NAME : MUHAMMAD MOHSIN KHAN

R.NO : 14EN04

COURSE : BIOCHEMISTRY

SEMESTER : BS-ENV.SCIENCES (V)

SUBMITT TO : SIR KHALID HASSAN

FATTY ACIDSLong straight-chain carboxylic acids

no branchingMost common chains range from 10–20 carbons in lengthUsually, an even number of carbons in the chain, including

the carboxyl carbonCan be saturated or unsaturated, but usually no other

functional groups presentAny fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body is called

an essential fatty acid

STRUCTURE OF FATTY ACIDA fatty acid is nothing

more than a long C-H chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) on the end.

The COOH gives it an acid property.

The 3….dots represent the chain is very long.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDSolubility>Longer chains

• more hydrophobic, less soluble.>Double bonds increase solubility.Melting points

• Depend on chain length and saturation• Double bonds lead chain disorder and low melting

temperature.• Unsaturated FAs are solids at Room Temperature.

MOST COMMON FATTY ACIDS

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Saturated Fatty Acids

20:418:318:218:116:1

20:018:016:014:012:0

Carbon Atoms:Double Bonds

Melting Point(°C)

Common Name

-49-11-5161

7770635844

Arachidonic acidLinolenic acidLinoleic acidOleic acidPalmitoleic acid

Arachidic acidStearic acidPalmitic acidMyristic acidLauric acid

TYPES OF FATTY ACIDSThe Length of the Carbon Chain

long-chain medium-chain short-chain

The Degree of Unsaturationsaturatedunsaturated

The Location of Double Bondsomega-3 fatty acidomega-6 fatty acid

SATURATED & UNSATURATED F.ASaturated FAs have no

double bonds. (C-C) Double bonds lower the melting temperature

Unsaturated FAs have at least one double bond (C=C) in one of the fatty acids

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

MONOSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

POLYSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

LOCATION OF DOUBLE BONDPolyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) are identified by

position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3) of the carbon chain; this is described as a omega number.

If PUFA has first double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end => omega 3 FA

6 carbons from methyl end => omega 6 FA

SAPONIFICATIONSaponification is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an

esterProducts of the reaction are

An alcohol An ionized salt which is a soap

Soaps have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail Also have a negatively charged carboxylate group at end Form micelles that dissolve oil and dirt particles

REACTION OF DOUBLE BONDHydrogenation is an addition reactionUnsaturated fatty acids can be converted to saturated fatty

acidsHydrogenation is used in the food industry

HYDROGENATION

TRIACYLGLYCEROLSAn ester of glycerol

with three fatty acids. Also known as

triacylglycerolsOne type of lipid

categorised as simple lipid.

STRUCTURE OF TRIGLYEROLSGlycerides are lipid estersA triglyceride places fatty acid chains at each alcohol

group of the glycerol.

CH2

CH

CH2

O

O

O CO

CO

CO

R1

R2

R3

Glycerolpart Fatty acid

chains

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIGLCEROLSPhysical properties depend on the fatty acid components.Melting point increases as the number of carbons

in its hydrocarbon chains increases and as the number of double bonds decreases.

Oils: Triglycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids are generally liquid at room.

Fats: Triglycerides rich in saturated fatty acids are generally semisolids or solids at room temperature.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIESTriglycerides have typical ester and alkene chemical properties as they are composed of these two groups:-

Saponification: replace H with salt from a strong baseHydrolysis: produces the fatty acids and glycerol, a reverse

of formationHydrogenation: saturates the double bonds

REACTIONS :Triglycerides undergo three basic reactionsThese reactions are identical to those studied in carboxylic

acids.

Triglyceride

GlycerolFatty Acids Glycerol

Fatty Acid Salts

More saturatedtriglyceride

THANK YOU