FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus … · therefore involved in participatory...
Transcript of FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus … · therefore involved in participatory...
July. 2014. Vol. 2, No.3 ISSN 2311 -2476 International Journal of Research In Agriculture and Food Sciences © 2013 - 2014 IJRAFS & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrafs.html
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FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF BEAN (Phaseolus
vulgaris L) VARIETIES FOR SEED PRODUCTION IN TESO-
KARAMOJA SUB-REGION, UGANDA
Samuel Kayongo Njuki,1
Per Andersson2
Agronomist-NabuZARDI 1Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research Development Institute (NabuZARDI)-NARO-Uganda
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
2Svalof Consulting AB, Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) Sweden
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The need for smallholder farmers to understand the benefits and value of growing pure quality bean variety seeds
instigated from seed status survey analysis. The analysis highlighted farmer’s lack of knowledge and access to
improved seed varieties and absence of Seed companies in the Teso-Karamoja sub-region. The situation left
farmers with no choice but growing farm-saved seed recycled from subsequent cropping seasons. Farmers were
therefore involved in participatory evaluation of 10 improved bean varieties obtained from NaCRRI, to identify
adaptable varieties that posses farmer desired attributes for seed and food production. A research-farmer
participatory process for evaluating bean varieties was therefore carried out to: Equip farmers with knowledge of
producing and maintaining good quality seeds; Identify varieties with desired traits and adaptable to the local dry
mid-altitude environment; Create awareness and popularizing the existence and demand of improved bean seeds.
Achieved results indicated that most varieties were highly affected by drought, however, variety Nabe15 and Nabe4
performed exceptionally well in maturity periods with relative yield of 1.32 and 1.29 MT Ha-1
respectively. Both
varieties expressed traits for resistance to diseases and were selected for seed production in the semi-arid region of
Teso-Karamoja sub-region.
Key words: Grains, adaptability, drought-stress
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sixteen improved bean varieties, bred and released
by beans Program at National Agricultural Crops
Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) were during
the first season tested at on-farm for adaptability in
Karamoja sub-region. The varieties were in series of
‘NABE’ from 1-16, with variation in seed texture,
colour, size, crop maturity, cooking time and other
agronomic traits.
Variety testing was conducted at Nabuin Zonal
Agricultural Research and Development Institute
(NabuZARDI) in Karamoja for performance in yield,
maturity period, tolerance to drought, resistance to
pests and diseases among others. Ten varieties out of
sixteen were selected given their good performance
and advanced to testing for seed suitability and
quality. In order for farmers to sustainably access
bean seeds, the venture for seed multiplication was
sought with farmer involvement to enhance choice
and production of bean varieties with desired farmer
attributes. However, it was difficult to know whether
the tested varieties possessed attributes desired by
farmers. Therefore participatory evaluation of the
varieties with farmers at gazette farm land enhanced
assessing the actual performance and farmer choice
of desired varieties for seed production.
Whilst, most farmers are smallholders with large
chunks of land for cultivation and animal grazing but
have no access and knowledge about good quality
bean seeds or its benefits. The locally predominant
amount of bean seed utilized by small-scale farmers
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comes from regular crop harvest meant for food.
Most farmers use “farm-saved” seed or that produced
by neighbours or fellow farmer (informally).
Consequently, few seed companies (formal sector)
are keen to produce bean seeds resulting in the little
available certified seed being expensive and less
accessible to most rural farmers. This situation is
contributed to because of lack of a reliable and
constant seed supply especially at planting time. It
has been shown and documented in a number of
countries that with some technical support, farmers
can produce clean and potentially certifiable seed
(Turner, 2010).Therefore, to support farmers, a
program of change (POC) was designed to conduct a
participatory evaluation of the varieties to allow
farmers exploit the chance of selecting varieties with
designed attributes for advancing into seed
production. This program was support by SIDA
through a scientific training in plant breeding and
seed production. The evaluation could help in
reducing the cost of seed and bean production;
enhance accessibility of good quality seed in a timely
manner and facilitate faster dissemination of
improved and local varieties. The study therefore
sought to conduct on-farm participatory farmer
evaluation of the improved bean varieties to allow
choice of varieties possessing the desired attributes
and learning how to produce seeds, maintenance,
delivery and sustainable access to the seeds.
2.0 Materials and Methods
2.1 Plant Material and growth conditions
Ten varieties namely, K131, K132, NABE1, NABE2,
NABE3, NABE4, NABE5, NABE6, NABE11,
NABE15 and one local check variety called Tapara
bean (most important local variety) were included in
on-farm evaluation. The experiment was carried out
on a farm area used by farmers but belonging to
NabuZARDI in Karamoja. The choice of field was
based on central convenience to farmers given the
area insecurity. The trial was designed as a
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3
replications and the 11 bean varieties. Each plot
consisted of 8 rows planted at a distance of 0.1m
within hills, and 0.5m between rows on a plot size of
10x5m.
Planting was done with 21 farmers from 8 parishes
during the short rainy season (Sept- December, 2011)
and results validated with another cropping season
(Apr-June, 2012). Farmers participated right from
planting to management, through physical
observation of bean variety growth to final evaluation
of foliar incidences to pests and diseases, agronomic
stresses and yield. Farmer roles were to learn the
bean plant growth habits, observe any changes
occurring to beans plants in terms of disease
expression and manifestation on leaves, record the
days taken to flower and attain physiological
maturity, pod bearing and filling, yield and
palatability taste. During trial management no
chemicals were applied to manage diseases or pests.
The soils were sandy loam and had not been
cultivated for a period of over a year. Temperatures
ranged from 240-34
oC and bimodal precipitation
ranging from 500-900mm. The assessment of bean
cultivar performance started 21 days after planting
(DAP).
2.2 Data collection and analysis
2.2.1 Agronomic data on seed production
All data collections started at 21 days after planting
and continued in cumulative fortnights. The
agronomic data collected included an assessment of
tolerance to heat or drought, number of days to
flowering (DTF), pod development and filling and
physiological maturity period (DTM) (Table 1).
Actual yield data were collected at harvest by field
weight in correlation with number of plants at
harvest. Seed traits, such as seed colour, shape, size,
brilliance and desirability were recorded (Table 2).
Harvesting was done with full farmer participation
after ascertaining the physiological maturity the
plants. Collected data were subjected to analysis of
variance (ANOVA) using the statistical programme
Genstat, 13th
edition.
2.2.2 Data for evaluation of bean varieties to
fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens
Foliar diseases assessed included bean angular leaf
spot (Phaseoriopsis griseola), bean anthracnose
(Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), bean common
mosaic virus (BCMV), common bean blight
(Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) and bean leaf
rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4). The
disease incidence and severity levels were assessed
using a scale from 0 to 6 for disease incidence and 1
to 9 for disease severity as characterized by Stavely
(1991) and CIAT (1987).
2.2.3 Data on field pest effect on bean varieties
The found colonizing pests were assessed to
determine the level of damage inflicted on plants. But
the most predominant observed to damage the plants
included bugs eg Giant Coreid (Anoplocnemis spp),
legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia), bean fly
(Ophiomyia spp) and red mites (Table 5). A scale of
1-5 was used (1= no damage, and 5= highly
damaged) beginning at one month after planting (1
July. 2014. Vol. 2, No.3 ISSN 2311 -2476 International Journal of Research In Agriculture and Food Sciences © 2013 - 2014 IJRAFS & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrafs.html
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MAP) to the time of harvesting. All collected data
were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using the statistical programme Genstat, 13th
edition.).
3.0 Results of study
3.1 Performance of selected varieties
Bean variety evaluation showed variable response to
naturally occurring abiotic stresses. Given the hot
environment in the region (330C average) with long
dry spell, varieties such as Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4
exhibited adaptation traits (drought avoidance
mechanisms) to the drought as indicated in Table 1.
3.2 Bean seed appearance characteristics
Harvested bean seed varieties were subjected to
appearance analysis for acceptance based on farmer’s
perception of desired qualities. Among selected
attributes considered important included seed colour,
shape, size, brilliance and seed weight (Table 2),
similar to bean variety characteristics evaluated by
Garcia et al., (1996).
Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits
Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed)
(Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha-1
) Rank
K131 2.0±0.0d 49 79 809±67.9
d 10
K132 3.0±0.0c 44 74 1172±80.6
bc 3
Nabe1 3.1±0.3c 49 79 862±14.6
d 8
Nabe11 4.0±0.0a 46 76 1014±5.84
c 6
Nabe15 2.0±0.0d 32 62 1324±51.0
a 1
Nabe2 3.0±0.2c 49 79 816±31.4
d 9
Nabe3 2.3±0.2d 49 79 1091±18.7
c 4
Nabe4 2.0±0.0d 42 70 1294±7.18
ab 2
Nabe5 3.7±0.2b 41 71 1032±13.4
c 5
Nabe6 3.0±0.0c 49 79 502±42.9
e 11
Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0d 46 70 945±62
cd 7
Lsd (Var) 0.102 122.8
% CV 7.2 7.3
Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth
Bean Variety Maturity Period
49
4139
4949
32
4649
44
49
79
7170
7979
62
7679
74
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6
Varieties
Dur
atio
n (d
ays)
Days to Flower
Days to maturity
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Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits
Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance
Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability)
K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round 8.9 0.178 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe2 Black Oval 8.8 0.176 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval 10.1 0.202 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe6 White Oval 10.0 0.200 Small seeded Brilliant Good
Tapara White Oval 8.8 0.174 Small seeded Opaque Fair
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval 19.3 0.386 Medium size Brilliant Excellent
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate 22.6 0.452 Large seeded Opaque Fair
K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped 23.1 0.462 Large seeded Intermediate Good
Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped 21.7 0.434 Large seeded Brilliant v. good
Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids 17.7 0.354 Large seeded Intermediate Good
Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped 22.3 0.446 Large seeded Intermediate Fair
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Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production
Attribute Variety selected
Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4
Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4
Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4
Seed Brilliance Nabe15
Seed shape Oval
Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4)
Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6)
Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132
Yield Nabe15
3.3 Evaluation of bean varieties to fungal and
bacterial pathogens
Varieties reacted significantly to naturally occurring
pathogens (Table 4). The manifestation of diseases on plant
parts was generally low indicating the possibility of
tolerance to the pathogens. The expression of Angular leaf
sport (Phaseoriopsis griseola), one of the most serious and
widely distributed disease of beans was lower on most
varieties with scores ranging from 2.0 - 3.5 (Table 4) and
incidence of 3.0 - 4.0 representing a range of 25 - 40% leaf
area infection (Table 5). The scores were determined using a
general scale of 1-9 as prescribed by CIAT (1987) while the
disease incidence was estimated by counting the number of
diseased and healthy plants in a plot using a modified cobb
scale of 0-5 as prescribed by Stavely (1985).
Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is
bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). The
disease is one of the widespread, common and most
important diseases of bean worldwide especially in regions
with frequent rainfall. Its considered more destructive under
cool to moderate temperatures with high relative humidity.
However, its evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential
for disease effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4).
Apart from var. K132 that exhibited some characterized
foliar symptoms (3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared
tolerant.
Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases
Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust
K131 2.5±0.1c 1.3±0.7
c 1.0±0
d 2.3±0.2
c 1.4±0.1
b
K132 3.5±0.1a 3.7±0.2
a 4.4±0.3
a 3.7±0.2
a 1.9±0.1
a
Nabe1 2.8±0.2bc
1.1±0.0c 1.0±0
d 1.8±0.2
d 1.5±0.1
b
Nabe11 3.2±0.2ab
2.4±0.2b 2.8±0.2
b 3.0±0.1
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe15 2.9±0.1abc
2.3±0.9b 1.5±0.1
d 2.3±0.1
c 1.6±0.1
b
Nabe2 2.8±0.1bc
2.1±0.1b 2.0±0.2
c 3.1±0.2
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe3 2.4±0.2c 1.7±0.1
c 1.0±0
d 1.6±0.1
d 1.0±0
c
Nabe4 3.0±0.1abc
3.5±0.2a 1.0±0
d 3.0±0.1
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe5 2.0±0.1d 1.5±0.1
c 1.0±0
d 2.3±0.2
c 1.8±0.1
a
Nabe6 3.0±0.2abc
2.2±0.1b 1.0±0
d 2.4±0.1
c 1.0±0
c
Tapara 2.8±0.1bc
2.0±0.0b 2.0±0.0
c 3.1±0.2
b 2.0±0
a
Lsd (Var) 0.375 0.279 0.226 0.327 0.093
% CV 26.4 25.3 27 25.5 11.3
(Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987)
Other significant diseases evaluated included common
bean blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The
disease is widespread throughout Africa’s bean growing
regions, and is favoured by warm to high temperatures and
high humidity (Buruchura et al., 2010) similar to typical
Karamoja hot environment. The disease affect leaf
expansion potential with leaf spots enlargement and
mergence to form large brown irregular lesions
surrounded by a narrow yellow zone (Fig 1B appendix).
The incidence on plants were relatively high ranging from
10-40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50%
plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7
severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 score of severity. The least
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affected varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15, K131 and Tapara bean
Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases
Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust
K131 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
K132 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe1 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe11 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe15 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
Nabe4 4.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe6 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
Tapara 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0
(Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1- 5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= 65-100% leaf area infected) Source: Stavely
(1985)
3.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack
Results on evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar
pest attack showed important variety response. Minimal
below threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis
spp) and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were
observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety
susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly
(Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite was
high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities respectively
(Table 6).
Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic
importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks
beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous
plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11, Nabe
3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an early
stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by
maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to grow
up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such
susceptible varieties are however not good for seed
production since the control measures justifies for high
economic intervention that growers may not easily access.
Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack
Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean
Damage Mite Fly
K131 1.5±0.1a 1.0
c 2.5±0.1
cd 2.3±0.3
a
K132 1.0b 1.9±0.2
a 2.9±0.1
b 1.0b
Nabe1 1.0b 1.1
c 2.3±0.2
d 1.2±0.1
b
Nabe11 1.0b 1.0
c 4.5±0.1
a 2.0±0.2
a
Nabe15 1.0b 1.0
c 2.3±0.1
d 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe2 1.0b 1.5±0.8
b 2.8±0.1
bc 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe3 1.5±0.1a 1.1
c 3.0±0.2
b 1.4±0.2
b
Nabe4 1.0b 1.8±0.1
a 2.2±0.1
d 2.5±0.3
a
Nabe5 1.0b 1.0
c 2.4±0.1
d 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe6 1.0b 1.0
c 1.9±0.1
e 1.4±0.2
b
Nabe6 1.0b 1.0
c 2.0±0.
e 1.4±0.2
b
Tapara 1.0b 1.0
c 2.0±0.
e 1.2±0.2
b
Lsd (Var) NS 0.128 0.201 0.475
% CV NS 20.7 14.8 62.0
(Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected)
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4.0 Discussion of results
4.1 Performance of selected varieties
Farmers identified varieties Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 to
establish well in Karamoja areas despite drought stress.
However, other varieties such as Nabe11, Nabe5 and Nabe1
(Table 1) exhibited no satisfactory drought avoidance
mechanisms for survival in drought prone areas. Therefore
the best farmer selected varieties to grow in drought prone
areas are Nabe15, K131 and Nabe4 due to possession of
superior traits for drought avoidance mechanisms. Other
traits of importance evaluated for selection of good
performing bean varieties included the maturity periods
involving days to flower and physiological maturity. Such
traits are important to farmer’s choice in view of projecting
the time for planting, executing management practices and
planning effective harvesting and marketing or market
demand. Similar variables were also considered by CIAT
(1987) in evaluating seed traits.
In semi arid areas, varieties that can potentially grow well
are preferred in a sense of escaping the stress. It was
observed that early flowering varieties synchronized with
peak rain season and upon moisture significant deficit, the
plant had already matured. Similarly varieties such as
Nabe15 exhibited outstanding potential of early flowering
whereby at 32 days (50% of whole variety plot) had
flowered. Varieties that flowered early also attained early
physiological maturity (Table 1). Variables that potentially
correlate to yield were also evaluated for selection of high
yielding bean varieties. Among attributes that farmer
considered to adopt varieties of interest is yield. In the
results obtained variety Nabe15, Nabe4 and K132 if planted
early can yield highly at 1.3 MT Ha-1
, 1.2 MT Ha-1
and 1.1
MT Ha-1
respectively (Table 1) (Fig. 2), leading to abundant
bean seed and food supply for subsequent production and
consumption. Therefore the varieties reach physiological
maturity the better are chances of harvesting reasonable
yield.
4.2 Bean seed appearance characteristics
Seed shape, brilliance and weight were considered to
determine commercial value for marketing beans for food
and in addition to viability and germination potential for
commercial bean seeds. Large seeded varieties were more
preferred due to early maturity period and high marketable
weight than small seeded varieties. Farmers considered
large seeded varieties to be easy in raising productivity and
marketing for better income. Overall, variety Nabe15
possessed the most desired attributes (Table 3) considered
important in seed production and delivery and marketing.
The same variety excelled in maturity days, tolerance to
drought stress through escape mechanisms, seed brilliance,
weight and yield (Table 1 and 3). Similar traits were also
found important in beans evaluation by Teshale et al.,
(2005).
4.3 Evaluation of bean varieties to foliar fungal and
bacterial pathogens
Variety K132 and Nabe11 exhibited the highest severity rate
of leaf area infection to angular leaf spot (ALS) at 3.5 and
3.2 scores respectively, less than half of the whole disease
score scale. The scores suggested variety tolerance and
ability to perform well given the lower incidence rate of the
disease effect. Therefore, selection intensity of varieties for
seed production dropped var. K132 and Nabe11 due to
potential susceptibility to angular leaf spot disease
incidence.
Another foliar disease known to affect bean productivity is
bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum). Its
evaluation in Karamoja showed less potential for disease
effect on improved bean varieties (Table 4). Apart from var.
K132 that exhibited some characterized foliar symptoms
(3.7 score), the rest of varieties appeared tolerant. The
tolerance was attributed to variety resistance and the hot
environment characterized with bimodal rainfall that did not
favour the fungus spread and activity. Though the fungus is
known to penetrate through the pod or seed coat causing
discoloration and distortion of the seed, however, the grown
variety seeds were pure from the fungus attack. However, in
case of disease build up, famers were trained in early
detection in identification and management through seed
dressing and phytosanitary measures. The same variety
(K132) also succumbed to bean common mosaic virus
(Table4) with an incidence of 40% (Table 5) infected plants
in plots. Other varieties appeared resistant to the virus
effect. Therefore variety K132 was dropped from other
varieties for seed production.
Other significant diseases evaluated included common bean
blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli). The
incidence on plants was relatively high ranging from 10-
40% leaf area infected (Table 5) on not more than 50%
plants. High severity rates were observed on var K132 (3.7
severity), Nabe 4 and 11 at 3.0 severity. The least affected
varieties included Nabe1,3, 5,15 and K131. The low
severity and incidence rates were attributed to variety
tolerance and hence led to a suggestion that the tolerant
varieties are favourable for seed production in regards to
CBB effect. Whilst some varieties reacted positively to
natural disease attack, all varieties exhibited general
tolerance to bean rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) (Table 4).
The tolerance was attributed to unfavourable environment
(hot temperatures) for the fungus epidemiology.
4.4 Evaluation of bean varieties to pest attack
The evaluation of bean varieties against natural foliar pest
attack showed important variety response. Minimal below
threshold level, the Giant Coreid Bug (Anoplocnemis spp)
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20
and legume pod borer (Acanthomyyia) pest attack were
observed on leaves and pods respectively. Variety
susceptibility was observed to red mite and bean fly
(Ophiomyia spp) attack (Fig. 1C). The effect of red mite
was high on variety Nabe11 at 4.5 and 3.0 severities
respectively (Table 6). The presence of mites in production
plots were attributed to favourable environment for their
multiplication. The attack justifies the need to breed for
variety resistance in addition to screening available varieties
for tolerance. Varieties that exhibited tolerance to mites
attack include Nabe 6, Nabe 4, Nabe15 and Nabe 1 at
severity rate ranging from 1.9-2.3 (Table 6) which justifies
the suitability for tolerant varieties for continued production
given low level of pest damage.
Bean fly (Ophiomyia spp) is another pest of economic
importance widely distributed throughout Africa and attacks
beans (Fig 1C), cowpeas, soybean and other leguminous
plants. The same pest affected variety Nabe4, Nabe 11,
Nabe 3 and K131 (Table 6). It affected plant growth at an
early stage where plants stem got rotten from the damage by
maggots of adult bean flies. The attacked plant failed to
grow up due to affected phloem and xylem vessels. Such
susceptible varieties are however not good for seed
production since the control measures justifies for high
economic intervention that growers lack.
5.0 General recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Recommendations
The following aspects need further scrutiny for successful
implementation and sustainability of farmer seed production
venture.
Conduct a market demand survey to know the following
Potential for bean seeds demand across the region
including attributes desired
Potential for bean consumption and utility
Knowledge of seed processing and quality control
Introduction of farmer to protocol for purity monitoring
and seed certification
Contract farming for market linkage
5.2 Conclusion
Prior to project start up, farmers didn’t know the jurisdiction
between seeds and food grains since seeds were used both
for food and growing new crops. Currently farmers are
aware of difference between seeds and food grains and their
sources. Farmers have observed that bean seeds obtained
from research established well and expressed unique traits
of viability, purity (uniform crop), strong vigour, tolerance
to drought stress and variation in anthesis stage in this short
rain season contrary to their local bean varieties. Farmers
have practiced, admired and owned the method of crop
growing particularly seed production where row cropping
without mixing crops and varieties is conducted so as to
produce quality seeds. Whilst farmers are now aware of
their potential to produce and save own pure seeds for the
next cropping season. The method has explored them to
knowledge of producing own seeds to avoid overspending
on seed purchases; and avoiding poor quality seeds from
Seed Companies, and have known the potential for
commercial seed production to earn a living. Famers liked
the method of allowing them to select varieties based on
their desired attributes, eg selection of early flowering
varieties for early maturity and selection of late flowering
varieties so that they mature after harvesting the early
flowering varieties hence continuous harvesting. They have
also identified places suitable for seed and food crop
production. However, they are yet to learn seed processing
methods. Varieties therefore selected for seed production
are those that have exhibited high tolerance to both abiotic
and biotic stresses and the primary trait (Yield). The
considered varieties based on evaluation include Nabe 15
and Nabe 4.
Acknowledgement
This study was carried out in connection with my
participation in a SIDA (Swedish International
Development Agency financed course in Plant Breeding and
Seed Production, conducted by Svalöf Consulting AB,
Alnarp, Sweden. I am grateful to both SIDA and Svalöf
Consulting for the training, while special thanks to
NabuZARDI and NARO in General for the financial
support to carry out the study
.
List of Tables Page
Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits……………………………………8
Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits……………………………………………………9
Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production 10
Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases…………………….11
Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection to naturally occurring diseases……………...12
Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack……………………………………..13
List of Figures
Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth……………………………………….8
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21
Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety
observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E)……………………………….20
A- Established bean trial with farmer participation in variety performance observation
B- Common bacterial blight C- Effect of Bean fly D: Variety brilliance Observation
E: Improved Bean Varieties
Figure 2: Systematic representation of bean trial (A); foliar disease (B- C); variety observation (D) and produced bean varieties (E).
Table 1: Bean variety performance for selected traits
Variety DS prone DTF DTM Yield (seed)
(Scores) (Days) (Days) (MT Ha-1
) Rank
K131 2.0±0.0d 49 79 809±67.9
d 10
K132 3.0±0.0c 44 74 1172±80.6
bc 3
Nabe1 3.1±0.3c 49 79 862±14.6
d 8
Nabe11 4.0±0.0a 46 76 1014±5.84
c 6
Nabe15 2.0±0.0d 32 62 1324±51.0
a 1
Nabe2 3.0±0.2c 49 79 816±31.4
d 9
Nabe3 2.3±0.2d 49 79 1091±18.7
c 4
Nabe4 2.0±0.0d 42 70 1294±7.18
ab 2
Nabe5 3.7±0.2b 41 71 1032±13.4
c 5
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22
Nabe6 3.0±0.0c 49 79 502±42.9
e 11
Tapara Bean 2.2±0.0d 46 70 945±62
cd 7
Lsd (Var) 0.102 122.8
% CV 7.2 7.3
Figure 1: Showing duration for bean variety growth
Bean Variety Maturity Period
49
4139
4949
32
4649
44
49
79
7170
7979
62
7679
74
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
K131 K132 Nabe 1 Nabe 11 Nabe 15 Nabe 2 Nabe 3 Nabe 4 Nabe 5 Nabe 6
Varieties
Du
rati
on
(d
ay
s)
Days to Flower
Days to maturity
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23
Table 2: Bean seed physiological traits
Seed Seed Weight of 50 seeds Seed Seed Acceptance
Variety Colour Shape 50 seeds : 1 seed Size Brilliance (Desirability)
K131 Brown (Gold orange flecked) Round 8.9 0.178 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe2 Black Oval 8.8 0.176 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe3 Purple-wish Brown Oval 10.1 0.202 Small seeded Opaque Fair
Nabe6 White Oval 10.0 0.200 Small seeded Brilliant Good
Tapara White Oval 8.8 0.174 Small seeded Opaque Fair
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Nabe15 Dark Brown (Dark-red flecks) Oval 19.3 0.386 Medium size Brilliant Excellent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Nabe1 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Truncate fastiate 22.6 0.452 Large seeded Opaque Fair
K132 Dark-Red (Brown flecks) Kidney shaped 23.1 0.462 Large seeded Intermediate Good
Nabe11 Brown (Dark-red flecks) Kidney shaped 21.7 0.434 Large seeded Brilliant v. good
Nabe4 Dark red (Brown flecks) Cuboids 17.7 0.354 Large seeded Intermediate Good
Nabe5 Cream- Brown (Dark red flecks) Kidney Shaped 22.3 0.446 Large seeded Intermediate Fair
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Table 3: Attributes considered by farmers in selection of variety for seed production
Attribute Variety selected
Drought Resistance Nabe15: K131: Nabe4
Days to flower Nabe15: Nabe4
Days to maturity Nabe5: Nabe4
Seed Brilliance Nabe15
Seed shape Oval
Disease resistance Varieties with mean separation letter c (Tab. 4)
Insect resistance Varieties with mean separation letter d,c,b (Tab. 6)
Seed weight Nabe3, Nabe15, and K132
Yield Nabe15
Table 4: Variety reaction (severity) to naturally occurring diseases
Variety B. ALS B. Anthr B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust
K131 2.5±0.1c 1.3±0.7
c 1.0±0
d 2.3±0.2
c 1.4±0.1
b
K132 3.5±0.1a 3.7±0.2
a 4.4±0.3
a 3.7±0.2
a 1.9±0.1
a
Nabe1 2.8±0.2bc
1.1±0.0c 1.0±0
d 1.8±0.2
d 1.5±0.1
b
Nabe11 3.2±0.2ab
2.4±0.2b 2.8±0.2
b 3.0±0.1
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe15 2.9±0.1abc
2.3±0.9b 1.5±0.1
d 2.3±0.1
c 1.6±0.1
b
Nabe2 2.8±0.1bc
2.1±0.1b 2.0±0.2
c 3.1±0.2
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe3 2.4±0.2c 1.7±0.1
c 1.0±0
d 1.6±0.1
d 1.0±0
c
Nabe4 3.0±0.1abc
3.5±0.2a 1.0±0
d 3.0±0.1
b 2.0±0
a
Nabe5 2.0±0.1d 1.5±0.1
c 1.0±0
d 2.3±0.2
c 1.8±0.1
a
Nabe6 3.0±0.2abc
2.2±0.1b 1.0±0
d 2.4±0.1
c 1.0±0
c
Tapara 2.8±0.1bc
2.0±0.0b 2.0±0.0
c 3.1±0.2
b 2.0±0
a
Lsd (Var) 0.375 0.279 0.226 0.327 0.093
% CV 26.4 25.3 27 25.5 11.3
(Scores 1-9, 1=Health, 9= highly affected) source CIAT (1987)
Table 5: Incidence of foliar leaf infection (Cobb scale) to naturally occurring diseases
Variety Bean ALS B. Anth B. Mosaic CBB Leaf Rust
K131 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
K132 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe1 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe11 4.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe15 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe2 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
Nabe4 4.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 3.0
Nabe5 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
Nabe6 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0
Tapara 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0
(Scores 0-5, 0=No visible infection; 1=1- 5%; 2= 6-10%; 3=11-25%; 4=26-40%; 5= 65-100% leaf area infected)
Source: Stavely (1985)
Table 6: Bean variety evaluation against pest attack
Variety G.C. Bug Pod Red Bean
Damage Mite Fly
K131 1.5±0.1a 1.0
c 2.5±0.1
cd 2.3±0.3
a
K132 1.0b 1.9±0.2
a 2.9±0.1
b 1.0b
Nabe1 1.0b 1.1
c 2.3±0.2
d 1.2±0.1
b
Nabe11 1.0b 1.0
c 4.5±0.1
a 2.0±0.2
a
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Nabe15 1.0b 1.0
c 2.3±0.1
d 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe2 1.0b 1.5±0.8
b 2.8±0.1
bc 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe3 1.5±0.1a 1.1
c 3.0±0.2
b 1.4±0.2
b
Nabe4 1.0b 1.8±0.1
a 2.2±0.1
d 2.5±0.3
a
Nabe5 1.0b 1.0
c 2.4±0.1
d 1.1±0.1
b
Nabe6 1.0b 1.0
c 1.9±0.1
e 1.4±0.2
b
Nabe6 1.0b 1.0
c 2.0±0.
e 1.4±0.2
b
Tapara 1.0b 1.0
c 2.0±0.
e 1.2±0.2
b
Lsd (Var) NS 0.128 0.201 0.475
% CV NS 20.7 14.8 62.0
(Scores 1-5, 1=Health, 5= highly affected)
References
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Abbreviations
BCMV : Bean Common Mosaic Virus
DTM : Days to Maturity
DTF : Days to Flower
MAP : Month after Planting
NabuZARDI : Nabuin Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute
NaCRRI : National Crop Resources Research Institute
NARO : National Agricultural Research Organization
POC : Program of change
ALS : Angular Leaf Sport
Anthr : Anthracnose
CBB : Common Bean Blight