Farming Systems Trial (FST) Advisory Board Meeting
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Transcript of Farming Systems Trial (FST) Advisory Board Meeting
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Farming Systems Trial (FST)Advisory Board Meeting
February 2009Rita Seidel
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Main crops in 2008
• Oats (organic only)
• Soybeans (conventional only)
• Corn (organic & conventional)
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Oats• Two entry points in both the Organic Manure (MNR) and Organic
Legume (LEG) systems
• Drilled at 3 bu/a on April 8th into moldboard plowed soil, variety ‘Spurs’.
– MNR 1: Oats only (compost plow down as N source).
– MNR 2: Oats with alfalfa/orchard grass for hay - following soybeans
14 lbs/a alfalfa + 8 lbs/a orchard grass
– LEG 1: Oats only, following soybeans.
– LEG 2 tilled reps: Oats only, following corn.
– LEG 2 no-till reps: Oats with 15 lbs/a Nordell clover mix 2:2:1 (yellow blossom sweet clover, medium red clover, ladino white clover), following corn
• Harvest on July 25th.
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2008 FST Oat Yields (oat variety: Spurs)
80
33
62
67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MNR-after corn MNR-after beans LEG-after beans LEG-after corn
Yie
lds
(bu/
a @
12%
moi
stur
e)
b
a
cb
with compost
(210 lbs N/a)
no additionalfertilizer
no additionalfertilizer
noadditional fertilizer
2008 FST Oat Yields (oat variety: Spurs)
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2008 FST weed biomass in oats
1,381
454
1,100
1,301
523
410
1,161 1,188
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
tilled no-till tilled no-till tilled no-till tilled no-till
MNR-after corn & withcompost
MNR-after beans LEG-after beans LEG-after corn
wee
d b
iom
ass
(kg/
ha)
b
a
bb
aa
bb
Oats plushay
Oats plusclover
*
Companion crop significantly reducedamount of weeds
2008 FST Weed Biomass in Oats
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2008 FST Oat data
1,969
466
2,517
7,585
1,341
2,120
7771,038
1,174
7,221
8,998
4,012
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Oat biomass Weed biomass Yields
crop
, wee
d bi
omas
s, y
ield
s (k
g/ha
)
MNR-after corn & with compost
MNR-after beans
LEG-after beans
LEG-after corn
62 bu
33 bu
67 bu
80 bu
b c b a
b a b a b c b a
FST 2008 Oat Data
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Clover after Oats in August
Oats with Clover (after Corn)in July
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Soybeans
• No soybeans in the organic rotations in 2008.
• Conventional beans were drilled on May 23rd:
–4 reps into chisel plowed soil, 4 reps no-till
• Variety: Pioneer 93M11 (RR).
• Rate: 210,000/acre
• Post-emergence herbicide: Roundup
• Harvest on October 8th.
• Post-harvest application of Roundup in no-till plots before winter wheat planting
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2008 FST Soybean Data in Conventional System(no sign. differences between tilled and no-till)
3,124 3,076 3,100
190 64 127
8,017
8,350
7,683
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
tilled no-till overall
Cro
p b
iom
ass,
yie
ld, w
eed
bio
mas
s (k
g/h
a)
Crop biomass
Yield
Weed biomass
53 bu/a
53 bu/a
53 bu/a
averagepopulation:147,000/a
2008 FST Soybean Data in the Conventional System
(no significant differences between tilled and no-till)
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Conventional Soybeans in August
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Conventional Corn• Planted May 6th with Monosem planter (both tilled and no-till
plots)
• Variety: Pioneer 33N58 (113-day, Bt, RR)
• Rate: 33,136/acre
• Starter fertilizer 30-30-10
• Pre- and post emergence herbicides (Degree Xtra and Callisto/Atrazine) – no Roundup was used in the corn
• Side-dress with UAN at 120 lbs N/a
• Harvest on November 19th
• Corn residue was mowed
• Rye was planted (John Deere no-till drill) at 3 bu/a in no-till reps
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Organic Tilled Corn
• Hairy vetch was moldboard plowed on May 15th.
• Corn was planted on May 23rd with Monosem planter
• Variety: Blue River 68F32 (113-day)
• Rate: 36,624/acre
• Weed management:
tine weeder (2x), rotary hoe (1x), cultivator (4x)
• Harvest on November 19th
• Corn residue was mowed and rye was planted (John Deere no-till drill) at 3 bu/a
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Conv. no-till corn in July & August Organic tilled corn in July & August
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Organic No-till Corn
• Hairy vetch was rolled & corn was planted on June 16th with Monosem planter
• Variety: Blue River 68F32 (113-day)
• Rate: 36,624/acre
• No cultivation
• Harvest on December 3rd
• Corn residue was mowed and rye was planted (John Deere no-till drill) at 3 bu/a
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Hairy vetch before and 2 weeks after rolling
Hairy vetch mat in September
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2008 FST Hairy Vetch Data(N input for organic corn)
4,046
7,959
4,851
8,009
266166263 215
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
MNR-tilled MNR- no-till LEG-tilled LEG- no-till
vetc
h bi
omas
s an
d N
inco
rpor
ated
(kg
/ha)
dry biomass
kg N/ha
23,618 kg/hafresh biomass@ 65% moisture
Tilled = moldboard plow: May 15No-till = rolled: June 16
27,342 kg/hafresh biomass@ 69% moisture
AB BAB
a
b
a
b
2008 FST Hairy Vetch Data(N input for corn)
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34,61033,150
26,201
30,27329,122
26,909
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
MNR MNR LEG LEG CNV CNV
Tilled No-till Tilled No-till Tilled No-till
pla
nts
/acr
e ab
dcd
a
bc
a
2008 FST Corn Plant Population at Harvest Time
Seeding rate for organicsystems: 36,624/a
Seeding rate for conventional systems: 33,136/a
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2008 FST weed abundance in organic corn
Organic Cropping System Treatments
MNR LEG
Wee
d B
iom
ass
(g m
-2)
0
100
200
300
400
500WBgm WBgm
Conventional Cropping Systems Treatments
CNV1 CNV2
Wee
d B
iom
ass
(g m
-2)
0
2
4
6
8
10No-Till Tilled
Conventional Cropping Systems Treatments
CNV1 CNV2
Wee
d B
iom
ass
(g m
-2)
0
2
4
6
8
10No-Till Tilled
Fertility SourceManure Legume
No Significant Difference
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Abundance of annual vs. perennial weed species in corn
Weed biomass (%) as Annual or Perennial
Tilled No-Till
System Annual Perennial Annual Perennial
Manure 100 0 64 36
Legume 100 0 64 36
Conventionalw 57 43 55 45
ConventionalS 58 42 55 45
Weed biomass in organic systems did not increase as a result of no-till management.
No-till affected systems differently leading to an increase in perennials in the organic systems, but not the conventional.
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Tilled organic
Annual Species
Wild Buckwheat
Common Ragweed
Lady’s Thumb
Giant Foxtail
Velvetleaf
PA Smartweed
Giant Ragweed
Smooth Crabgrass
Perennial Species
None
No-till organic
Annual Species
Redroot Pigweed
Hairy Galinsoga
Shepherd’s Purse
Common Lambsquarter
Wild Radish
Devil’s Beggar Tick
Perennial Species
Hedge Bindweed
Curly Dock
Yellow Wood Sorrel
Canada Thistle
Tilled & no-till conventionalAnnual Species
Redroot Pigweed
Large Crabgrass
Common Purselane
Wild Lettuce
Hairy Vetch
Perennial Species
Common Milkweed
Smooth Groundcherry
Dandelion
Yellow Nutsedge
Weed species in corn
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33
7,105
16,482
2,359
20,385
5,281
2,995
6,301
14,817
2,929
2,060
21,458
5,020
9,235
20,449
8,814
67
20,350
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
crop BM grain yield weed BM
kg/
ha
Tilled MNR
No-till MNR
Tilled LEG
No-till LEG
Tilled CNV
No-till CNV
2008 FST Corn Data
a b a b c c
134 100 119 95 174 166 bu/a
ab bc a c bc bc
b b b b a a
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• Organic no-till corn never reached black layer.
• 113-day corn needs ~2,700 Growing Degree Days (GDD).
• GDD in 2008:
• GDD for previous 10 years
• Test weights of organic no-till corn was 20% lower than that of organic tilled and conventional corn:
– Tilled organic & conventional: 63 lbs/bu
– No-till organic: 51 lbs/bu
What caused the lower yield in the organic no-till corn?
CNV ORG tilled ORG no-till
2,779 2,646 2,209
May 15-Oct 31 June 15-Oct 31
2,600-3,046 GDD 2,265-2,566 GDD
111-126 day corn 94-106 day corn
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Challenges in 2008
Low oat yields
• Probable causes: insufficient N, relatively high weed biomass in some entry points
• Course of action: supply more N after corn – we will test this in the legume overseeding trial
Some weeds in conventional soybeans (mostly dandelion and lambsquarter)
• Probable cause: Herbicide was applied too late
• Course of action: Work more closely with our advisors to time application
Low yields in organic no-till corn
• Cause: not enough GDD if planted in mid June
• Course of action: use 85-95 day corn
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Rotations
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Manure system 8 year rotation
No-Till Manure System - 8 year rotation
Compost Compost Prye Wheat Hay Hay Wheat
Oats FSHay
roll hvNTCorn
roll ryeNTSoybean
PCorn(silage)
Phv(cc)
NTrye (cc)
Prye(cc)
PWheat Hay Hay Hay PWheat Phv(cc)
Manure system 7 year rotation
No-Till Manure System - 7 year rotation
Compost Compost Prye Wheat Hay Hay
Oats FSHay
PCorn(silage)
roll hvNTCorn
roll ryeNTSoybean
Hay Hay HayPhv(cc)
Phv(cc)
NTrye (cc)
Prye(cc)
PWheat
Manure System
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Year 1 2 3 4
No-Till Legume System - 4 year rotation
P rye Wheat
Oats/clover
Tilled Legume System - 4 year rotation
Prye Wheat
Oats
PhvCorn
PryeSoybean
Phv(cc)
NTrye (cc)
Prye(cc)
PWheat
Phv(cc)
NTrye (cc)
Prye(cc)
roll hvNTCorn
PWheatPhv(cc)
roll ryeNTSoybean
Phv(cc)
Legume System
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Year 1 2 3
No-Till Conventional System - 3 year rotation
Wheatburndown
Tilled Conventional System - 2 year rotation
No cover crops
CPSoybeanCPCorn
NThv(cc)
burndownNTCorn
burndownNTSoybean
NThv(cc)
NTrye (cc)
NtWheat
Conventional System
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Stale seedbed before ryeRye cover crop to be plowed in 2009 Drilled rye: 3 bu/a
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Rye to be rolled for soybeans in 2009:2 bu/a drilled, 1 bu/a walked on
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Varieties for 2009Corn:
• Blue River 85-day and 112-day corn for organic plots
• Pioneer 113-day corn for conv system (Bt, RR) – same as last year
Soybeans:
• Blue River early Group 2 bean for organic plots (to be followed by wheat)
• Pioneer early Group 3 bean for conv plots (RR) – same as last year
Oats:
• Spurs or Blaze
Wheat:
• Seedway 50 for conv plots: locally available and tested variety, averaged 83 bu/a over last 3 years
• no wheat in organic systems until fall 2009 – we will wait for results from the variety trial to identify a variety for the organic systems
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Satellite trials in 2009
Wheat Variety Trial
• 4 varieties, plus a mix of the 4 varieties, were planted on October 10, 2008:GH 4532 (Great Harvest, IN), WS 44 (Welter Seed, IA), Vigoro 9723 (Hundley Seed, IL), and W 106 (Wilken, IL)
• We will evaluate general plant growth and health, weed biomass and yields.
Oat Variety Trial
• Several organic varieties have been identified and will be planted in spring 2009 Spurs, Blaze, Buckskin, Excel, Baker, Ogle, Rodeo, Esker, Robust
• Evaluation the same as for wheat
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Compost trial to determine N availability of compost
• Treatments: compost application rates, compost types (or different C:N ratios)
• Data collection: soil samples for nitrate, yields
• tested in a field that had no compost application in the fall of 2008 and no over-winter vetch cover crop
• Corn or oats will be planted after compost application. Soil samples taken throughout the growing season, coupled with yield determination, will help us get a better understanding of in-field N availability.
Satellite trials in 2009
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Over-seeding of legume cover crops into corn as N source for following oats
• Treatments: legume species, seeding rate, seeding time, means of establishment
• Data collection: evaluate legume under-story, winter survival, biomass and N contribution, oat yields
• The legume would be plowed down in spring to serve as N source for oats, eliminating the need to plant a rye cover crop after corn.
• This can be tested in any tilled corn field (it will not be viable in organic no-till corn plots, due to the hairy vetch mat).
Satellite trials in 2009
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Questions for the Advisory Board
• Should we set biomass threshold levels for organic no-till system cover crops, below which we would moldboard plow? If so, what levels?
• Should we establish minimum levels for each soil nutrient, below which we will apply amendments? (i.e. apply K below 90 ppm or apply lime when pH is below 6.2) If so, what levels?
• Do you have suggestions for the satellite trials (e.g. what legumes to use, how to establish them, compost rates etc.)?
• Can we improve the rotations further?
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The calm before the storm…