FALL FINAL REVIEW 2012

APES

GARRETT HARDIN

TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONSPEOPLE WILL ALWAYS OPT FOR THE

IMMEDIATE BENEFITWE WILL ALWAYS ADD ONE TOO

MANY SHEEP TO THE FIELD, DESTROYING THE COMMONS

SAND COUNTY ALMANAC

ALDO LEOPOLDLAND ETHICS

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CHEMICAL ENERGY --> MECHANICAL ENERGY --> HEAT

ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

CARBON

MAIN COMPONENT IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

COMBINES WITH OXYGEN TO FORM CO2

LARGEST SINK IN OCEANS

CORAL REEFS

HOW HUMANS INTERFERE IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE

BURNING FOSSIL FUELSDESTROYING FORESTS, GRASSLANDS,

WETLANDSAGRICULTURE- ADDS NITROGEN TO

AQUATIC SYSTEMS AND RELEASES NOX

LIVESTOCK WASTE AND COMMERCIAL

FERTILIZERS

REMOVE FROM TOPSOIL WHEN WE HARVEST

N-RICH CROPS (clover, soybeans, peas and beans)

END PRODUCTS OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

LACTIC ACIDMETHANEETHYL ALCOHOLHYDROGEN SULFIDE

NATURAL SELECTION

ENHANCED SURVIVAL OF THOSE INDIVIDUALS WITH FAVORABLE ACQUIRED PHENOTYPIC TRAITS

CHARLES DARWIN13 DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FINCHES

2 WAYS HUMANS INTERFERE WITH THE CARBON CYCLE

BURNING FOSSIL FUELSDEFORESTATION

GENE FLOW

SPREAD OF ALLELES/GENES THROUGH A POPULATION OVER A PERIOD OF SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS

EQUATOR

RECEIVES THE MOST DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY

DOLDRUMSLOW PRESSURELOTS OF RAIN

CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

THE END PRODUCT OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION

WHAT IS NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS

ENDANGERED ANIMALS

GRIZZLY BEARPANDA BEARORANGUTANLEATHERBACK SEA TURTLESNOW LEOPARDPOLAR BEARMOUNTAIN GORILLABLUE WHALE

CITES

ORGANIZATION THAT PROHIBITS INTERNATIONAL TRADE/SALE OF THREATENED/ENDANGERED SPECIES

NITROGEN FIXATION

BACTERIA IN SOIL AND BLUE-GREEN ALGAE COMBINE GASEOUS N2 WITH HYDROGEN TO MAKE NH3

BACTERIA USE SOME OF AMMONIA FOR NUTRITION AND EXCRETE THE REST TO THE SOIL WHICH IS THEN CONVERTED INTO NH4+ THAT IS USED BY PLANTS

NITRIFICATION

AMMONIA NOT TAKEN UP BY PLANTS IS CONVERTED TO NITRATE IONS BY BACTERIA

AMMONIFICATION

SPECIALIZED BACTERIA CONVERT DEAD MATERIAL AND WASTE INTO NH3 AND NH4+

DENITRIFICATION

BACTERIA IN WET ENVIRONMENTS CONVERT THE NH3 AND NH4 BACK INTO NO3+ AND NO2+ ION, AND THEN BACK INTO N2 AND N2O

THE LAST STEP IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE AND THEN IT REPEATS!

MITIGATION BANKING

ALLOWING DESTRUCITON OF WETLANDS PROVIDING THAT A LARGER WETLAND AREA WILL BE CREATED

HIPPCO

HABITAT DESTRUCTION, DEGRADATION, FRAGMENTATION

INVASIVE SPECIESPOLLUTIONPOPULATION GROWTHCLIMATE CHANGEOVEREXPLOITATIONTHREATS TO THE WORLD’S

BIODIVERSITY

GREENHOUSE GASES

METHANENITROUS OXIDEWATER VAPORCARBON DIOXIDECFCOZONE (GROUND LEVEL)

RESOURCE PARTITIONING

SHARING OF A RESOURCE BY UTILIZING DIFFERENT PARTS OF IT.

BIRDS EATING FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE TREE

EL NIÑO

WARMING OF SURFACE WATER IN THE PACIFIC OFF THE COAST OF SA

TRADE WINDS WEAKENA STRONG EQUATORIAL COUNTERCURRENT

DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFICDECREASED UPWELLING EVENTSDROUGHT IN INDONESIA AND BRAZILREDUCTION IN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY BY

THE PHYTOPLANKTON AND A DECLINE IN FISH POPULATION

FLOODING IN PERU

MUTUALISM

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 DIFFERENT SPECIES IN WHICH BOTH BENEFIT

ANTS AND THE ACACIA TREERHINO AND OXPECKERALGAE AND CORALBACTERIA IN THE INTESTINES OF COW

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

NO SOILGLACIER RETREAT, BARREN ROCKLICHEN, MOSS, SMALL HERBS,

SHRUBS, PINES, HARDWOODSOCCURS SLOWLY

ABIOTIC FACTORS

NUTRIENTSWATERROCKSDISSOLVED OXYGENTEMPERATURESALINITYNITROGENPHOSPHORUSCARBON

ADAPTATIONS OF DESERT PLANTS

TOXINS IN SKINSTORE WATER IN EXPANDABLE TISSUEREDUCED LEAVES, OR NONE AT ALLSPINESOPEN PORES ONLY AT NIGHT

RESULTS OF EVERGLADES DEGRADATION

90% OF WADING BIRDS HAVE DISAPPEAREDALGAL BLOOMS COVER ABOUT 40% OF BAYLESS THAN HALF ITS ORIGINAL SIZEDEER/TURTLE/VERTEBRATE POPS HAVE

DECREASED 75-95%FLORIDA BAY IS SALTIER/WARMERCORAL REEFS/TOURISM THREATENEDCERP (COMPREHENSIVE EVERGLADES

RESTORATION PLAN)

WHAT ARE HURRICANES?

MOST DESTRUCTIVE74STORM SURGENORTHEAST QUADRANTEQUATORIAL LOCATIONS1-5 saffir-simpsonCOUNTERCLOCKWISE WINDS

GRASSLANDS

PRAIRIESWINDYRAPID EVAPORATIONFIRES IN SUMMER AND FALLTREE GROWTH HINDERED

BENTHIC ORGANISMS

OYSTERSCLAMSSTARFISHLOBSTERSPONGESSEA SQUIRTS

EUTROPHIC LAKE

LAKE WITH LOTS OF NUTRIENTSSHALLOW, MURKY WATERCAN OCCUR NATURALLY AS WELL AS

ANTHROPOGENICALLY

What is the doubling formula?

T= 70/r

If a country has a growth rate of 2%, how many years will it take to double its population?

T= 70/2 = 35 years

PHYSICAL REACTIONS

TEARING PAPERCUTTING GRASSMELTING, CONDENSING, FREEZING,

EVAPORATING

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

STARTS SLOWLY THEN RAPIDLY INCREASES

HUMAN POPULATIONJ CURVE

DEFORESTATION IN TROPICAL FORESTS

#1 CAUSE OF HABITAT DESTRUCTIONRELEASES CO2 INTO THE

ATMOSPHERECAUSES EROSION, LOSS OF NUTRIENTS

KEYSTONE SPECIES

KRILLBEAVERSEA OTTERGRAY WOLFBATS AND OTHER POLLINATORSAMERICAN ALLIGATOR

PHOSPHORUS

MINING WASTE, SEWAGE , FERTILIZERSAND DETERGENTSLIMITING FACTOR FOR PLANT GROWTH

IN LAKESRELEASED FROM VOLCANOES, FOREST

FIRESUSED TO MAKE ADP AND ATPFOUND IN OCEAN SEDIMENTS, FOSSILS

OF BONES AND GUANO, UNDERGROUND RX AND MINERALS

DENSITY-DEPENDENT FACORS

DISEASECOMPETITION FOR RESOURCESPREDATIONPARASITISM

K- SPECIES

FEW OFFSPRINGLARGE OFFSPRINGPROVIDE EXTENSIVE PARENTAL CARESPECIALISTS

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SPECIES COMPETING FOR THE SAME RESOURCES

REASONS WOMEN HAVE LESS CHILDREN

JOBSEDUCATIONCONTRACEPTIVES AVAILABLEPENSIONS AVAILABLELOWER INFANT MORTALITY RATE

INVASIVE SPECIES

CANE TOADPURPLE LOOSESTRIFEKUDZUSEA LAMPREYZEBRA MUSSELEUROPEAN STARLINGNUTRIANILE PERCH

BIRDS

INDICATOR SPECIESEASY TO TRACK AND COUNTLIVE IN EVERY CLIMATE AND BIOME

HOW A POPULAION IS AFFECTED BY AIDS

LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE, YOUNG WORKERS

DECREASE LIFE EXPECTANCYLOSS OF ADULTS TO SUPPORT THE

YOUNG AND ELDERLY

RAINSHADOW EFFECT

MOUNTAINSMORE RAIN ON THE WINDWARD SIDECREATES DESERTS ON THE LEEWARD

SIDE OF MOUNTAINS

SYNERGY

WHEN THE IMPACT OF TWO COMBINED FACTORS IS GREATER THAN EACH INDIVIDUAL FACTOR

4 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABILITY

RELIANCE ON SOLAR ENERGYBIODIVERSITYNUTRIENT CYCLINGPOPULATION CONTROL

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

HIGH NET PRODUCTIVITYLITTLE NUTRIENTS IN SOILLOW LEVELS OF GROUND LEVEL

SUNLIGHTHIGH BIODIVERSITYHIGH HUMIDITYDEFORESTATION DUE TO CATTLE

GRAZING, PLANTATION CROPS

LIMITING FACTORS

FACTORS THAT LIMIT THE GROWTH, ABUNDANCE OR DISTRIBUTION OF A POPULATION

ABIOTIC FACTORSNUTRIENTS, SUNLIGHT, SPACE, WATER,

RESOURCES

CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATIONMOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN

DETERMING WHICH BIOME IS FOUND WHERE

GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT AN ORGANISM TAKES IN

GULF STREAM

WARM WATER CURRENT IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN

WARMS EUROPE’S CLIMATE

DESTRUCTION/DEGRADATION OF DESERTS

OVERGRAZINGCLIMATE-CHANGED DROUGHTSUVS BREAKING SURFACE CRUSTHUMAN POPULATION GROWTH

RESULT IS DUST STORMS

BENEFITS OF MICROORGANISMS

PURIFY WATERPRODUCE FOODBREAK DOWN FOOD IN OUR

INTESTINESCONTROL DISEASES OF PLANTSPART OF THE NITROGEN CYCLEDECOMPOSERS

REASONS FOR THE EXTINCTION OF THE GOLDEN TOAD

CHYTRID FUNGUSCLIMATE TOO DRYDEFORESTATIONSMALL RANGEHEAVY DEPENDENCE ON MOISTURE

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER

DESERTS

LITTLE RAINADAPTATIONS TO SAVE WATERVERY FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMPLANT GROWTHSLOW LOW SPECIES DIVERSITYSLOW NUTRIENT CYCLING (LITTLE

BACTERIA IN THE SOIL)SOILS TAKE HUNDREDS OF YEARS TO

RECOVER

CARBON DIOXIDE

DEFORESTATIONGREENHOUSE GASRELEASED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

MOST DAMAGED BIOMEWHERE WE LIVESEASONS, VARIATION IN

TEMPERATUREMANY TREES LOOSE LEAVES IN

WINTER TO SAVE ENRGY

ENERGY PYRAMID

10% TRANSFER OF ENERGY90% LOSS OF ENERGYFLOW OF ENERGY

SEA BREEZE

CREATED BY DIFFERENT SPECIFIC HEATS OF LAND AND WATER

WIND COMING FROM THE OCEANAIR MOVING FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO

LOW PRESSURE

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

WHENEVER ENERGY CONVERSIONS OCCUR, WE ALWAYS END UP WITH LESS USABLE ENERGY

TROPHIC LEVELS- ONLY 10% OF ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED

SPECIATION

OCCURS DUE TO GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION AND REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

2 SPECIES ARISE FROM ONE

CORAL REEFS

POLYPSREMOVE CO2 FROM ATMOSPHEREZOOXANTHELLAEACT AS NATURAL BARRIERSJOBS AND BUILDING MATERIALSFISHING AND TOURISM INDUSTRIES

AQUATIC LIFE ZONES

SALTWATER (MARINE)FRESHWATER

NEKTON

FISHTURTLESSWIMMING CONSUMERS

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

THE TRAPPING OF HEAT ENERGY BY MOLECULES IN THE ATMOSPHERE

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE

DEEP, CLEAR LAKES WITH STEEP BANKS THAT HAVE A SMALL SUPPLY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS

23.3 YEARS

How many years will it take for a population to double if its growth rate is 3.0%?

LITTORAL ZONE

zone of nutrient-rich water near the shore

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY IN LAKE VICTORIA

INCREASE IN NILE PERCHALGAL BLOOMS FROM NUTRIENT

RUNOFF FROM FARMSINCREASED POVERTY DEPELTED FORESTS=INCREASED

RUNOFF