Family Planning in Peru Miranda Velikoff. Total Fertility Rates.

Family Planning in Peru

Miranda Velikoff

Total Fertility Rates

Total Fertility Rates Cont.

Potential Effects of Population Growth

Two popular theories…

Malthusian Theory: A population grows exponentially, while food production is linear. With this pattern, in the future there will no longer be enough food to sustain the population.

Demographic Transition Theory: A country will go from high to low birth and death rates as they develop more sophisticated systems for education, industrialization and urbanization.

Map of South America

Table 2. Number of Ideal Children Reported in Survey Compared to Actual Total Fertility Rate

Ideal Number of Children

Peru’s Diverse Population

• 45% Amerindian and 37% Mestizo• 81.3% of the population is Roman

Catholic

• National Languages: Spanish and Quechua

– 84.1% of the population speaks Spanish

– 13% of the population speaks Quechua

Contraceptive Methods

o Modern Methods:• Contraceptive pill• Intra-uterine device• Injection• Condoms• Sterilization• Norplant• Emergency pill

o Traditional Methods:• Periodic abstinence• Withdrawal• Folk methods

Table 3. By Education Level

Table 4. By Location

Total Fertility Rate (children/woman)



Knowledge of at Least One Method of Contraceptive (by percentage)

Table 7. By Education level


Actual Use of at Least One Method of Contraception (by percentage)



Proportion of Modern to Traditional Methods of Women Using at Least One Contraceptive

Summary of Survey Results

Total fertility rate is lower among women with high levels of education and living in urban areas. These women are also more likely to know about and use contraceptive methods. The contraceptive method they choose is more likely to be a modern method.

The Government and the Catholic Church

Both institutions have had influence on the policy and perception of contraceptives to the Peruvian people throughout their history.

Government 1963-1968President Fernando Belaúnde Terry 1964|Created the Center of

Population and

Development (CEPD)

1967|Association of Family

Protection (APPF)

1970|Peru Demographic Report

Catholic Church 1963-1968

1930|Pope Pius XI’s encyclical Casti Connubii

1966|Responsible Parenthood Program in the Barriadas of Lima

1967|Program spread to

multiple parishes


Jul. 1968|Pope Paul VI encyclical De Humanae Vitae

“Project for Conjugal and Family Promotion in Peripheral Neighborhoods”

Sept. 1968|Latin American Episcopal Conference of Catholic Bishops

Government 1968-1975

General Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado1971|National Development plan

did not include family planning

1975|APPF network completelyshut down


Continuation of the Project for Conjugal and Family Promotion in Peripheral Neighborhoods

1974|Family and Population written by Catholic Bishops of Peru


General Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti

1976| Guidelines of Population Politics

“With respect to fertility, the government recognizes that the final decision and the direct responsibility fall to the parents of the family.”

Catholic Church 1975 - 1980

Catholic Bishops influence government policy of family planning

The project for Conjugal and Family Promotion in Peripheral Neighborhoods begins to lose funding

Government 1980 - 1985

President Fernando Belaunde TerryNov. 1980|National Population Council

Dec. 1980|Family Planning Rules

1983|The government provides Family Planning Services

Government 1990 - 2000

Alberto Ken’ya Fujimori1991-1995|National Population Program

1995|Conference on population and development

1995|Sterilization legalized

Catholic Church Response

Challenged Fujimori’s sex education programs in schools

Provided responsible parenthood programs

Target Population

“The fertility rate among poor women is 6.9 children –they are poor and are producing more poor people. The president is aware that the government cannot fight poverty without reducing poor people’s fertility. Thus, demographic goals are a combination of the population’s right to access family planning and the government’s anti-poverty strategy.”

- Program manager at the Ministry of Health, 1998

SterilizationsMinistry of Health estimates that at least 277,793 women were sterilized during Fujimori’s sterilization campaign

Figure 5. Tubal Ligations Performed by the Ministry of Health of Peru from 1993 to 2000

Liga

tion

s

Year

Comparison of Contraceptive Methods

Catholic Church Response

Accused Fujimori of a sterilization agenda against the indigenous population

Cardinal Augusto Vargas expressed concerns publically on television

Coerced into sterilization“We were required to perform a certain number of

sterilizations each month. This was obligatory and if we did not comply, we were fired. Many providers did not inform women that they were going to be sterilized – they told them the procedure was something else. But I felt this was wrong. I preferred to offer women a bag of rice to convince them to accept the procedure and explained to them beforehand what was going to happen.”

- Doctor who formerly worked for the Ministry of Health

Coerced into Sterilization

“These women are ignorant. We just bribed them; they consented to sterilization if we gave them money for their basic needs.”

- Doctor who formerly worked for the Ministry of Health

Coerced into Sterilizations

Of 157 cases of sterilization, a consent form was filled out correctly only 11 times and in 112 cases no consent procedure was even presented.

16 deaths were uncovered as a result of poorly executed sterilization procedures.

The Downfall of the Family-Planning Program

Fujimori lost foreign support and funding for the Family-Planning Program

1998-2002|National Population Plan

Ministry of Promotion for Women and Human Development

Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Investigated Fujimori’s alleged crimes against humanity between 1980 and 2000

68,841 people were “disappeared” during this time. Of these, 90% were from the poorest regions of the country and over 70% were native Quechua speakers

Sterilizations were not mentioned in the Commissions final report

Genocide?Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948 by the United Nations

Article 1The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent and to punish.

Article 2In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. (Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. United Nations. 1948)

Still Demanding Justice

Women for the Broad Women’s Movement traveled from Cuzco to Lima in protest, demanding compensation for their suffering in June 2001.


President Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique2001|The 5-year Sectorial Strategy Plan included

universal healthcare

Appointed two conservative Ministers of Health who restricted the supply of information and resources of contraception

Consequences of Conservative Stance

Between 2002-2003, only 34% of workers stated that contraceptive supply was continuous. In 2003-2004, the number had dropped to 6%

Use of artificial contraceptives dropped by 26% between 2002 and 2004



Proportion of Modern to Traditional Methods of Women Using at Least One Contraceptive

Abortion Problems

Complications from unsuccessful abortions treated by the Ministry of Health:

2000| 35,0002001| 35,0002002| 38,8512003| 41,993

Government 2006 – 2011

President Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Peréz

Addressed the decline of contraceptive use

Created two programs:Conditional cash transfersSocial insurance programs

Conclusion

While the TFR in Peru has been steadily decreasing, it is important to remember that the TFR is an average and is not homogeneous throughout the population. The socio-economic conditions of different populations affects is directly relate to the TFR as well as the actions of the Catholic Church. It is important to look at all of these aspects when investigating the situation of the country.

Works CitedAngeles, Gustavo, David K. Guilkey, and Thomas A. Mroz. "The Determinants

of Fertility in Rural Peru: Program Effects in the Early Years of the National Family Planning Program." Journal of Population Economics 18.2 (2005): 367-89. EBSCO Host. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.

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Works Cited (cont.)"CIA - The World Factbook." Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central

Intelligence Agency. Web. 28 Mar. 2011.Coe, Anna-Britt. "From Anti-Natalist to Ultra-Conservative: Restricting

Reproductive Choice in Peru." Reproductive Health Matters 12.24 (2004): 56-69. Print.

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Estep, Raymond, and Documentary Research Division Aerospace Studies Institute Air University. The Role of the Military in Peruvian Politics. Montgomery: Maxwell Airforce Base, 1970. Print.

Ewig, Christina. "Hijacking Global Feminism: Feminists, the Catholic Church, and the Family Planning Debacle in Peru." Feminist Studies 32.3 (2006): 632-59. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.

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Works Cited (cont.)Gribble, James N., Suneeta Sharma, and Elaine P. Menotti. "Family Planning

Policies and Their Impacts On the Poor: Peru's Experience." International Family Planning Perspectives33.4 (2007): 176-81. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 Mar. 2011.

Hurtado, Graham, Guillermo Marco Del Pont, Fernandez Baca, Tantaleon Vanini, Vargas Caballero, Alberto Jimenez De Lucio, Morales Bermudez, and Juan Velasco Alvarado. "Plan Nacional De Desarollo." Oficina Nacional De Informacion 5 (1971): 52-64. Print.

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Instituto Nacional De Estadistica E Informatica , Jorges Reyes, and Luis Ochoa. Encuestra Demografico Y De Salud Familiar 2000. Lima: Instituto Nacional De Estadistica E Informatica, 2001. Print.

Instituto Nacional De Estadistica E Informatica. Encuestra Demografica Y De Salud Familiar 1991/1992. Comp. Alberto Padilla, Luis H. Ochoa, and Albert M. Marckwardt. Vol. 2. Columbia: Macro International, 1992. Print.

Works Cited (cont.)Instituto Nacional De Estadistica, Graciela F. Baca De Valdez, Eduardo M.

Turner, and Yolanda C. Ascencio. Aspectos Demograficos Y Prevalencia De Anticonceptivos En El Peru. Lima: Ministerio De Salud Del Peru, 1983. Print.

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Klaiber, Jeffrey L. Religion and Revolution in Peru: 1824-1976. London: University of Notre Dame, 1977. Print.

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Lopez, Raul. "La Asociacion Peruana de Proteccion Familiar y los inicios de la anticoncepcion en el Peru (1967-1975)". Histórica (Lima), 33.1 (2009): 87. Academic OneFile. Web. 03 Apr. 2011.

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Works Cited (cont.)Masterson, Daniel, and Instituto De Estudios Politicos Y Estrategicos. Fuerza

Armada Y Sociedad En El Peru Moderno: Un Estudio Sobre Relaciones Civiles Militares 1930-2000. Lima: Instituto Politicos Y Estrategicos, 2001. Print.

Pius XI. Casti Connubii. 30 Dec. 1930.Population Council. "Peru's National Population Policy Law." Population and

Development Review 11.4 (1985): 789-94. Web. Rahme, Juan S., Maita G. Trovato, Esperanza R. Solari, and Hilaria S. Huaman.

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Sobrevilla, Luis, and Mary Fukumoto, eds. Investigacion En Plantificacion Familiar Y Servicios De Salud. Lima: Consejo Nacional De Poblacion, 1984. Print.

Works Cited (cont.)"South America Map - Detailed On-line Map of South America." Greece Map

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Turchi, Boone A. "Review: Latin American Fertility: Determinants, Policies, and Politics." Latin American Research Review 12.1 (1977): 183-91. JSTOR. Web. 13 Apr. 2011.

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Velasco Alvarado, Juan, and Alejandro Augustine Lanusse. "Declaracion Conjunta." Oficina Nacional De Informacion 4 (1971): 28-35 Print.

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Washington Office on Latin America. Peru in Peril: The Economy and Human Rights 1985-1987. Washington D.C.: Washington Office on Latin America, 1987. Print.

Family Planning in Peru Miranda Velikoff. Total Fertility Rates.

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