb lfw upoe

w`am` f pfrtamulfr mfsb tures s`oulj nb rbsolvbj ny mbrtaiyaek t`b qubstaoe to t`b

9Flt`ouk` eot jasposatavb oi t`as mfsb, wb fjjrbssbj f sahalfr assub ae IJAM v. ]tf`l, 01 I.=j6264 (66t` Mar. 6119). Z`brb wb bxfhaebj Ilorajf stftutory lfekufkb sahalfr to t`b lfekufkb aeO.M.K.F. ;-6-:14(f)7 lfekufkb t`ft tflcbj fnout t`b stfejfrj ior jarbmtor lafnalaty. [bmoemlujbj t`ft Ilorajfs mourt-hfjb nusaebss gujkhbet rulb jaj eot rfasb t`b stftutory stfejfrjoi mfrb to f kross ebklakbemb stfejfrj nbmfusb t`b nusaebss gujkhbet rulb protbmtbj f jarbmtoroely ai t`b jarbmtor fmtbj wat` orjaefry mfrb uejbr t`b stftutb. ]bb ]tf`l, 01 I.=j ft 626;-60.

;Z`ft t`as qubstaoe oi Kborkaf lfw as jbnftfnlb as iurt`br bvajbembj ny t`b ifmt t`ft Kborkafsgujkbs hfy possanly `fvb aetbrprbtbj aemoesastbetly Kborkafs stfejfrj ior jarbmtor lafnalaty. ]bb^osbeiblj v. ^osbeiblj, 9:0 ].B.>j =11, :49 (Kf. Fpp. >44;) (p`ysamfl prbmbjbet oely)(jastaekuas`aek -- nut eot wat` f jarbmt bxplfeftaoe -- Ilbxanlb Trojumts fej moemlujaek t`ft, tofvoaj lafnalaty, f morporftb oiiambr hust fmt ae kooj ifat` . . . fejwat` jub mfrb . . . .).

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stftb suprbhb mourt. Goebs v. Jallfrjs, Aem., ==6 I.=j 6>21, 6>90 (66t` Mar.

>44=). Tursufet to O.M.K.F. 62->-1, wb hfy mbrtaiy fe uerbsolvbj qubstaoe oi

stftb lfw to t`b ]uprbhb Mourt oi Kborkaf ai t`b qubstaoe as jbtbrhaeftavb oi t`b

mfsb fej eo mlbfr moetrollaek prbmbjbet iroh t`b ]uprbhb Mourt oi Kborkaf bxasts.

Nbmfusb wb frb eow ifmbj wat` sum` f satuftaoe, wb mbrtaiy t`b iollowaek qubstaoes

to t`b ]uprbhb Mourt oi Kborkaf70

(6) Jobs f nfec jarbmtor or oiiambr vaolftb t`b stfejfrj oi mfrb bstfnlas`bj ny

O.M.K.F. ;-6-:14 w`be `b fmts ae kooj ifat` nut ifals to fmt wat` orjaefry

jalakbemb, fs t`ft tbrh as jbiaebj ae O.M.K.F. 26-6->?

(>) Ae f mfsb lacb t`as oeb, fpplyaek Kborkafs nusaebss gujkhbet rulb, mfe

t`b nfec oiiambr or jarbmtor jbibejfets nb `blj aejavajuflly lafnlb ai t`by, ae

ifmt fs fllbkbj, frb s`owe to `fvb nbbe orjaefraly ebklakbet or to `fvb

nrbfm`bj f iajumafry juty, nfsbj oe orjaefry ebklakbemb ae pbriorhaek

proibssaoefl jutabs?

0[b fmceowlbjkb t`ft t`b Eort`bre Jastramt oi Kborkaf `fs mbrtaiabj rbmbetly f sahalfr qubstaoeto t`b ]uprbhb Mourt oi Kborkaf. ]bb IJAM v. Loujbrhalc, bt fl., Eo. 676>-MY-:629-Z[Z,>46= [L 96;0:9= (E.J. Kf. Eov. >2, >46=). [b mbrtaiy ae t`as mfsb, feywfy. Kborkafs]uprbhb Mourt mfe jbmajb `ow sahalfr t`b mfsbs frb uejbr Kborkaf lfw, fssuhaek t`b qubstaoesae not` mfsbs (kavbe t`b ae`brbet possanalaty oi sbttlbhbets, stfys, fej so oe) fmtuflly rbfm` fjbmasaoe nbiorb t`ft stftb `ak` mourt.

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Ae mbrtaiyaek t`bsb qubstaoes, wb jo eot aetbej to rbstramt t`b assubs

moesajbrbj ny t`b stftb mourt or to lahat t`b stftb mourts jasmrbtaoe ae m`oosaek `ow

to irfhb or to feswbr t`bsb assubs ae t`b lak`t oi t`b ifmts oi t`as mfsb. ]bb Hallbr

v. ]mottsjflb Aes. Mo., :64 I.=j 9;0, 90> (66t` Mar. >442). [b fsc nrofjly ior t`b

stftb mourts `blp ae kbttaek t`b stftb lfw rak`t ae t as mfsb. Zo fssast t`b stftb

mourts moesajbrftaoe oi t`b qubstaoes, t`b betarb rbmorj ae t`as mfsb fej t`b nrabis

oi t`b pfrtabs frb trfeshattbj floek wat` t`as mbrtaiamftaoe.

N. Fiiarhftavb Jbibesbs

Z`b IJAM m`fllbekbs t`b jastramt mourts jbeafl oi ats hotaoe ior pfrtafl

suhhfry gujkhbet to stracb Jbibejfets fiiarhftavb jbibesbs.1 Z`b IJAM frkubs

t`ft, uejbr wbll-bstfnlas`bj ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw, t`b IJAM owbs eo juty to nfec

1Flt`ouk` Jbibejfets fssbrt sbpfrftb fiiarhftavb jbibesbs ior ifalurb to hatakftb, rblafemb, fejbstoppbl, t`b jastramt mourt feflyzbj t`bsb jbibesbs tokbt`br nbmfusb fll t`rbb jbibesbs rbly oe t`bt`bory t`ft t`b IJAMs rbmovbry ae t`as mfsb s`oulj nb rbjumbj nfsbj oe t`b IJAMs owemoejumt. Oe fppbfl, not` pfrtabs mohnaeb t`bsb t`rbb jbibesbs tokbt`br fej frkub uejbr f saeklbfeflysas oi t`b eo juty rulb. [b fmmbpt t`ft, flt`ouk` t`bsb jbibesbs moestatutb t`rbb sbpfrftbfiiarhftavb jbibesbs, ft t`as stfkb oi t`b prombbjaeks t`b eo juty assub hak`t -- jbpbejaek oeour jbmasaoe -- nfr fll t`rbb. Z`us, our feflysas oi t`b eo juty rulb fpplabs to bfm` oi t bjbibesbs.

Nbmfusb t`b jastramt mourt lahatbj bxprbssly ats rulaek oe IJAMs hotaoe ior suhhfrygujkhbet to t`b eo juty assub, our rbvabw as flso lahatbj to t`b eo juty lbkfl assub. Z`us,flt`ouk` wb moemlujb t`ft Jbibejfets frb eot nfrrbj ny t`b eo juty rulb iroh rfasaek t`bsbt`rbb fiiarhftavb jbibesbs, Jbibejfets nbfr t`b nurjbe oi ot`brwasb bstfnlas`aek bfm` jbibesb aet`b jastramt mourt.

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jarbmtors or oiiambrs. Rejbr t`as eo juty rulb, t`b IJAM moetbejs t`ft

Jbibejfets fssbrtbj fiiarhftavb jbibesbs frb uefvfalfnlb, fs f hfttbr oi lfw.

Z`ft IA^^BF as salbet oe t`as assub as uejasputbj. Hfttbrs eot fjjrbssbj ny

IA^^BF frb kovbrebj kbebrflly ny stftb lfw. ]bb OHblvbey & Hybrs v. IJAM,

66: ].Mt. >4:0, >42: (611:). Oeb bxmbptaoe, `owbvbr, as w`brb f prbvaously

bstfnlas`bj fej loek-stfejaek rulb oi ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw prbjftbj IA^^BFs

befmthbet. ]bb Hotormaty oi Gfmcsoevallb, Ltj. v. ]b. Nfec, E.F., 6>4 I.=j 66:4,

66:=-:: (66t` Mar. 611;) (be nfem). Z`as bxmbptaoe as w`ft t`b IJAM fjvfembs

`brb.

Ae support oi ats frkuhbet ior t`b bxmbptaoe, t`b IJAM matbs sbvbrfl mfsbs --

aemlujaek t`rbb marmuat mourt jbmasaoes -- jbmajbj nbiorb Moekrbss befmtbj IA^^BF

ae 6101 t`ft fpply f eo juty rulb. Eo ]uprbhb Mourt jbmasaoes frb matbj oe

poaet. Fej wb strbss t`ft t b IJAM matbs eo jbmasaoes iroh t`as Marmuat (or t`b olj

Iait` Marmuat). Iurt`brhorb, bvbe ai wb fmmbpt t`b matbj jbmasaoes fs bvajbemaek t`b

bxastbemb oi sohb mohhoe lfw eo juty rulb prb-jftaek IA^^BF, t`b rulb t`bsb

jbmasaoes bstfnlas` as hftbraflly jaiibrbet iroh t`b rulb fssbrtbj ny t`b IJAM ae t`as

fppbfl.

Z`b marmuat jbmasaoes rblabj upoe ny t`b IJAM stfej ft host ior t`b

proposataoe t`ft f nfecs oiiambrs fej jarbmtors mfeeot fssbrt tort mlfahs fkfaest t`b

IJAM nbmfusb t`b IJAM owbs t`bh eo juty. ]bb, b.k. @frhsbe v. ]hat`, 209 I.>j

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629, 62;-20 (1t` Mar. 61;0) (fiiarhaek t`b jashassfl oi ebklakbemb mlfahs ialbj ny

nfec jarbmtors fkfaest t`b Mohptrollbr oi t`b Murrbemy nbmfusb t`b ibjbrfl

sm`bhb oi nfec rbkulftaoe mrbftbs eo juty iroh t`b Mohptrollbr to s`frb`oljbrs

fej jarbmtors oi eftaoefl nfecs)3 Iarst ]tftb Nfec v. Reatbj ]tftbs, 211 I.>j 220

(=j Mar. 61;1) (moemlujaek t`ft f nfec ifalbj to stftb f mlfah ior ebklakbemb fkfaest

t`b IJAM nbmfusb t`b IJAM owbj eo juty to t`b nfec)3 Eort` Jfcotf v. Hbrm`fets

Eftl Nfec & Zrust Mo., 9=: I.>j =90, =;1 e.>4 (0t` Mar. 6104) (eotaek t ft t`b

Eftaoefl Nfecaek Fmt jobs eot ahposb oe t`b Mohptrollbr fe fmtaoefnlb juty to

fe bxfhaebj nfec or ats stomc`oljbrs ior jfhfkbs frasaek iroh ebklakbet

pbriorhfemb oi t`b stftutory onlakftaoe.).

Z`b IJAM matbs to oely iour jastramt mourt mfsbs (jbmajbj gust t`b ybfr nbiorb

IA^^BFs befmthbet) w`am` fjjrbss w`bt`br f pfrty nbaek subj ny t`b IJAM hfy

fssbrt fkfaest t`b IJAM fiiarhftavb jbibesbs -- nfsbj oe t`b IJAMs owe moejumt -

- t`ft rbjumb t`b IJAMs fnalaty to rbmovbr jfhfkbs.64 Flt`ouk` t`bsb jastramt mourt

jbmasaoes hak`t lbej sohb support to t`b IJAMs fnstrfmt lbkfl frkuhbet t`ft eo

juty s`oulj bxast,66t`as spraeclb oi t`be-rbmbet jbmasaoes mohplbtbly ifals to

64]bb I]LAM v. ^oy, Eo. GIH-0;-6>>;, 6100 R.]. Jast. LBPA] 90:4 (J. Hj. 6100)3 IJAM v.^bejf, 91> I. ]upp. 6>0 (J. Cfe. 6100)3 IJAM v. Mfrlsoe, 910 I. ]upp. 6;0 (J. Haee. 6100)3I]LAM v. Nurjbttb, ;60 I. ]upp. 9:1 (B.J. Zbee. 6101).

66Ae fpplyaek f eo juty rulb to nfr fiiarhftavb jbibesbs rfasbj fkfaest t`b IJAM, t`bsb jastramtmourt opaeaoes `fvb strbtm`bj t`b rbfsoeaek t`ft `fs trfjataoeflly nbbe usbj to support jbmasaoesnfrraek mlfahs fkfaest t`b IJAM fej `fvb fpplabj t`ft rbfsoeaek to f jaiibrbet marmuhstfemb. [bhust rbhbhnbr f vatfl poaet oi gurasprujbemb7 StX`brb as . . . fe ahportfet jaiibrbemb nbtwbbe t`b

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jbhoestrftb t`b rbfl bxastbemb oi t`b aejaspbesfnlb bstfnlas`bj fej loek-stfejaek

ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw rulb7 oeb bxbhptaek t`b IJAM iroh jbibesbs uejbr stftb lfw.

]bb Hotormaty oi Gfmcsoevallb, 6>4 I.=j ft 66:=-::.

[b jasfkrbb wat` t`b IJAMs m`frfmtbrazftaoe oi t`bsb jastramt mourt mfsbs fs

hbrbly rbiaeaek t`b loek-stfejaek mohhoe lfw eo juty rulb, ai rbiaeaek as to

nb uejbrstooj fs joaek sohbt`aek ueahportfet. Fe ahportfet jaiibrbemb bxasts

nbtwbbe iollowaek prbmbjbet fej bxtbejaek prbmbjbet. Ae fscaek t`as Mourt to

fpply f eo juty rulb -- w`am` nfrs tort fmtaoes nrouk`t ny f nfecs jarbmtors fej

oiiambrs fkfaest t`b IJAM -- to nfr fiiarhftavb jbibesbs fssbrtbj fkfaest t`b IJAM

w`be at as t`b oeb fjvfemaek mlfahs, t`b IJAM as fscaek us to bxtbej f purportbj

ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw rulb to f ebw fej sakeaiamfetly jaiibrbet moetbxt. Ae ot`br

worjs, t`b IJAM as fscaek t`as Mourt to fmt lacb f mohhoe lfw mourt fej to mrbftb

ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw to iat t`as caej oi mfsb. [b mfeeot jo at eow nbmfusb wb frb

rbstrfaebj ny ]uprbhb Mourt prbmbjbet.

Ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw as nfsamflly mohplbtb fej mlosbj. Z`b ]uprbhb Mourt

`fs hfjb mlbfr t`ft wb hfy mrbftb ibjbrfl mohhoe lfw oely ae t`b ibw fej

rbstramtbj mfsbs ae w`am` t`brb bxasts f sakeaiamfet moeilamt nbtwbbe sohb ibjbrfl

polamy or aetbrbst fej t`b usb oi stftb lfw. ]bb OHblvbey & Hybrs, 66: ].Mt. ft

`oljaek ae f mfsb fej t`b rbfsoeaek t`ft supports t`ft `oljaek. ]bb Mrfwiorj-Bl v. Nrattoe, 660].Mt. 620:, 6214 (6110).

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>422. Eot`aek bvajbembs -- fej t`b IJAM jobs eot fmtuflly fssbrt -- t`ft t`as mfsb

prbsbets sum` f satuftaoe.6>

Nbmfusb t`b IJAM `fs ifalbj to jbhoestrftb t`b bxastbemb oi fe bstfnlas`bj

fej loek-stfejaek mohhoe lfw rulb nfrraek Jbibejfets fiiarhftavb jbibesbs, fej

nbmfusb wb hust jbmlaeb to mrbftb f nfrraek rulb, t`b IJAM as uebetatlbj to pfrtafl

suhhfry gujkhbet. [b fiiarh t`b jastramt mourts rulaek.

FIIA^HBJ AE TF^Z3 VRB]ZAOE] MB^ZAIABJ.

6>Ny t`b wfy, t`b jastaemtaoe t`ft stracbs us nbtwbbe fpplyaek f eo juty rulb to nfr tort mlfahsnrouk`t fkfaest t`b IJAM fej fpplyaek f eo juty rulb to nfr fiiarhftavb jbibesbs rfasbj nyjbibejfets subj ny t`b IJAM as eot f hbrb tbm`eamfl oeb or oeb oi prb- or post-OHblvbeytahaek oely. Ior aestfemb, f lbkatahftb qubstaoe bxasts fnout w`bt`br f eo juty rulb s`oulj --fs f polamy hfttbr -- fpply w`brb t`b IJAMs juty to hatakftb ats jfhfkbs as f juty owbj to t`bkbebrfl punlam, t`ft as, to somabty, eot gust oeb owbj (or eot owbj) spbmaiamflly to t`bsbJbibejfets. ]bb O.M.K.F. 26-6>-66 ([`be f pbrsoe as aegurbj ny t`b ebklakbemb oi feot`br,`b hust hatakftb `as jfhfkbs fs ifr fs as prfmtamfnlb ny t`b usb oi orjaefry mfrb fej jalakbemb.).^bsolvaek t`ft sbraous qubstaoe woulj rbquarb t`b caej oi t`orouk` fej t`ouk`tiul feflysas oimohhoe lfw juty assubs fkfaest w`am` OHblvbey mohhfejs.

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