Fasteners, Adhesives and Clamping Most wood products must be fastened together. There are several...
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![Page 1: Fasteners, Adhesives and Clamping Most wood products must be fastened together. There are several methods to accomplish this. Different types of glues,](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d65a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fasteners, Adhesivesand Clamping
• Most wood products must be fastened together.
• There are several methods to accomplish this.
• Different types of glues, nails, screws and other fasteners can be used.
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Nails
• Most nails are made out of mild steel on automatic machines.
• Others are made from other metals such as copper, stainless steel, aluminum and brass.
• Some have coatings such as galvanized nails for better weather resistance.
• Nail size is indicated by the letter “d” which is the English symbol for penny.
• 2d nails are 1inch long & 60d nails are 6 inches long.
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• Nail lengths increase ¼” for each additional d. (a 4d nail would be 1 ½” long)
• Nails are generally sold by the pound.
• Nails commonly used in Woodworking are:
COMMON
BOX
FINISH
CASING
BRAD
SPIRAL SHANK
RING SHANK
ESCUTCHEON
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• Common nails have flat heads and are used for framing.
• Box nails also have flat heads but has a smaller shank which is less likely to split the wood.
• Finish nails have small round heads which can be set below the surface of the wood.
• Casing nails are heavier than finishing & have a tapered head.
• Finish nails smaller than 2d are called brads.
• Brads are available in many sizes.
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• Escutcheon nails are used to fasten decorative plates such as hinges or lock. Half-Round head is left exposed. (usually made of brass or copper)
• Spiral-shank & ring shank nails have a straight thread appearance & have good holding power. A sample application is drywall installation.
We’ve nailed this topic down
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Wood Screws
• Wood screws are used when a product needs to have extra holding power or disassembled.
• Screw size diameters are based on wire gage size which vary from 0 to 24. Each gage size is a specific diameter.
• Screw lengths average from ¼” to 6” in length.
• Can be made from a variety of metals depending on use required.
We’ll try not to screw this up.
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• Shape of screw heads are generally flat, round or oval.
• Flat head screws fit flush with surface of stock.
• Round head screw fit on top of surface.
• Oval head screws are partially recessed into surface.
Length Length
Length
Gage
Gage
Gage
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• Screw head recesses vary greatly.
• The two most common are
A Slotted and B Philips head.
• Other types include: C Clutch, D Square, E Torx, F Hex.
A B C D E F
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Screw Installation• Use proper size screw driver for
the screw being used..
A: Just right
A B C
D
E
B: To small
C: To big
D: Proper grind on tip of blade
E: Improper grind on blade – rounded, slanted, beveled.
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Drilling Holes For Screws
• Two holes should be drilled, the Clearance hole and Pilot hole.
• Clearance should be same size as shank diameter of screw.
• Pilot should be a little smaller than the root (smallest) diameter of thread.
• Holes for flat head screws should be countersunk so head fits flush with surface of wood.
• Some applications require a counter-bored hole to recess the screw below the wood surface.
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Pilot Hole Clearance
Countersink
ShankDiameter
RootDiameter
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Other Bolts& Fasteners
Elevator
Carriage
Frame Plow
Serrated Flange Step Hanger
Cap Screw
Hex Head Slotted
Flat Cap
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Philips Bugle Head Drywall
Dowel ScrewsSquare RecessParticle Board
Lag Screw Shield
Lag Bolt
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Corrugated Fasteners
Flat Staples
RoundStaples
There are hundreds of different typesOf fasteners for special applications.We have only listed a few to give youSome idea of the variety available.
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Power Nailers andScrew Drivers
Drill Driver
Framing Gun Brad Nailer
Finish Nailer
Used to drive a variety of nails & screws.Fast, no need to pre-drill in hardwoods.
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Reinforcement ofWood Joints
• Glue Blocks: help square and strengthen a joint – often used to attach tops of dressers or cabinets to a base.
• Wood Dowels: cylindrical stock made of birch.– Diameters range fro 1/8” to 1”– Usually in 3 or 4 foot lengths – Short Dowels specifically made
for joinery have grooves to allow air escape
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Feather: is a thin stripOf wood used to Reinforce corners.
Biscuits: made of beechUsed in plate joinery.Glue expands biscuit to Make very strong joint.
Splines: are thin strips of stock thatAre inserted into grooves of adjacentParts of a joint.
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Adhesives
• Some Adhesives (glues) are actually stronger than the stock.
• Rubber cement: used to bond paper, cardboard, felt & other porous materials. Temporary bonds are formed by applying to only 1 surface, permanent by applying to two surfaces.
• Contact cement: used to fasten plastic laminates to solid stock. Used in counter top construction. Glue is applied to both surfaces & allowed to set up.
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• Plastics Cement: Sets quickly to form a waterproof bond. Used for a variety of repair jobs.
• White Liquid Resin Glue: (polyvinyl acetate) most common type. Used for interior applications – not waterproof – not very heat resistant - sets and dries in about 30 min. Good gap filling quality.
• Animal glue: made from animal hooves or hides – one of the oldest types – not waterproof.
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• Plastic Resin glue: (urea-formaldehyde) – good moisture resistance and very strong. Comes in powder form & mixed with water. Dries to a hard & brittle substance.
• Aliphatic Resin glue: (yellow glue) – resists heat & chemicals. Sands easily – sets in about 45 minutes. Does not resist moisture.
• Resorcinal glue: Powder mixed with water & a catalyst. Very strong & waterproof. Needs 12 to 16 hours clamping time. Leaves dark glue line.
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• Casein Glue: made from milk curd. Is water resistant, strong & is useful with oily wood like cypress. Tends to stain woods like maple & oak.
• Epoxy Cement: Two part cement with a resin & hardener. Extremely strong, waterproof & can be sanded. Setting speed can be controlled with various hardeners. Epoxies are cured by chemical reaction producing heat.
• Hot Glue: For temporary bonds not requiring strength. Sticks are used in a hot glue gun.
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Clamping Devices
Bar Clamps: for larger work.
Edge Clamps:Corner / Miter
clamps
C-Clamps
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Clamps
Parallel ClampsSpring Clamps
Strap ClampsPipe Clamps