Frédéric Baudron, Bruno Gérard, John Blackwell, Rajiv Pradhan, Siobhan Kelly, Moti Jaleta, Saidi Mkomwa, Pascal Kaumbutho,

Wilfried Mariki, Girma Moges, Raymond Nazare

Farm Power & Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Intensification

The Need for Resource Use Efficiency in SSA

Emphasis on Seeds, Nutrients & Water

Farm Power: the Forgotten Resource?

0

40

80

120

160India

Kenya

Tanzania

Zimbabwe

Den

sity

of

trac

tors

(n

um

ber

per

100

km

2)

Declining Farm Power in SSA

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Den

sity

of

catt

le a

nd

b

uff

alo

es (

hea

ds

per

h

a)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 20100

2

4

6

8

10

Po

pu

lati

on

den

sity

(n

um

ber

of

per

son

s p

er h

a o

f ar

able

lan

d)

Labour Constraints & Drudgery

1990 1995 2000 2005 20100

5

10

15

20

25

30KenyaTanzaniaZimbabwe

Es

tim

ate

d H

IV/A

IDS

pre

va

len

ce

o

f a

du

lts

ag

ed

15

-49

(%

)

Ethio

pia

Kenya

Tanza

nia

Zimbab

we0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Fe

ma

le-h

ea

de

d h

ou

se

ho

lds

(%

)

Ethio

pia

Kenya

Tanza

nia

Zimbab

we0

1

2

3

4

5

Urb

an

iza

tio

n (

% a

nn

ua

l gro

wth

)

Addressing the Issue of Declining Farm Power

Decreasing power demand:Conservation Aggriculture

Increasing power supply:Mechanization

Powerdemand

4WT,2WT

Animaltraction

Manualsystems

e.g. Western Kenya

e.g. Ethiopia,

Zimbabwe

e.g. India, Bangladesh Desirable

space

CA systems Conventionnaly-tilled systems

Po

wer

su

pp

ly

Mechanizing CA in SIMLESA

Lack of appropriate implements is a major barrier to the

adoption of CA (Hobbs, 2007; Giller et al., 2009; Johansen et al., 2012)

???

CA-2WTs SynergiesThe suppression of inversion tillage reduces power

requirements by 50% , allowing for the use of smaller and

cheaper sources of power

>4 tones DM / year

CA-2WTs Synergies

vs.

Oxen

CowsBulls

Heifers

Calves

40 hours / ha 7 hours / ha

740 t CO2 / ha 25 t CO2 / ha

14,000 MJ / ha 360 MJ / ha

CA with a 2WT

Other Operations for Profitability

Importance of Transport

(from FAO, 2009)

Gender Implications

A New Look at Mechanization:the Case of Bangladesh

80% of land preparation is mechanized

1988: removal of duties, sale taxes, standardization restriction

350,000 2WTs (vs. 15,000 4WTs)

Rural entrepreneurs Only 1 in 30 farmers owned a

tractor Equity: even the poorest access

2WTs services

Importer

Retailer

2WT owner

Contract farmer

Farmer

Mechanic Driver

Spare parts’provider

Diesel and oilprovider

1988 1989 1990 1992 1994 1998 20030

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

Nu

mb

er o

f 2W

Ts

in

Ban

gla

des

h (

tho

usa

nd

s)

Social and Economic Impacts (after Adam et al., 2003)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1990

2003

Rice and wheat millingRice parboilingOil seeds crushing mill0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Small

Medium

Large

2WT owners 2WT users

Total cost (Tk.)

Income (Tk.)0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000Gross income

Interest on investment

Depreciation

Miscellaneous

Spare parts

Repair and main-tenance

Salary for driver

Fuel and oil

Bulls/Oxen Cows Calves0

0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.61.8

2BeforeAfter

Impact of 2WT-Operated Seeder in Bangladesh (after Miah, 2008)

The Business Model Approach

Utilizing private sector service providers to support market systems Services (e.g. information, training,

output aggregation, access to dealers and traders) embedded in the price of the product

The case of the treadle pump (1.5 million units distributed in Bangladesh) Linkage to output market (increase of

purchasing power) Promotion (branding), Capacity-building of private service

providers (manufacturers, installers).

2WTs & ancillary

equipment

Smallholder farmers

Direct seeding /Transporting /

Threshing/ShellingServices

SUPPLY DEMAND

SUPPORTING FUNCTIONS

Finance

Information

Promotion

Knowledge & Skills

Coordination

Government policy / subsidy

REGULATORY FUNCTIONS

Regulationson machinary

imports

Informal rules / norms

Standards

 

Importer Manufacturer

EthiopiaAgricultural Equipment & Technical Service Share Company

Agricultural Equipment & Technical Service Share Company; Amio Engineering PVT

Kenya Sheik Ali Traders Ndume

Tanzania Highland Estate Intermech Engineering; Nandra

Zimbabwe Fiver Motors (PVT) Grownet

Stengthening, not Creating, Market for 2WT-based services

On-farm evaluation of best bet technologies

On-station component

technology trials

①

Mechanics &

workshops

Credits & insurance

institutions

②

Ma

rke

ts an

d p

olic

y o

ptio

ns

③

Best bet 2WT-based

technologies

Refined 2WT-based

technologies

Importers & manufacturers

Service providers

Smallholders

Knowledge Platform

④

Experience from Africa, South

Asia & Australia

MentoringPlatform

Projected Adoption Pathway

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Year

Pro

jec

ted

nu

mb

er

of

rura

l en

-tr

ep

ren

eu

rs

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

From 2WT-based CA

From 2WT-based threshing, shelling and transporting

Year

Pro

jec

ted

nu

mb

er

of

farm

ho

us

eh

old

s

be

ne

fiti

ng

(th

ou

sa

nd

)

Conclusion: Why Should it Work This Time?

Supporting infrastructure (e.g. repair services, replacement parts, fuel and lubricants) has developed

Agriculture is SSA has become more commercially-oriented

Past focus on 4WTs: inappropriate for small and fragmented fields, and too costly for African smallholders

Past public sector focus: inefficient and uneconomic government-run tractor hire schemes

2001 2003 2005 2007 20090

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Mo

torc

yc

les

re

gis

tere

d in

K

en

ya

(th

ou

sa

nd

)

200320042005200620072008200920100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

KenyaTanzania

Bo

rro

we

rs f

rom

co

m-

me

rcia

l ba

nk

s (

pe

r th

ou

sa

nd

ad

ult

s)

1994 1998 2002 2006 201002468

1012141618

EthiopiaKenyaTanzania

Va

lue

of

ag

ric

ult

ure

(c

urr

en

t U

SD

)

Thank you!