FARS Safety Data Sheet · copper oxide). • Molten metal in contact with water/moisture or certain...
Transcript of FARS Safety Data Sheet · copper oxide). • Molten metal in contact with water/moisture or certain...
SAFETYDATASHEET
SECTION1: IDENTIFICATION
MaterialName: WROUGHTALUMINUMPRODUCTS,6xxxSERIESALLOYSChemicalFormula: Mixture
RecommendedRestrictions:Doesnotincludealloys:6012,6018,6042,6064,6064A,6068,6262;6012A,6020,6021,6023,6028,6040,6041,6262A
ProductUse: Variousfabricatedaluminumpartsandproducts
Synonym(s): 6xxxseriesalloys*
ManufacturerInformation:
FairwayArchitecturalRailingSolutions 53EbysChiquesRoad MountJoy,PA17552 800-598-5245
EmergencyInformation: ProfessionalEmergencyResourcesServices(PERS)800-633-8253
ForacurrentSafetyDataSheet,refertoFairwaywebsite:
FairwayRailing.com
SECTION2:HAZARDSIDENTIFICATIONDANGER
GeneralHazardStatement:solidmetallicproductsaregenerallyclassifiedas“articles”anddonotconstituteahazardousmaterialsinsolidformunderdefinitionsoftheOSHAHazardCommunicationStandard(29CFR1910.1200).Anyarticlesmanufacturedfromthesesolidproductswouldbegenerallyclassifiedasnon-hazardous.Howeversomehazardouselementscontainedintheseproductscanbeemittedundercertainprocessingconditionssuchasbutnotlimitedto:burning,melting,cutting,brazing,grinding,machining,millingandwelding.Productsinthesolidstatepresentnofireorexplosionhazard.Smallchips,finesanddustmayignitereadily,though.Thefollowingclassificationinformationisforthehazardouselementswhichmaybereleasedduringprocessing.
Solid.Silvercolored.Odorless.Non-combustibleassupplied.Smallchips,fineturningsanddustfromprocessingmaybereadilyignitable.
Explosion/firehazardsmaybepresentwhen(SeeSections5,7and10foradditionalinformation):
• Dustorfinesaredispersedinair.
EmergencyOverview: • Chips,dustorfinesareincontactwithwater. • Dustandfinesareincontactwithcertainmetaloxides(e.g.,rust,
copperoxide). • Moltenmetalincontactwithwater/moistureorcertainmetal
oxides(e.g.,rust,copperoxide). Dustandfumefromprocessing:Cancauseirritationoftheeyes,skin
andrespiratorytract.PotentialHealthEffects:
Thehealtheffectslistedbelowarenotlikelytooccurunlessprocessingofthisproductgeneratesdustsorfumes.Thefollowingstatementssummarizethehealtheffectsgenerallyexpectedincasesofoverexposures.Userspecificsituationsshouldbeassessedbyaqualifiedindividual.AdditionalhealthinformationcanbefoundinSection11.
Eyes: Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Cancauseirritation.
Skin:
Contactwithresidualoil/oilcoating:Cancauseirritation.Prolongedorrepeatedskincontactmaycausedermatitis.Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Cancauseirritation.Prolongedorrepeatedskincontactmaycausesensitizationandallergiccontactdermatitis.
Healtheffectsfrommechanicalprocessing(e.g.,cutting,grinding):
Dust:Cancauseirritationoftheupperrespiratorytract.Chronicoverexposures:Cancausereductioninthenumberofredbloodcells(anemia),skinabnormalities(pigmentationchanges),centralnervoussystemdamage,secondaryParkinson'sdiseaseandreproductionharm.
Additionalhealtheffectsfromelevatedtemperatureprocessing(e.g.,welding,melting):
Dustandfumes:Cancauseirritationoftherespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausemetalfever(nausea,chills,fever,shortnessofbreathandmalaise),reducedabilityofthebloodtocarryoxygen(methemaglobin)andtheaccumulationoffluidinthelungs(pulmonaryedema).Chronicoverexposures:Cancauserespiratorysensitizationandlungcancer.
CarcinogenicityandReproductiveHazard:
Productasshipped:Doesnotpresentanycancerorreproductivehazards.
Dustfrommechanicalprocessing:Canpresentacancerhazard(Nickel,Lead).Canpresentareproductivehazard(Lead,Manganese).
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Canpresentacancerhazard(Hexavalentchromiumcompounds,Nickelcompounds,Leadcompounds,Weldingfumes).Canpresentareproductivehazard(Leadcompounds,Manganesecompounds).
MedicalContitionsaggravatedbyexposuretoproduct:
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Asthma,chroniclungdisease,SecondaryParkinson'sdiseaseandskinrashes.
GHSClassification: FlammableSolid–category1EyeDamageSensitizer–category2BSkinSensitizer–Category1GermCellMutagenicity–Category2Carcinogenicity–category1BSpecificTargetOrganToxicity(RepeatedExposure)–category1HazardoustotheAquaticEnvironment–Acutehazard–category1HazardoustotheAquaticEnvironment–Chronichazard–category2
GHSLabelElements Symbols: Flammable,Healthhazard,DangerousfortheenvironmentSignalWord: DANGERHazardStatements:
Flammablesolid Causeseyeirritation Maycauseallergyorasthmasymptomsorbreathingdifficultiesif
inhaled Maycauseanallergicskinreaction Suspectedofcausinggeneticdefects Maycausecancer Causesdamagetorespiratorysystemthroughprolongedorrepeated
exposure Verytoxictoaquaticlife
PrecautionaryStatements: Keepawayfromheat/sparks/openflames/hotsurfaces–nosmoking
Useexplosionproofelectrical/ventilation/lightingequipment Wearprotectivegloves/protectiveclothing/eyeprotection/face
protection Donotbreathedust/fume Incaseifinadequateventilationwearrespiratoryprotection
Prevention: Containmentworkclothingshouldnotbeallowedoutoftheworkplace
Obtainedspecialinstructionsbeforeuse Donothandleuntilallsafetyprecautionshavebeenreadand
understood Washthoroughlyafterhandling Donoteat,drink,orsmokewhenusingthisproduct Avoidreleasestotheenvironment
SECTION3:COMPOSITION/INFORMATIONONINGREDIENTSCompositionComments: Completecompositionisprovidedbelowandmayincludesome
componentsclassifiedasnon-hazardous.
COMPONENTS CAS# %Aluminum 7429-90-5 >90Magnesium 7439-95-4 <3.1Silicon 7440-21-3 <1.9Manganese 7439-96-5 <1.5Copper 7440-50-8 <1.4Iron 7439-89-6 <1.2Zinc 7440-66-6 <1.1Chromium 7440-47-3 <0.5Lead† 7439-92-1 0-0.4Nickel‡ 7440-02-0 0-0.2AdditionalInformation: †-Presentasimpurity.WhileLeadisnotintentionallyaddedtothismixture,itcouldpotentiallyenterthroughtherecyclestream.‡-Presentasimpurity.WhileNickelisnotintentionallyaddedtothismixture,itcouldpotentiallyenterthroughtherecyclestream.AdditionalcompoundswhichmaybeformedduringprocessingarelistedinSection8.
SECTION4:FIRSTAIDMEASURESEyeContact:
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Rinseeyeswithplentyofwaterorsalineforatleast15minutes.Consultaphysician.
SkinContact:
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Washwithsoapandwaterforatleast15minutes.Getmedicalattentionifirritationdevelopsorpersists
Inhalation:
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Removetofreshair.Checkforclearairway,breathing,andpresenceofpulse.Providecardiopulmonaryresuscitationforpersonswithoutpulseorrespirations.Consultaphysician.
Ingestion:
Donotinducevomiting.CallaphysicianorPoisonControlCenterimmediately.Drinkplentyofwater.Nevergiveanythingbymouthtoanunconsciousperson.
SECTION5:FIRE-FIGHTINGMEASURESFlammable/CombustibleThisproductdoesnotpresentfireorexplosionhazardsasshipped.Smallchips,fineturnings,andPropertiesdustfromprocessingmaybereadilyignitable.
Fire/ExplosionHazards: Maybeapotentialhazardunderthefollowingconditions:
Dustcloudsmaybeexplosive.Evenaminordustcloudcanexplodeviolently.Dustaccumulationonthefloor,ledgesandbeamscanpresentariskofignition,flamepropagationandsecondaryexplosions.
Chips,finesanddustincontactwithwatercangenerateflammable/explosivehydrogengas.Thesegasescouldpresentanexplosionhazardinconfinedorpoorlyventilatedspaces.
Dustandfinesincontactwithcertainmetaloxides(e.g.,rust,copperoxide).Athermitereaction,withconsiderableheatgeneration,canbeinitiatedbyaweakignitionsource.
Moltenmetalincontactwithwater/moistureorcertainmetaloxides(e.g.,rust,copperoxide).Moistureentrappedbymoltenmetalcanbeexplosive.Contactofmoltenaluminumwithcertainmetaloxidescaninitiateathermitereaction.Finelydividedmetals(e.g.,powdersorwire)mayhaveenoughsurfaceoxidetoproducethermitereactions/explosions.
SuitableExtinguishingMedia:UseClassDextinguishingagentsonfines,dustormoltenmetal.Usecoarsewatersprayonchipsmediaandturnings.
UnsuitableExtinguishingMedia:DONOTUSEhalogenatedextinguishingagentsonsmallchips/fines.mediaDONOTUSEwaterinfightingfiresaroundmoltenmetal.Thesefireextinguishingagentswillreactwiththeburningmaterial.
ProtectionofFirefightersProtectiveEquipmentforFirefighters:
FirefightersshouldwearNIOSHapproved,positivepressure,self-containedbreathingapparatusfirefightersandfullprotectiveclothingwhenappropriate.
SECTION6:ACCIDENTALRELEASEMEASURESSpillorLeakProcedure:
Collectscrapforrecycling.Ifmolten:Containtheflowusingdrysandorsaltfluxasadam.Alltooling(e.g.,shovelsorhandtools)andcontainerswhichcomeincontactwithmoltenmetalmustbepreheatedorspeciallycoated,rustfreeandapprovedforsuchuse.Allowthespilltocoolbeforeremeltingasscrap.
RecoveryandNeutralization:
Avoiddustformation.Collectscrapforrecycling
MaterialsandMethodsforClean-up:Ifproductismolten,containtheflowusingdrysandorsaltfluxasadam.Alltoolsandcontainerswhichcomeincontactwithmoltenmetalmustbepreheatedorspeciallycoatedandrustfree.Allowthespilltocoolbeforeremeltingasscrap.
EmergencyMeasures:
Keeppeopleawayfromandupwindofspill/leak
PersonalPrecautionsandProtectiveEquipment:
Wearappropriateprotectiveclothingandrespiratoryprotectionforthesituation
EnvironmentalPrecautions:
Preventfurtherleakageorspillageifsafetodoso.Preventproductfromenteringdrains.Donotflushintosurfacewaterorsanitarysewersystem
SECTION7:HANDLINGANDSTORAGEHandling:
Keepmaterialdry.Avoidgeneratingdust.Avoidcontactwithsharpedgesorheatedmetal.Hotandcoldaluminumarenotvisuallydifferent.Hotaluminumdoesnotnecessarilyglowred.
RequirementsforProcesses:Ifprocessingofthisproductgeneratesdustorifextremelyfineparticulateisgenerated,obtainWhichGenerateDustsorandfollowthesafetyproceduresandequipmentguidescontainedinAluminumAssociationBulletinFinesF-1andNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)brochureslistedinSection16.Usenon-sparkinghandlingequipment,toolsandnaturalbristlebrush.Coverandresealpartiallyemptycontainers.Providegroundingandbondingwherenecessarytopreventaccumulationofstaticchargesduringmetaldusthandlingandtransferoperations(SeeSection15).
Localventilationandvacuumsystemsmustbedesignedtohandleexplosivedusts.Dryvacuumsandelectrostaticprecipitatorsmustnotbeused,unlessspecificallyapprovedforusewithflammable/explosivedusts.Dustcollectionsystemsmustbededicatedtoaluminumdustonlyandshouldbeclearlylabeledassuch.Donotco-minglefinesofaluminumwithfinesofiron,ironoxide(rust)orothermetaloxides.
Donotallowchips,finesordusttocontactwater,particularlyinenclosedareas.Avoidallignitionsources.Goodhousekeepingpracticesmustbemaintained.Dustaccumulationonthefloor,ledgesandbeamscanpresentariskofignition,flamepropagationandsecondaryexplosions.Donotusecompressedairtoremovesettledmaterialfromfloors,beamsorequipment.
RequirementsforRemeltingofScrapMaterialorIngot
Moltenmetalandwatercanbeanexplosivecombination.Theriskisgreatestwhenthereissufficientmoltenmetaltoentraporsealoffthewater.Waterandotherformsofcontaminationonorcontainedinscraporremeltingotareknowntohavecausedexplosionsinmeltingoperations.Whiletheproductsmayhaveminimalsurfaceroughnessandinternalvoids,thereremainsthepossibilityofmoisturecontaminationorentrapment.Ifconfined,evenafewdropsofwatercanleadtoviolentexplosions.
Alltooling,containers,moldsandladleswhichcomeincontactwithmoltenmetalmustbepreheatedorspeciallycoated,rustfreeandapprovedforsuchuse.Anysurfacesthatmaycontactmoltenmetal(e.g.,concrete)shouldbespeciallycoated.
Dropsofmoltenmetalinwater(e.g.fromplasmaarccutting),whilenotnormallyanexplosionhazard,cangenerateenoughflammablehydrogengastopresentanexplosionhazard.Vigorouscirculationofthewaterandremovaloftheparticlesminimizethehazards.
Duringmeltingoperations,thefollowingminimumguidelinesshouldbeobserved:
• Inspectallmaterialspriortofurnacechargingandcompletelyremovesurfacecontaminationsuchaswater,ice,snow,depositsofgreaseandoilorothersurfacecontaminationresultingfromweatherexposure,shipment,orstorage.
• Storematerialsindry,heatedareaswithanycracksorcavitiespointeddownwards.
• Preheatanddrylargeitemsadequatelybeforechargingintoafurnacecontainingmoltenmetal.Thisistypicallydonebyuseofadryingovenorhomogenizingfurnace.Thedryingcycleshouldbringthemetaltemperatureofthecoldestitemofthebatchto400°F(200°C)andthenholdatthattemperaturefor6hours.
Thermiteexplosionshavebeenreportedwhenaluminumalloysweremeltedinfurnacesusedforalloyingwithlead,bismuthorothermetalswithlowmeltingtemperatures.Thesemetals,whenaddedashighpurityingots,canseepthroughcracksinfurnacelinersandbecomeoxidized.Duringsubsequentmeltsinthefurnace,moltenaluminumcancontactthesemetaloxidesresultinginathermiteexplosion.
SECTION8:EXPOSURECONTROL/PERSONALPROTECTION
ENGINEERINGCONTROLS
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:Usewithadequateexplosion-proofventilationdesignedtohandleparticulatestomeetthelimitslistedinSection8,ExposureGuidelines.
PERSONALPROTECTIVEEQUIPMENTEye/FaceProtection:
Wearsafetyglasseswithsideshields.
SkinProtection:Wearimperviousglovestoavoidrepeatedorprolongedskincontactwithresidualoilsandtoavoidanyskininjury.
RespiratoryProtection:
Dustandfumesfromprocessing:UseNIOSH-approvedrespiratoryprotectionasspecifiedbyanIndustrialHygienistorotherqualifiedprofessionalifconcentrationsexceedthelimitslistedinSection8.Suggestedrespiratoryprotection:P95,P100forLead.
Personnelwhohandleandworkwithmoltenmetalshouldutilizeprimaryprotectiveclothinglikepolycarbonatefaceshields,fireresistanttapper'sjackets,neckshades(snoods),leggings,spatsandsimilarequipmenttopreventburninjuries.Inadditiontoprimaryprotection,secondaryorday-to-dayworkclothingthatisfireresistantandshedsmetalsplashisrecommendedforusewithmoltenmetal.Syntheticmaterialsshouldneverbewornevenassecondaryclothing(undergarments).
General:
Minimizebreathingoilvaporsandmist.Removeoilcontaminatedclothing;launderordry-cleanbeforereuse.Removeoilcontaminatedshoesandthoroughlycleananddrybeforereuse.Cleanseskinthoroughlyaftercontact,beforebreaksandmeals,andattheendoftheworkperiod.Oilcoatingisreadilyremovedfromskinwithwaterlesshandcleanersfollowedbyathoroughwashingwithsoapandwater.
Samplingtoestablishleadlevelexposureisadvisedwhereexposuretoairborneparticulateorfumesispossible.ConsultOSHALeadStandard29CFR1910.1025forspecifichealth/industrialhygieneprecautionsandrequirementstofollowwhenhandlingleadcompounds.
ExposureData
Components
U.S.-OSHA-SpecificallyRegulatedChemicalsLead†(7439-92-1)50µg/m3TWA(asPb);30µg/m3ActionLevel(asPb,Poison-see29CFR1910.1025)
CompoundsFormedDuringProcessing
U.S.-OSHA-SpecificallyRegulatedChemicals
Chromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)2.5µg/m3ActionLevel(asCr.);5µg/m3TWA(asCr,Cancerhazard-see29CFR1910.1026)
Leadcompounds,inorganic(CASNo.Notavailable)50µg/m3TWA(asPb);30µg/m3ActionLevel(asPb,Poison-see29CFR1910.1025)
Occupationalexposurelimits
U.S.-OSHAComponentsTypeValueForm
COMPONENT
CAS#
TWA
CEILING
FORM
Aluminum 7429-90-5 5mg/m3 respirablefraction15mg/m3 totaldust
Chromium 7440-47-3 1mg/m3
Copper 7440-50-81mg/m3 dust&mist0.1mg/m3 fume
Lead† 7439-92-1 50ug/m3 Manganese 7439-96-5 5mg/m3 fumeNickel‡ 7440-02-0 1mg/m3
Silicon 7440-21-35mg/m3 respirablefraction15mg/m3 totaldust
COMPOUNDSFORMEDDURINGPROCESSING
COMPONENT
Action
TWA
Ceiling
FORM
Aluminumoxide(non-fibrous)(1344-28-1)
5mg/m3
respirablefraction
15mg/m3 totaldustChromium(II)compounds(CASNo.notavailable)
0.5mg/m3 asCr
ChromiumIIIcompounds(CASNo.notavailable
0.5mg/m3 asCr
Chromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9) 2.5ug/m3 5ug/m3 asCr
Ironoxide(1309-37-1) 10mg/m3 fumeLeadcompounds,inorganic(CASNo.Notavailable)
50ug/m3 asPb
Magnesiumoxide(1309-48-4)
15mg/m3 fume,total
particulateManganesecompounds,inorganic(CASNo.notavailable)
5mg/m3
asMn
Nickelcompounds,insoluble(CASNo.Notavailable)
1mg/m3 asNi
Nitricoxide(10102-43-9)
25ppm
30mg/m3Nitrogendioxide(10102-44-0)
5ppm
9mg/m3
Oilmist,mineral(8012-95-1) 5mg/m3
Ozone(10028-15-6) 0.1ppm
Zincoxide(1314-13-2)
5mg/m3 respirablefraction
5mg/m3 fume
15mg/m3 totaldust
ACGIHCOMPONENTS
COMPONENT
CAS#TWA
(mg/m3)CEILING(mg/m3)
FORM
Aluminum 7429-90-5 1
respirablefraction
Chromium 7440-47-3 0.5 Copper
7440-50-8
1
dustandmist,asCu0.2 fume
Lead† 7439-92-1 0.05
Manganese 7439-96-5 0.2 Nickel‡ 7440-02-0 1.5 inhalablefraction
COMPOUNDSFORMEDDURINGPROCESSING
COMPONENT
CAS#TWA
(mg/m3)CEILING(mg/m3)
FORM
AluminumOxide(nonfibrous)
1344-28-1
1
respirablefraction
Chromium(III)compounds
CASNo.notavailable
0.5
asCr
Chromium(VI)compounds,certainwaterinsolubleforms
CASNo.notavailable
0.01
asCr
Chromium(VI)compounds,certainwatersolubleforms
CASNo.notavailable
0.05
asCr
IronOxide
1309-37-1
5
respirablefraction
LeadCompounds,inorganic
CASNo.notavailable
0.05
asPb
Magnesiumoxide
1309-48-4
10
inhalablefraction
Manganesecompounds,inorganic
CASNo.notavailable
0.2
asMn
Nickelcompounds,insoluble
CASNo.notavailable
0.2
inhalablefraction
SECTION9:PHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIES
Form: SolidAppearance: SilvercolorBoilingPoint: NotdeterminedMeltingPoint: 1030-1210°F(554.4-654.4°C)FlashPoint: NotapplicableAutoignitionTemperature: NotapplicableFlammabilitylimitsinair: NotapplicableLower%byvolumeFlammabilitylimitsinair: NotapplicableLower%byvolumeVaporpressure: NotapplicableVaporDensity: NotapplicableSolubility(water): Insoluble
Density: 2.69-2.72g/cm3pH: NotapplicableOdor: OdorlessPartitionCoefficient(n¬octanol/water): Notapplicable
SECTION10:STABILITYANDREACTIVITYChemicalStability:
Stableundernormalconditionsofuse,storage,andtransportationasshipped.
ConditionstoAvoid: Chips,fines,dustandmoltenmetalareconsiderablymorereactivewiththefollowing:
Water:
Slowlygeneratesflammable/explosivehydrogengasandheat.Generationrateisgreatlyincreasedwithsmallerparticles(e.g.,finesanddusts).Moltenmetalcanreactviolently/explosivelywithwaterormoisture,particularlywhenthewaterisentrapped.
Heat: Oxidizesataratedependentupontemperatureandparticlesize.
StrongOxidizers:
Violentreactionwithconsiderableheatgeneration.Canreactexplosivelywithnitrates(e.g.,ammoniumnitrateandfertilizerscontainingnitrate)whenheatedormolten.
AcidsandAlkalis:
Reactstogenerateflammable/explosivehydrogengas.Generationrateisgreatlyincreasedwithsmallerparticles(e.g.,finesanddusts).
HalogenatedCompounds:
Manyhalogenatedhydrocarbons,includinghalogenatedfireextinguishingagents,canreactviolentlywithfinelydividedormoltenaluminum.
IronOxide(rust)andOtherMetalOxides(e.g.,copperandleadoxides):
Ironoxide(rust)andothermetaloxides(e.g.,copperandleadoxides):Aviolentthermitereactiongeneratingconsiderableheatcanoccur.Reactionwithaluminumfinesanddustsrequiresonlyveryweakignitionsourcesforinitiation.Moltenalmminumcanreactviolentlywithironoxide.
SECTION11:TOXICOLOGICALINFORMATION
HealthEffectsAssociatedWithIngredients:Aluminumdust/finesandfumes:Lowhealthriskbyinhalation.Generallyconsideredtobebiologicallyinert(milling,cutting,grinding).Silicon(inertdusts):Chronicoverexposures:Cancausechronicbronchitisandnarrowingofairways.Manganesedustorfumes:Chronicoverexposures:Cancauseinflammationofthelungtissues,scarringofthelungs(pulmonaryfibrosis),centralnervoussystemdamage,SecondaryParkinson'sDiseaseandreproductiveharminmales.
Copperdust/mists:Cancauseirritationoftheeyes,mucousmembranes,skin,andrespiratorytract.Chronicoverexposures:Cancausereductioninthenumberofredbloodcells(anemia),skinabnormalities(pigmentationchanges)andhairdiscoloration.
Chromiumdustandfumes:Cancauseirritationofeye,skinandrespiratorytract.Metallicchromiumandtrivalentchromium:NotclassifiableastotheircarcinogenicitytohumansbyIARC.
Nickeldustandfume:Cancauseirritationofeyes,skinandrespiratorytract.Eyecontact:Cancauseinflammationoftheeyesandeyelids(conjunctivitis).Skincontact:Cancausesensitizationandallergiccontactdermatitis.Chronicoverexposures:Cancauseperforationofthenasalseptum,inflammationofthenasalpassages(sinusitis),respiratorysensitization,asthmaandscarringofthelungs(pulmonaryfibrosis).NickelalloysIARC/NTP:ReviewedandnotrecommendedforlistingbyNTP.ListedaspossiblycarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group2B).
Leaddustorfume:Cancauseirritationofeyesandupperrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausenauseaandmusclecramps.Chronicoverexposures:Cancauseweaknessintheextremities(peripheralneuropathy),abdominalcramps,gastrointestinaltracteffects,kidneydamage,liverdamage,centralnervoussystemdamage,damagetothebloodformingorgans,bloodcelldamageandreproductiveharm.Cancausereducedfertilityandfetaltoxicityinpregnantwomen.IARC/NTP:Listedas"reasonablyanticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen"bytheNTP.ListedaspossiblycarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group2B).
Someproductsaresuppliedwithanoilcoatingorhaveresidualoilfromthemanufacturingprocess.Oil:Cancauseirritationofskin.Skincontact(prolongedorrepeated):Cancausedermatitis.
HealtheffectsassociatedwithcompoundsformedduringprocessingThefollowingcouldbeexpectedifwelded,remeltedorotherwiseprocessedatelevatedtemperatures:Alumina(aluminumoxide):Lowhealthriskbyinhalation.Generallyconsideredtobebiologicallyinert.Magnesiumoxidefumes:Cancauseirritationoftheeyesandrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausemetalfumefever(nausea,fever,chills,shortnessofbreathandmalaise).Silica,amorphous:Acuteoverexposures:Cancausedrynessofeyes,noseandupperrespiratorytract.Manganeseoxidefumes:Cancauseirritationoftheeyes,skin,andrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausemetalfumefever(nausea,fever,chills,shortnessofbreathandmalaise).Copperfume:Cancauseirritationoftheeyes,mucousmembranes,andrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausemetalfumefever(nausea,fever,chills,shortnessofbreathandmalaise).
Ironoxide:Chronicoverexposures:Cancausebenignlungdisease(siderosis).Ingestion:Cancauseirritationofgastrointestinaltract,bleeding,changesinthepHofthebodyfluids(metabolicacidosis)andliverdamage.
Zincoxidefumes:Cancauseirritationofupperrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausemetalfumefever(nausea,fever,chills,shortnessofbreathandmalaise).
Hexavalentchromiumcompounds(chromiumVI):Cancauseirritationofeye,skinandrespiratorytract.Skincontact:Cancauseirritantdermatitis,allergicreactionsandskinulcers.Chronicoverexposures:Cancauseperforationofthenasalseptum,respiratorysensitization,asthma,theaccumulationoffluidinthelungs(pulmonaryedema),lungdamage,kidneydamage,lungcancer,nasalcancerandcancerofthegastrointestinaltract.IARC/NTP:Listedas"knowntobeahumancarcinogen"bytheNTP.ListedascarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group1).
Nickelcompounds:Associatedwithlungcancer,cancerofthevocalcordsandnasalcancer.IARC/NTP:Listedas"knowntobeahumancarcinogen"bytheNTP.ListedascarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group1).
Lead(inorganiccompounds):IARC/NTP:Listedas"reasonablyanticipatedtobeahumancarcinogen"bytheNTP.ListedasprobablycarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group2A).
Iftheproductisheatedwellaboveambienttemperaturesormachined,oilvaporormistmaybegenerated.Oilvaporormist:Cancauseirritationofrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausebronchitis,headache,centralnervoussystemeffects(nausea,dizzinessandlossofcoordination)anddrowsiness(narcosis).
Welding,plasmaarccutting,andarcspraymetalizingcangenerateozone.Ozone:Cancauseirritationofeyes,noseandupperrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancauseshortnessofbreath,tightnessofchest,headache,cough,nauseaandnarrowingofairways.Effectsarereversibleoncessationofexposure.Acuteoverexposures(highconcentrations):Cancauserespiratorydistress,respiratorytractdamage,bleedingandtheaccumulationoffluidinthelungs(pulmonaryedema).Effectscanbedelayedupto1-2hours.Additionalinformation:Studies(inhalation)withexperimentalanimalshavefoundgeneticdamage,reproductiveharm,bloodcelldamage,lungdamageanddeath.
Weldingfumes:IARC/NTP:ListedaspossiblycarcinogenictohumansbyIARC(Group2B).Additionalinformation:Inonestudy,occupationalasthmawasassociatedwithexposurestofumesfromaluminumwelding.
Plasmaarccuttingofaluminumcangenerateoxidesofnitrogen.Oxidesofnitrogen(NOandNO2):Cancauseirritationofeyes,skinandrespiratorytract.Acuteoverexposures:Cancausereducedabilityofthebloodtocarryoxygen(methemaglobin).Cancausecough,shortnessofbreath,accumulationoffluidinthelungs(pulmonaryedema)anddeath.Effectscanbedelayedupto2-3weeks.Nitrogendioxide(NO2):Chronicoverexposures:Cancausescarringofthelungs(pulmonaryfibrosis).
ComponentAnalysisLD50: Noinformationavailableforproduct.Components: CompoundsFormedDuringProcessing:Iron(7439-89-6) OralLD50Rat: 984mg/KgMagnesium(7439-9OralLD50Rat: 230mg/KgManganese(7439-9OralLD50Rat: 9g/KgNickel‡(7440-02-0OralLD50Rat: >9000mg/KgSilicon(7440-21-3) OralLD50Rat: 3160mg/Kg
ToxicologyData-SelectedLD50sandLC50sAluminumoxide(non-fibrous)(1344-28-1) OralLD50Rat:>5000mg/kgIronoxide(1309-37-1) OralLD50Rat:>10000mg/kgNitricoxide(10102-43-9) InhalationLC50Rat:1068mg/m3/4H
Nitrogendioxide(10102-44-0)
InhalationLC50Rat:88ppm/4H;InhalationLC50Rat:165mg/m3/4H;InhalationLC50;Rat:220mg/m3/1H
Oilmist,mineral(8012-95-1) OralLD50Mouse:22g/kgOzone(10028-15-6) InhalationLC50Rat:4800ppb/4HZincoxide(1314-13-2) OralLD50Rat:>5000mg/kg
Carcinogenicity: Noinformationavailableforproduct.Components: ACGIH-ThresholdLimitValues-CarcinogensAluminum(7429•90•5) A4 NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogen
Chromium(7440•47•3)
A4 NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogen
Lead†(7439-92-1) A3ConfirmedAnimalCarcinogenwithUnknownRelevancetoHumans
Nickel(7440•02•0) A5 NotSuspectedasaHumanCarcinogen
IARCGroup2B(PossiblyCarcinogenictoHumans)Nickel(7440•02•0) Monograph49[1990];Supplement7[1987]
NTP(NationalToxicologyProgram)-ReportonCarcinogens-ReasonablyAnticipatedtobeHumanCarcinogensLead†(7439-92-1) ReasonablyAnticipatedToBeAHumanCarcin
CompoundsFormedDuringProcessingACGIH-ThresholdLimitValues-Carcinogens
Aluminumoxide(non-fibrous)(1344-28-1)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogenChromium(III)compounds(CASNo.Notavailable)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogenChromium(VI)compounds,certainwaterinsolubleA1-ConfirmedHumanCarcinogenforms(CASNo.Notavailable)Chromium(VI)compounds,watersolubleformsA1-ConfirmedHumanCarcinogen(CASNo.Notavailable)Ironoxide(1309-37-1)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogenLeadcompounds,inorganic(CASNo.Notavailable)A3-ConfirmedAnimalCarcinogenwithUnknownRelevancetoHumansMagnesiumoxide(1309-48-4)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogenNickelcompounds,insoluble(CASNo.Notavailable)A1-ConfirmedHumanCarcinogenNitrogendioxide(10102-44-0)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogenOzone(10028-15-6)A4-NotClassifiableasaHumanCarcinogen
IARC-Group1(CarcinogenictoHumans)Chromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)Monograph49[1990](evaluatedasagroup)Nickelcompounds,insoluble(CASNo.Notavailable)Monograph49[1990](evaluatedasagroup)IARC-Group2A(ProbablyCarcinogenictoHumans)Leadcompounds,inorganic(CASNo.Notavailable)Monograph87[2006],Supplement7[1987](Lead&inorganicleadcmpdsevaluatedasGroup2BonSuppl7.NowasGroup2AonMonograph87.)
NTP(NationalToxicologyProgram)-ReportonCarcinogens-KnownHumanCarcinogens
Chromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)KnownHumanCarcinogenNickelcompounds,insoluble(CASNo.Notavailable)KnownHumanCarcinogen
U.S.-OSHA-SpecificallyRegulatedCarcinogens(1910.1001to1910.1096)Chromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)WorkersexposedtoCr(VI)areatanincreasedriskofdevelopinglungcancer-see29CFR1910.1026
SECTION12:ECOLOGICALINFORMATIONEcotoxicity Components
Ecotoxicity-FreshwaterAlgaeDataCopper(7440¬50¬8)
72HrEC50Scenedesmussubspicatus:120µg/L
Nickel‡(7440-02-0)
72HrEC50freshwateralgae(4species):0.1mg/L;72HrEC50Selenastrumcapricornutum:0.18mg/L
Zinc(7440¬66¬6) 96HrEC50Selenastrumcapricornutum:30µg/L
Ecotoxicity
Components
Copper(7440¬50¬8)
96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:0.0068-0.0156mg/L;96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:<0.3mg/L[static];96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:~0.2mg/L[flow-through];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:0.052mg/L[flow-through];96HrLC50Lepomismacrochirus:1.25mg/L[static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:0.3mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:0.8mg/L[static];96HrLC50Poeciliareticulata:0.112mg/L[flow-through]
Iron(7439•89•6)96HrLC50Moronesaxatilis:13.6mg/L[static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:0.56mg/L[semi-static]
Lead†(7439-92-1)
96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:0.44mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:1.17mg/L[flow-through];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:1.32mg/L[static]
Nickel‡(7440-02-0)
96HrLC50Brachydaniorerio:>100mg/L;96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:1.3mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:10.4mg/L[static]
Zinc(7440•66•6)
96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:2.16-3.05mg/L[flow-through];96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:0.211-0.269mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:2.66mg/L[static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:30mg/L;96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:0.45mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Cyprinuscarpio:7.8mg/L[static];96HrLC50Lepomismacrochirus:3.5mg/L[static];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:0.24mg/L[flow-through];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:0.59mg/L[semi-static];96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:0.
EcotoxicityWaterFleaDataCopper(7440•50•8)
96HrEC50waterflea:10µg/L;96HrEC50waterflea:200µg/L
Lead†(7439-92-1) 48HrEC50waterflea:600µg/L
Nickel‡(7440-02-0)
96HrEC50waterflea:510µg/L
Zinc(7440-66-6) 72HrEC50waterflea:5µg/L
CompoundsFormedDuringProcessingEcotoxicityFreshwaterFishSpeciesDataChromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)96HrLC50Pimephalespromelas:36.2mg/L;96HrLC50Oncorhynchusmykiss:7.6mg/L
EcotoxicityWaterFleaDataChromium(VI)compounds(18540-29-9)24HrEC50waterflea:435µg/L
EnvironmentalFate Nodataavailableforproduct.
SECTION13:DISPOSALCONSIDERATIONS
DisposalInstructions:Reuseorrecyclematerialwheneverpossible.Ifreuseorrecyclingisnotpossible,disposalmustbemadeaccordingtolocalorgovernmentalregulations.
WasteCodes:
RCRAStatus:Mustbedeterminedatthepointofwastegeneration.Ifmaterialisdisposedasawaste,itmustbecharacterizedunderRCRAaccordingto40CFR,Part261,orstateequivalentintheU.S.
SECTION14:TRANSPORTINFORMATIONShippingInformation BasicShippingDescription:NotRegulated
UNNumber: ProperShippingName:HazardClass: PackingGroup:
Notes:When"Notregulated",entertheproperfreightclassification,MSDSNumberandProductNameontotheshippingpaperwork.
SECTION15:REGULATORYINFORMATION
U.S.FederalRegulations:
InreferencetoTitleVIoftheCleanAirActof1990,thismaterialdoesnotcontainnorwasitmanufacturedusingozone-depletingchemicals.Allelectricalequipmentmustbesuitableforuseinhazardousatmospheresinvolvingaluminumpowderinaccordancewith29CFR1910.307.TheNationalElectricalCode,NFPA70,containsguidelinesfordeterminingthetypeanddesignofequipmentandinstallationwhichwillmeetthisrequirement.
Components: U.S.CERCLA/SARAHazardousSubstancesandtheirReportableQuantities(RQs)
Chromium(7440•47•3)
5000lbfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers);2270kgfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers)
Copper(7440•50•8)
5000lbfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers);2270kgfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers)
Lead†(7439-92-1)
10lbfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers);4.54kgfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers)
Nickel‡(7440-02-0)
100lbfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers);45.4kgfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers)
Zinc(7440•66•6)
1000lbfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthepiecesofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers);454kgfinalRQ(noreportingofreleasesofthishazardoussubstanceisrequiredifthediameterofthesolidmetalreleasedislargerthan100micrometers)
U.S.CERCLA/SARASection313-EmissionsReporting
Aluminum(7429-90-5)1.0%deminimisconcentration(dustorfumeonly)Chromium(7440-47-3)1.0%deminimisconcentrationCopper(7440-50-8)1.0%deminimisconcentrationLead†(7439-92-1)0.1%Suppliernotificationlimit;0.1%deminimisconcentration(whencontainedinstainlesssteel,brass,orbronze)Manganese(7439-96-5)1.0%deminimisconcentrationNickel‡(7440-02-0)0.1%deminimisconcentrationZinc(7440-66-6)1.0%deminimisconcentration(dustorfumeonly)
U.S.-CERCLA/SARA-Section313-PBTChemicalListing
Lead†(7439-92-1)100lbRT(thislowerthresholddoesnotapplytoleadwhenitiscontainedinstainlesssteel,brassorbronzealloy)
StateRegulations
Components: U.S.•California•8CCRSection339•Director'sListofHazardousSubstances
Aluminum(7429-90-5)PresentChromium(7440-47-3)PresentCopper(7440-50-8)PresentIron(7439-89-6)PresentLead†(7439-92-1)PresentMagnesium(7439-95-4)PresentManganese(7439-96-5)PresentNickel‡(7440-02-0)PresentZinc(7440-66-6)Present
U.S.•California•Proposition65•CarcinogensList Lead†(7439-92-1)carcinogen,initialdate10/1/92Nickel‡(7440-02-0)
carcinogen,initialdate10/1/89U.S.-California-Proposition65-DevelopmentalToxicity
Lead†(7439-92-1)developmentaltoxicity,initialdate2/27/87U.S.-California-Proposition65-ReproductiveToxicity-Female
Lead†(7439-92-1)femalereproductivetoxicity,initialdate2/27/87
U.S.-California-Proposition65-ReproductiveToxicity-Male
Lead†(7439-92-1)malereproductivetoxicity,initialdate2/27/87
U.S.-Massachusetts-RightToKnowList
Aluminum(7429-90-5)PresentChromium(7440-47-3)Carcinogen;ExtraordinarilyhazardousCopper(7440-50-8)PresentLead†(7439-92-1)TeratogenMagnesium(7439-95-4)Present
U.S.-Massachusetts-RightToKnowList
Manganese(7439-96-5)PresentNickel‡(7440-02-0)Carcinogen;ExtraordinarilyhazardousSilicon(7440-21-3)Present(dust,exemptwhenencapsulatedorifparticulatesarenotpresentandcannotbesubstantiallygeneratedthroughuseoftheproduct)Zinc(7440-66-6)Present
U.S.-Minnesota-HazardousSubstanceList
Aluminum(7429-90-5)Present(dust)Chromium(7440-47-3)PresentCopper(7440-50-8)Present(dust,fume,andmist)Lead†(7439-92-1)Carcinogen(elemental,fume,anddust)Manganese(7439-96-5)PresentNickel‡(7440-02-0)CarcinogenSilicon(7440-21-3)Present(dust)
U.S.-NewJersey-RighttoKnowHazardousSubstanceList
Aluminum(7429-90-5)sn0054Chromium(7440-47-3)sn0432Copper(7440-50-8)sn0528Lead†(7439-92-1)sn1096Magnesium(7439-95-4)sn1136Manganese(7439-96-5)sn1155(dustandfume)Nickel‡(7440-02-0)sn1341(dustandfume)Silicon(7440-21-3)sn3125(powder)Zinc(7440-66-6)sn2021(dustandfume)
U.S.-Pennsylvania-RTK(RighttoKnow)-SpecialHazardousSubstances
Chromium(7440-47-3)PresentNickel‡(7440-02-0)Present
U.S.-Pennsylvania-RTK(RighttoKnow)List
Aluminum(7429-90-5)EnvironmentalhazardChromium(7440-47-3)Environmentalhazard;SpecialhazardoussubstanceCopper(7440-50-8)EnvironmentalhazardLead†(7439-92-1)EnvironmentalhazardMagnesium(7439-95-4)PresentManganese(7439-96-5)EnvironmentalhazardNickel‡(7440-02-0)Environmentalhazard;SpecialhazardoussubstanceSilicon(7440-21-3)PresentZinc(7440-66-6)Environmentalhazard
SuperfundAmendmentsandReauthorizationActof1986(SARA)Hazardcategories
ImmediateHazard-Yes,Ifparticulates/fumesgeneratedduringprocessingDelayedHazard-Yes,Ifparticulates/fumesgeneratedduringprocessing
PressureHazzrd: No
ReactivityHazard: Yes,Ifmolten
InventoryStatus
Country(ies)orRegion
InventoryName
OnInventory?(yes/no)*
Australia AustralianInventoryorChemicalSubstances(AICS) YesCanada DomesticSubstancesList(DSL) YesCanada Non-DomesticSubstancesList(NDSL) No
ChinaInventoryofExistingChemicalSubstancesinChina(IECSC) Yes
EuropeEuropeanInventoryofNewandExistingChemicals(EINECS)
Yes
Europe EuropeanListofNotifiedChemicalSubstances(ELINCS) No
Japan InventoryofExistingChemicalSubstances(ENCS) NoKorea ExistingChemicalsList(ECL) YesNewZealand NewZealandInventory No
PhilippinesPhilippineInventoryofChemicalsandChemicalSubstances(PICCS)
Yes
Country(s)orregionInventorynameOninventory(yes/no)*UnitedStates&PuertoRico
ToxicSubstancesControlAct(TSCA)Inventory Yes
*A"Yes"indicatesthatallcomponentsofthisproductcomplywiththeinventoryrequirementsadministeredbythegoverningcountry(s)Japan-ENCSInventory:PuremetalsarenotspecificallylistedbyCASorENCSnumber.TheclassofcompoundsforeachofthesemetalsislistedontheENCSinventory.
SECTION16:OTHERINFORMATIONSDSHistory OriginationDate:
Supercedes: 10/26/2010 RevisionDate: 2/27/2015
MSDSStatus:December1,2009:December2012
SDSStatus: PreparedBy: FairwayArchitecturalRailingSolutions SDSSystemNumber: OtherInformation:
GuidetoOccupationalExposureValues2009,CompiledbytheAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists(ACGIH).DocumentationoftheThresholdLimitValuesandBiologicalExposureIndices,SixthEdition,1991,CompiledbytheAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists,Inc.(ACGIH).NIOSHPocketGuidetoChemicalHazards,U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,February2004.DangerousPropertiesofIndustrialMaterials,Sax,N.Irving,VanNostrandReinholdCo.,Inc.,1984.
Patty'sIndustrialHygieneandToxicology:VolumeII:Toxicology,4thed.,1994,Patty,F.A.;editedbyClayton,G.D.andClayton,F.E.:NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
expub,ExpertPublishing,LLC.,www.expub.com
AluminumAssociation’sBulletinF-1,"GuidelinesforHandlingAluminumFinesGeneratedDuringVariousAluminumFabricatingOperations."TheAluminumAssociation,1525WilsonBoulevard,Suite600,Arlington,Virginia22209,www.aluminum.org.
NFPA65,StandardforProcessingandFinishingofAluminum(NFPAphone:800-344-3555)
NFPA651,StandardforManufactureofAluminumandMagnesiumPowderNFPA70,StandardforNationalElectricalCode(ElectricalEquipment,GroundingandBonding)NFPA77,StandardforStaticElectricity
Key/LegendACGIHAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienistsAICSAustralianInventoryofChemicalSubstancesCASChemicalAbstractServicesCERCLAComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityActCFRCodeofFederalRegulationsDOTDepartmentofTransportationDSLDomesticSubstancesList(Canada)ECEffectiveConcentrationEDEffectiveDoseEINECSEuropeanInventoryofExistingCommercialChemicalSubstancesENCSJapan-ExistingandNewChemicalSubstancesEWCEuropeanWasteCatalogueEPAEnvironmentalProtectiveAgencyIARCInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancerLCLethalConcentrationLDLethalDoseMAKMaximumWorkplaceConcentration(Germany)"maximaleArbeitsplatz-Konzentration"NDSLNon-DomesticSubstancesList(Canada)NIOSHNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealthNTPNationalToxicologyProgram
OELOccupationalExposureLimitOSHAOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationPINProductIdentificationNumberPMCCPenskyMartenClosedCupRCRAResourceConservationandRecoveryActSARASuperfundAmendmentsandReauthorizationAct
STELShortTermExposureLimitTCLPToxicChemicalsLeachateProgramTDGTransportationofDangerousGoodsTLVThresholdLimitValueTSCAToxicSubstancesControlActTWATimeWeightedAverageWHMISWorkplaceHazardousMaterialsInformationSystemmmeter,cmcentimeter,mmmillimeter,ininch,ggram,kgkilogram,lbpound,µgmicrogram,ppmpartspermillion,ftfeet
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DisclaimerTheinformationinthesheetwaswrittenbasedonthebestknowledgeandexperiencecurrentlyavailable.