Fcps Imp Points2

7/29/2019 Fcps Imp Points2

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1.Platelets containalphaanddense granules. Activated platelets excrete the contents of these

granules into theircanalicular systemsand into surrounding blood. There are three types of

granules:

dense (or delta) granules(containingADPorATP,calcium, andserotonin)

lambda granules similar to lysosomes and contain several hydrolytic enzymes.

Alpha granules(containingP-selectin,platelet factor 4,transforming growth factor-

1,platelet-derived growth factor,fibronectin,B-thromboglobulin,vWF,fibrinogen,

andcoagulation factorsVandXIII).

2.which region of the developing embryo becomes the neural plate: dorsal lip region

-invagination of the neural plate results in formation of what structure:neural groove

-neural folds on either side of the neural groove fuse to form what critical structure:neural tube

-neurulation takes place during what week of embryonic development:4th week

-an increase in what protein marker is often seen with neural tube defects:alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

-what disease is associated with low-maternal AFP:down syndrome

-caudal neural tube defects can be prevented by maternal consumption of what vitamin:Folate

-which antiepileptic drug is associated with neural tube defects: valproic acid

-which groove separates the alar and basal plates :Sulcus limitans

-which plate contains neurons with afferent functions:Dorsally located alar plate

-which plate contains neurons with efferent functions:ventrally located basal plate

-what are the 3 primary vesicles from rostral to caudal

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canalicular_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canalicular_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canalicular_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_factor_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_factor_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_factor_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-thromboglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-thromboglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-thromboglobulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_factor_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotoninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canalicular_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_granulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granule


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-which structures are considered part of the CNS:brain, spinal cord, olfactory bulb and tract, optic

nerve, and retina

-which structures make up the PNS:cranial nerves III-XII, spinal nerves, and autonomic ganglia and

nerves

-from which embryologic origin are the cells of the PNS derived :Neural crest cells

-what cell types and tissues are derived from neural crest cells :pseudounipolar neurons of pripheral

ganglia, schwann cells, neurons of autonomic ganglia, leptomeninges, chromaffin cells of adrenal

medulla, melanocytes, odontoblasts, parafollicular C cells, pharyngeal arches, and aorticopulmonary

septum

-what re the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Enteric

-which tissues are innervated by the ANS:smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

-which divisions of the ANS is responsible for the fight-or-flight response:Sympathetic

Deep Lymph Nodes

1. Submental

2. Submandibular (Submaxillary)

Anterior Cervical Lymph Nodes (Deep)

3. Prelaryngeal

4. Thyroid

5. Pretracheal

6. Paratracheal

Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

7. Lateral jugular

8. Anterior jugular

9. Jugulodigastric


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Inferior Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

10. Juguloomohyoid

11. Supraclavicular (scalene)

Heat Loss

Factors affecting heat loss include:

wind (heat loss is more rapid in wind) humidity (heat loss is less in high humidity) radiation (70% of the bodys heat loss can occur through an uncovered head) convection (heat loss from convection can be reduced by proper clothing).

A number of factors predispose a person to hypothermia. These include:

being immobilised (e.g. being trapped or suffering a stroke and lying outside allnight)

being seriously injured (e.g. major burns or spinal cord injuries) being very young or very old being under the influence of alcohol being involved in endurance activities being unconscious.

White fibrocartilage consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in

various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and

itselasticityto the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type Icollagenin addition to

the normal type II.

Fibrocartilage is found in thepubic symphysis, theannulus fibrosusofintervertebral

discs,menisci, and theTMJ. Duringlabor,relaxinloosens thepubic symphysisto aid in delivery,

but this can lead to later joint problems.

primary ossification center is in diaphysis

secondary ossification center is in epiphysis

Low voltage is produced by:

1.The damping effect of increased layers of fluid, fat or air between the heart and

the recording electrode

2.Loss of viable myocardium

3.Diffuse infiltration or myxoedematous involvement of the heart Specific causes of

low voltage include:

Pericardial effusion

Pleural effusion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_symphysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity


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Obesity

Emphysema

Pneumothorax

Contrictive pericarditidis

Previous massive MI

End-stage dilated cardiomyopathy

Infiltrative myocardial diseases i.e. restrictive cardiomyopathy due to amyloidosis,

sarcoidosis, haemochromatosis

Scleroderma

Myxoedema

in fasting state muscle releases alanine which gives gluconeogenic substrate

pyruvate and an amino group for urea synthesis

Glycogen storage disease type II (also called Pompe disease or acid maltasedeficiency) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, which damages muscle

and nerve cells throughout the body. It is caused by an accumulation of glycogen in

the lysosome due to deficiency of the lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme. It

is the only glycogen storage disease with a defect in lysosomal metabolism.... The

usual presenting features are cardiomegaly (92%), hypotonia (88%),

cardiomyopathy (88%), respiratory distress (78%), muscle weakness (63%), feeding

difficulties (57%) and failure to thrive (53%).

Mesoderm components MESODERM:

Mesothelium (peritoneal, pleural, pericardial)/ Muscle (striated, smooth, cardiac)

Embryologic Spleen/ Soft tissue/ Serous linings/ Sarcoma/ Somite

Osseous tissue/ Outer layer of suprarenal gland (cortex)/ Ovaries

Dura/ Ducts of genitalia

Endothelium

Renal Microglia

Mesenchyme/ Male gonad


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Work of Breathing

1. Components of Worko elastic work - work to overcome:

lung elastic recoil thoracic cage displacement abdominal organ displacement

o frictional work - work to overcome: air-flow resistance (major) viscous resistance (lobe friction, minor)

o inertial work - work to overcome: acceleration and deceleration of air (negligible due to low mass of air) acceleration and deceleration of chest wall and lungs (negligible due to overdamping

na 142

k 4.5

hco3 26

cl 103

ca2.5

.

Density (g/mL) ClassDiameter

(nm)

%

protein

%

cholesterol

%

phospholipid

% triacylglycerol

& cholesterol

ester

>1.063 HDL 515 33 30 29 4

1.0191.063 LDL 1828 25 50 21 8

1.0061.019 IDL 2550 18 29 22 31

0.951.006 VLDL 3080 10 22 18 50


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It is found in the superior part of the inferior horn of thelateral ventricles. It follows up along this boundary,

continuous with the inferior of the body of the lateral ventricles. It passes into theinterventricular foramen,

and is present at the top of thethird ventricle.

There is also choroid plexus in thefourth ventricle, in the section closest to the bottom half of

thecerebellum.

Omenta

Sources Structure From To Contains

Dorsal

mesentery

Greater omentum Greater curvature of

stomach (andspleen)

Transverse

colon

Gastrosplenic

ligament

Stomach Spleen Short gastric artery,Left gastro-omental artery

Gastrophrenic

ligament

Stomach Diaphragm Left inferior phrenic artery

Gastrocolic

ligament

Stomach Transverse

colon

Right gastro-omental artery-

Splenorenal

ligament

Spleen Kidney Splenic artery,Tail of pancreas

Ventral

mesentery

Lesser omentum Lesser curvature of the

stomach

(andduodenum)

Liver The right free margin-hepatic artery, portal

vein, and bile duct. Along the lesser curvature

of the stomach-left and right gastric artery.

Hepatogastric

ligament

Stomach Liver Right and left gastric artery

Hepatoduodenal

ligament

Duodenum Liver Hepatic artery proper,hepatic portal vein,bile

duct,autonomic nerves

[edit]Mesenteries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventricular_foramenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventricular_foramenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventricular_foramenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_omentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_omentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenorenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenorenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenorenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_properhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_properhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomic_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomic_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomic_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomic_nerves&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_artery_properhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoduodenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatogastric_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_of_pancreashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenorenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenorenal_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrophrenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastro-omental_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrosplenic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_mesenteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_omentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_ventriclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventricular_foramenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_ventricle


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Dorsal

mesentery

Mesentery

proper

Small

intestine(jejunumandileum)

Posterior

abdominal wall

Superior

mesenteric artery

Transverse

mesocolonTransverse colon

Posterior

abdominal wallMiddle colic

Sigmoid

mesocolonSigmoid colon Pelvic wall Sigmoid arteries

Mesoappendix Mesentery of ileum AppendixAppendicular

artery

[edit]Other ligaments and folds


Ventral

mesentery

Falciform ligament Liver

Thoracic

diaphragm,

anteriorabdominal wall

Round ligament of liver,paraumbilical

veins

Leftumbilical

vein

Round ligament of

liverLiver Umbilicus

Ventral

mesenteryCoronary ligament Liver

Thoracic

diaphragm

Ductus

venosus

Ligamentum

venosumLiver Liver

Phrenicocolic Left colic Thoracic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoappendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoappendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_colic_flexurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_colic_flexurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_veinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falciform_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoappendixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_arterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_colichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_mesocolonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine


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ligament flexure diaphragm

Ventral

mesentery

Left triangular

ligament,right

triangular ligament

Liver

Umbilical folds Urinary

bladder

Ileocecal fold Ileum Cecum

Broad ligament of

the uterus Uterus

Pelvic wall Mesovarium,mesosalpinx,mesometrium

Ovarian ligament Uterus Inguinal canal

Suspensory

ligament of the

ovary

Ovary Pelvic wall Ovarian artery

In addition, in thepelvic cavitythere are several structures that are usually named not for the

peritoneum, but for the areas defined by the peritoneal folds:

Name Location Genders possessing structure

Rectovesical pouch Betweenrectumand urinary bladder Male only

Rectouterine pouch Between rectum and uterus Female only

Vesicouterine pouch Between urinary bladder and uterus Female only

Pararectal fossa Surrounding rectum Male and female
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_colic_flexurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_colic_flexurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_foldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_foldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesovariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesovariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosalpinxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosalpinxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosalpinxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesometriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesometriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesometriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectovesical_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectovesical_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararectal_fossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararectal_fossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararectal_fossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectouterine_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectovesical_pouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_the_ovaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesometriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosalpinxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesovariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal_foldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_foldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_triangular_ligamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_colic_flexurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenicocolic_ligament


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Nerve supply to peritoneum:

Nerve supply to Parietal peritoneum:Parietal peritonem is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch and

pressure. It is innervated in accordance to the region where it exists,as explained below;

The parietal peritoneum lining the anterior abdominal wall is supplied by lower six

thoracic and first lumbar nerves. It should be kept in mind that these are the same

nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the anterior abdominal wall.

In the region of diaphragm, the nerve supply is different. The central part of the

diaphragmatic peritoneum is innervated by phrenic nerves. Peripherally, the nerve supply

comes through the lower six thoracic nerves.

In the pelvic region, the parietal peritoneum is mainly supplied by the obturator never,

which is a branch of the lumbar plexus.

Nerve supply to visceral peritoneum:

Unlike the parietal peritoneum, the visceral peritoneum is sensitiveonly to stretch and tearing. The sensations of touch, pressure or

temperature are absent. The sensation of pain arises secondary to

tearing and is very limited. It is of less severe nature and is referred toan area of abdominal wall according to the affected region of intestinal

tract.The nerve supply comes through the autonomic afferent nerves that

supply the underlying viscera or the ones that travel in themesenteries. Over distension of a viscus causes stretch of visceralperitoneum and leads to pain.

1. The cavernous sinus comprises one or more venous channels

(sometimes a plexus).*It is located in a dural compartment

bounded by the body of the sphenoid bone and the anterior

portion of the tentorium. In addition to the venous channels,the dural compartment contains (outside the endothelium) the

internal carotid artery, sympathetic plexus, abducent nerve,

and, further laterally, the oculomotor, trochlear, and

ophthalmic nerves

Paravesical fossa Surrounding urinary bladder Male and female
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_43.html#chpt_43_asteriskhttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_43.html#chpt_43_asteriskhttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_43.html#chpt_43_asteriskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravesical_fossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravesical_fossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravesical_fossahttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_8/chapter_43.html#chpt_43_asterisk


10/26

2. The middle cerebral artery, the larger terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, is

frequently regarded as the continuation of that vessel. It passes laterally in the lateral

fissure and gives rise to numerous branches on the surface of the insula. Small, central

branches (lenticulostriate arteries) enter the anterior perforated substance, supplying

deeper structures of the hemispheres and are liable to occlusion (lacunar strokes) or

rupture (Charcot's "artery of cerebral hemorrhage"). It supplies the motor and premotor

areas and the sensory and auditory areas. It also supplies the language areas in the

dominant hemisphere.Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery causes a contralateral

paralysis (hemiplegia) and a sensory defect. The paralysis is least marked in the lower

limb (territory of anterior cerebral artery). When the dominant (usually left) side is

involved, there are also disturbances of language (aphasia).

3. The brain is supplied by the two internal carotid and the two vertebral arteries.

4. The subarachnoid space communicates with the fourth ventricle by means of apertures: amedian (Magendie) one and two lateral (Luschka) ones.

5. The ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia are associated with certain of

the cranial nerves. In these ganglia, parasympathetic fibers synapse, whereas sympathetic

and other fibers merely pass through.


11/26

1. Hepatic hemengioma is associated with:

A. Vinyl Chloride.

2. Which of the disease is common in I/V drug abusers:

A. Infective Endocarditis.

3. Typhoid carriers are:

A. Usually asymptomatic.

4. Intestinal metaplasia due to reflux esophagitis leads to:

A. Adenocarcinoma.

5. Embryological marker that reappears in circulation in Ca Colon is:

A. CEA.

6. Which of the following is peculiar for crohn`s disease is:

A. Perianal Lesions.

7. Anemia of pregnancy is due to:

A. Increase plasma volume.

8. Major complication of severe burn:

Formation of granulation tissue.

Carcinoma formation.

9. What is Inappropriate about hyper parathyroidism:

A. There is increase PO4 renal absorption.

10. A 25 year old lady complaining of palpitations, heat intolerance on examination

her pulse is 112b/min, BP 120/80, R/R 20 br/min. She is most probably a case of:

A. Hyperthyroidism.

11. Resection of Anterior lobe of pituitary will lead to:

A. Decrease glucocorticoids.

12. A 6 year old boy is complaining of proximal muscular weakness was found to be

Ca++ channel antibodies positive. The most probable diagnosis is:

Lambert Eaten Syndrome.

Mysthenia Gravis.

13. In pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure is due to:

A. Ventilation / perfusion mismatch.

14. Left ventricular failure will lead to:

A. Increase pulmonary arteriolar Pressure.

15. Immediate effect after injury to a vessel is:

Vasoconstriction

16. Effects of hyper parathyroidism in Ca. lung is due to:

Parathyroid like protein

Parathyroid hormone

17. Spleenectomy will help in treating which type of anemia:

A. Hereditary Spherocytosis.

18. Malignant Tumor that will not metastasize:

A. Basal cell carcinoma.


12/26

19. Achlasia is due to:

A. Absence of Myenteric plexus.

20. After a traffic accident a lady is brought to a hosp the IMMEDIATE step you do:

A. Clear airway.

21. Ameobic infection reaches lungs via:

Direct extension from liver.By aspiration of ova of Entameoba histolitica.

By aspiration of trophozoits of Entameoba histolitica.

Via Portal vein.

22. In Hypothyroidism there is increase in:

A. Cholesterol

23. In thyroid disease the antibodies are directed against:

A. Thyroglobin.

Limbic system:

A ring shaped collection of structures including hypothalamus, pituitary gland,

thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus,

Plays important role in expression of survival instincts, drives and emotions.

They mediate effects of mood on external behavior and play a vital role in keeping

conditions inside your body constant.

Smell information enters directly into your limbic system which is why smells are

often associated with strong memories and emotions and also depicts sexual and

sensual feelings both in male and female.

Also known as mammalian brain, because it is thought to have emerged in

mammals

The phrayngeal Pouches i created a formula for them ...

1A, 2P, 3 TIP, 4 SPUB

It might seem even more difficult but let me explain ...

1A .. 1 for the 1st letter of Alphabet which is A stands for Auditory ... So, 1st Pouchgives the epithelial lining of Auditory tube and middle ear cavity

2P ... 2 for the 2nd letter of the Alphabet which is the P ... for Palatine ... So, 2nd pouchgives the epithelial lining of cryPts of Palatine tonsil

3 TIP ... 3 then 3 letters TIP & start with T of Three ... these letters are the


13/26

abbreviations given in kaplan for those derivatives and stands for Thymus and InferiorParathyroid gland

4 SPUB ... 4 then 4 letters SPUB ... Also the abbreviations given in the notes forSuperior Parathyroid gland and Ultimobranchial Body

The Arches ...

The Nerves ...

March 1975 i.e. 1975 = X, IX, VII, V and March to remember it is V3 ....

Arrange them .... Arch 1 gives V3, 2 gives VII, 3 gives IX and both 4 & 6 will have X

The Arteries ...

1st - part of MAXillary a. -------------- 1st arch is MAXimal

2nd- Stapedial a. & Hyoid a. ------- Second for Stapedial

3rd- Common Carotids and parts of internal Carotids ---- C is the 3rd letter ofAlphabet

4th- on the lt. --> AORtic Arch and on the Rt.--> Rt. Subclavian ----

4th arch (4 limbs) = Systmeic & Also remember that AOR is from FOUR

6th- Pulmonary arteries and Ductus arteriosus ---- 6th arch= Pulmonary andPulmonary - Systemic Shunt ( Ductus )

Muscles (Mesoderm) & Skeletal (Neural Crest) Derivatives ...

1st arch ...

Muscles => V3 innervates M.D. My T.V. i.e.

Muscles of mastication ( masseter, temporalis, pterygoid)

Digastric ( Anterior Belly)

Mylohyoid

tensor Tympani

tensor Veli

Skeletal => I'M getting Skeletal like Silvester


14/26

Skeletal remind u of skeletal derivatives then

I for the 1 i.e. 1st arch and for Incus

M for Malleus/Maxilla/Mandible

2nd Arch ....

To remember the Muscles innervated by the CN VII ...

Imagine someone making the Facial Expression to say " PSS ... "

Facial Expression muscles

Posterior Belly of digastric

Stapedius ----> and it reminds u of the other skeletal derivative Stapes

Stylohyoid -----> and it reminds u of the the Hyoid ... but not all the Hyoid, we still inthe 2nd level so choose the lesser that is above i.e. the Lesser Horn of the upper bodyof the Hyoid.( and when u get to the 3rd arch do the opposite )

6. Because the lung is centered vertically around the heart, part of the lung is superior to the heart,

and part is inferior. This has a major impact on the V/Q ratio

apex of lung higher

base of lung lower

In a subject standing in orthostatic position (upright) the apex of the lung shows higher V/Q

ratio, while at the base of the lung the ratio is lower but nearer to the optimal value for reaching

adequate blood oxygen concentrations. The main reason for lower V/Q ratios at the base is that

both ventilation and perfusion increase when going from the apex to the base, but Q does it

more strongly thus lowering the V/Q ratio. The principal factor involved in the genesis of V/Q

dishomogeneity between the apex and the base of the lung is gravity (this is why V/Q ratios

change in positions other than the orthostatic one).

7. Cranial and spinal neural crest: major derivatives GAMES:

Glial cells (of peripheral ganglia)


15/26

Arachnoid (and pia)

Melanocytes

Enteric ganglia

Schwann cells

8. the ventilation/perfusion ratio (or V/Q ratio) is a measurement used to assess the efficiency and

adequacy of the matching of two variables

It is defined as: the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood

reaching the alveoli.

"V" ventilation the air that reaches the alveoli

"Q" perfusion the blood that reaches the alveoli

Epidemic: An

outbreak of

disease that

attacks many

peoples at about

the same time an

may spread

through one or

several

communities.

Endemic: a disease that exists permanently in a particular

region or population. Malaria is a constant worry in parts

of Africa.

Pandemic: When a

epidemic spreads

throughout theworld.

IGM :first antibody produced,exists as a pentmer,traps free antigens,affinity low,avidity high,most active at activating

complement,not an opsonin,does not mediate adcc.found in ABO blood group

IGg:major antibody produced after igm,activates complement,opsonizes and mediates adcc,actively transported across

placenta,also found in graves disease and throtoxicosis,has memory,present in Rh blood group system

9. IGA:produced in submucosa,dimer,imp component of breast milk,protects mucosal surfaces of body10. IGE:bound to mast cells and basophils,mediates typ1 allergic reaction,protects against parasites


16/26

11.Branches of Facial Nerve: Great Nerve Cut Can Produce Motor Palsy.

G- Greater superficial petrosal nerve

N- Nerve to stapedius

C- Corda tympani

C- Communicating branch

P- Posterior auricular nerve

M- Muscular branches to stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

P- Peripheral branches

12. Circumduction>Hemiparesis

Stamping Slapping> Tabes, SACD (POST COLUMN)

Spastic> UMN

Ataxic>cerebellar lesionsApraxic> Frontal lobe ds-dementia

Waddling>B/L sup gluteal N, Muscular dystrophy

Festooned>Parkinson

Festinant>Parkinson, CO poisoning, AS

Positive rhombergs >Sensory ataxiaQuestion Answer

High Cal, Low phos primary hyperpara

MC cause of primary single adenoma

MC parathy disorder primary hyperparathy

Low cal, high phos Sec hyperparathy

High Cal high Phos Tertiary hyperpara

PTH vit D receptors on osteoblasts

Calcitonin receptors Osteoclasts

Low urine cal, high phos N ALP Hypopara

Bones, Groans, Psychic moans, abdo stones Hypoparathy

memorize

13.Fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of serous pericardium are supplied by

phrenic nerves. The visceral layer of serous pericardium has different innervations

than the parietal layer. It is innervated by branches of sympathetic trunks and vagus

nervesH ighly radiosensitivetumours are:

Lymphoma

Wilm's tumour


17/26

Myeloma

Ewing's sarcoma

Seminoma

Moderately radiosensitivetumours are:

Small cell lung carcinoma

Carcinoma of breast

Teratoma

Ovarian carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Medulloblastoma

Dysgerminoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Relatively Resistanttumours are:

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung

Hypernephroma (Renal Cell Carcinoma)

Rectal carcinoma and carcinoma colon

Bladder carcinoma

Soft tissue carcinoma such as fibrosarcoma

Carcinoma of cervix

H ighly Resistanttumours are:

Melanoma

Osteosarcoma

Pancreatic carcinoma

HepatomaEmail ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook

Definitions

Stressed volume is what? Blood volume in the arteries

Which vasculature has the highest largest total

cross-sectional and surface area?

Capillaries

What is CO in relation to pressure and TPR? CO=(map-right atrial pressure)/tpr

What is resistance equation? R=8visl/pir^4

When an artery is added in parallel, does total Decrease
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18/26

resistance increase or decrease?

Shear stress is highest at the center or the wall? At wall because velocity is zero.

Pulmonary wedge pressure measures what? Left atria pressure

P wave Atrial depolarization

PR interval Beginning of P wave to the beginning of Q wave

PR interval increases under what conditions? Heart block, AV node delay

QRS Ventricle depolarization

QT interval Entire period of depolarization and repolarization of

the ventricles

ST segment End of S to beginning of T

Isoelectric

Period when the ventricles are depolarized

T wave Ventricles are repolarized

What is the resting membrane potentials for

ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system?

-90mV

Phase 0 of ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system Na conductance influx

Phase 1 of ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system Brief period of initial repolarization with efflux of K

Phase 2 of ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system Plateau. Inward Ca and outward K

Phase 3 of ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system Repolarization. Ca inward decreases and K outward

increases, IK

Phase 4 of ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system Resting membrane potential. IkI


19/26

Which phase has Ik? Phase 3 repolarization

Which phase has IkI? Phase 4, resting membrane potential

What are the phases of SA node? Phases 0,3,4

Phase 0 of SA node? Inward of Ca

How is phase 0 of ventricles different from phase

0 of SA node?

Ventricle phase 0=Na influx

SA node phase 0= Ca influx

Phase 3 of SA node? Repolarization of K efflux

Phase 4 of SA node? Slow depolarization caused by Na influx If channels.

When are funny channels turned on? During phase 3 - repolarization

Which phases are not present in SA node but

present in ventricle AP?

Phase 1, 2

Conduction velocity is fastest in what system?

Slowest in what?

Fastest - Purkinje system

Slowest - AV node

Absolute refractory period (ARP) No action potential can be initiated

Upstroke of AP to end of plateau

Effective refractory period (ERP) Slightly longer than ARP

Conducted AP cannot be elicited

Relative refractory period (RRP) AP can be elicited, but more than usual inward

current is required

Chronotropic effects affects what? HR

Funny channels (phase 4 depolarization)

Dromotropic effects affects what? Conduction velocity in AV node


20/26


21/26

Cardiac glycosides (digitalis) increases inotropy

how?

Inhibiting Na,K ATPase, diminishes Na/Ca counter

exchange and causes increased Ca intracellularly

Preload End-diastolic volume, related to right atrial

pressure

Afterload Left ventricle - aortic pressure

Right ventricle - pulmonary artery pressure

What factor has been increased?Increased in

end-diastolic volume, increase in stroke volume

Increased pre-load

What factor has been increased? Decrease in SV,

increase in end-sytolic volume

Increased afterload

What factor has been increased? Increased SV,

decrease in end-systolic volume

Increased contractility

When cardiac output and venous return are

simultaneously plotted, the point they intercept

is?

Right atrial pressure

How does TPR affect CO and venous return? Decrease CO and venous return

Stroke volume is what? End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume

What is the equation for stroke work? Stroke work=aortic pressure x stroke volume

What is cardiac output according to Fick's

principle?

CO=O2 consumption/ (O2 in pulmonary vein-O2 in

pulmonary artery)

a wave on venous pulse curve Increase in atrial pressure caused by atrial systole

Fourth heart sound is due to what? Filling of ventricles by atrial systole

First heart sound Closing of AV valves


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Which AV valve closes first? Mitral

Second heart sound Closing of semilunar valves

Which semilunar valves close first? Aortic valve

Third heart sound Rapid flow of blood from atria into the ventricles

What are baroreceptors and where are they

located?

Stretch receptors located within the walls of the

carotid sinus near the bifurcation of the common

carotid arteries and aortic arches

Which baroreceptors only respond to increase

arterial pressure and not decrease arterial

pressure?

Aortic baroreceptors

Valsalva maneuver causes what response? Increase in HR

What are the four actions of Angiotensin II? 1. Secretion of aldosterone

2. Increase Na-H exchange in the proximal

convoluted tubule.

3. Increases thirst

4. Vasoconstriction of the arteries

Where are the chemoreceptors located? Near the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries

and along the aortic arch

Where is ADH (vasopressin) released from? Posterior pituitary gland

What is the function of ADH? Name specific

receptors involved.

1. Vasoconstrictor to increase TPR by activing V1

receptors on arterioles

2. Water reabsorption by V2 receptors

EDRF is produced where? What does it cause?

What is the mechanism of EDRF? What is a form

of EDRF?

Produced in endothelial cells

Causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle

Mechanism involves activation of cGMP

One form of EDRF is NO


23/26

Which organs exhibit autoregulation? Heart, brain, and kidney

Which prostaglandins are vasodilators and which

ones are vasoconstrictors? (PGE or PGF)

PGE - vasodilator

PGF - vasoconstrictor

What are the most important metabolic factors

for coronary circulation?

Hypoxia and adenosine

What are the sympathetic innervation receptors

on skeletal muscles? What do they cause?

Alpha-1: vasoconstriction

Beta-2: vasodilation

Skin has what kind of innervation? Extensive sympathetic innervation

What are the vasodilator metabolites of skeletal

muscle?

Lactate, K, and adenosine

ADH released from where and does what? Released from atria when it detects a decrease in

blood volume. ADH causes both vasoconstriction

and increased water reabsorption

At which site is systolic blood pressure the

highest? (not aorta)

Renal artery

Postextrasystolic contraction produces increased

pulse pressure because?

Contractility is increased

The ventricles are completely depolarized during

which isoelectric portion of the electrocardiogra?

ST segment

Two P waves preceding each QRS complex

means what?

Decreased conduction through AV node

End-diastolic volume and what can be used

interchangeably?

Right atrial pressure

What is pulse pressure? Difference between the highest and lowest arterial

pressures.


24/26

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is aortic

pressure highest?

Highest level actually coincides with the beginning

of the reduced ventricular ejection phase.

Cardiac output of the right side of the heart is

what percentage of the cardiac output of the left

side of the heart?

100%

Which phase of the ventricular action potential

coincides with diastole?

Phase 4

During which of the cardiac cycle does the mitral

valve open?

14. femoral artery is on psoas

femoral nerve .... illliacus

femoral vein.... pectinius

15.The relations of the right kidney:

1. Anteriorly1 suprarenal gland, liver, second part of duodenum, right colic

flexure

2. Posteriorly1 diaphragm, 12th rib, costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura,

psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum muscle, transversus abdominis muscle

The relations of the left kidney:

1. Anteriorly1 suprarenal gland, spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure,

coils of jejunum

2. Posteriorly1 diaphragm, costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura, 11th and

12th rib, psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum muscle, transversus abdominis

muscle

16. The blood supply to the breast is derived from 3 sources. Thepredominant supply of blood comes from the perforating branches of

theinternal mammary arteries, derived from the internal thoracic artery. Thebreast is further supplied by the lateral thoracic andthoracoacromial

arteries (branches of the axillary artery) as well as posterior intercostal

arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta).17. Venous drainage of the breast is mainly accomplished by the axillary

vein. The subclavian, intercostal, and internal thoracic veinsalso aid in

returning blood to the heart.


25/26

18. a waves are absent in atrial fibrillation p waves alsoabsent

19. small waves in atrial flutter

20. giant a waves seen in tricuspid stenosis

21. cannon a waves seen in complete heart block22. c wave corresponds to closure of tricuspid valve

23. x wave first negative wave comes after a wave coincides with 4th heart sound

24. glomerular capillary pressure is 60mmhg

25. c wave during ventricular contraction tricuspid cusps are slightly pushed into rt

atrium causing rise in pressure

26. c wave may be seen in rt hert overload lbbb and a-v block

27. x wave occurs in early part of atrial diastole as pressure in chamber falls due to

relaxation and dilatation

28. x wave shallow in ccf and ts and exacerbate in pericardial tamponade and

constrictive pericarditis

29. inc volume in rt ventricle eg in asd and vsd produce a stronger ventricular

contraction and steep x descent

30. v wave occurs due to pooling of blood in rt atrium while tricuspid valve is close

31. large v waves due to reflux of blood in rt atrium in tricuspid regurgitation

32. y wave is second negative wave occurs with third heart sound during rapid inflow

phase of cardiac cycle

33. higher the venous return steeper is the descent of y wave34. kussmaul's sign is the inspiratory rise in jvp seen in constrictive pericarditis or

pericardial tamponade

Site

Normal

pressure range

(inmmHg)[4]

Central venous pressure 38

Right ventricular pressure

systolic 1530

diastolic 38

Pulmonary artery pressure

systolic 1530

diastolic 412
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ventricular_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure#cite_note-WashingtonSurgery2008-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MmHg


26/26

35.

36. its 18 mmhg in effernt arteiole

Pulmonary vein/

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

215

Left ventricular pressure

systolic 100140

diastolic 3-12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_ventricular_pressure

Fcps Imp Points2

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