Fall 08 UNIT 2
Transcript of Fall 08 UNIT 2
INGLÉSTÉCNICOPARAGRADOSUPERIOR 2
BODYSYSTEMS
Our bodies consist of a number of biological systems that carry out specific
functionsnecessaryforeverydayliving.
Thejobofthecirculatorysystemorcardiovascularsystemistomoveblood,
nutrients, oxygen, carbondioxide, andhormones, around thebody. It consists of the
heart,blood,bloodvessels,arteriesandveins.
Thedigestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together,
allowthebodytobreakdownandabsorbfood,andremovewaste.Itincludesthemouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver and
pancreasalsoplayaroleinthedigestivesystembecausetheyproducedigestivejuices.
Theendocrinesystemconsistsofeightmajorglandsthatsecretehormonesinto
the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate various
bodilyfunctions,suchasmetabolism,growthandsexualfunction.
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The immunesystem is thebody'sdefenseagainstbacteria,virusesandother
pathogens that may be harmful. It includes lymph nodes, the spleen, bonemarrow,
lymphocytes(includingB-cellsandT-cells),thethymusandleukocytes,whicharewhite
bloodcells.
The lymphaticsystem includes lymphnodes, lymphductsandlymphvessels,
andalsoplaysaroleinthebody'sdefenses.Itsmainjobistomakeandmovelymph,a
clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection. The
lymphaticsystemalsoremovesexcesslymphfluidfrombodilytissues,andreturnsitto
theblood.
Thenervoussystemcontrolsbothvoluntaryaction(likeconsciousmovement)
andinvoluntaryactions(likebreathing),andsendssignalstodifferentpartsofthebody.
Thecentralnervoussystemincludesthebrainandspinalcord.Theperipheralnervous
system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the central
nervoussystem.
The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in
movement, blood flow and other bodily functions. There are three types of muscle:
skeletalmusclewhichisconnectedtoboneandhelpswithvoluntarymovement,smooth
musclewhichisfoundinsideorgansandhelpstomovesubstancesthroughorgans,and
cardiacmusclewhichisfoundintheheartandhelpspumpblood.
Thereproductivesystemallowshumanstoreproduce.Themalereproductive
systemincludesthepenisandthetestes,whichproducesperm.Thefemalereproductive
systemconsistsofthevagina,theuterusandtheovaries,whichproduceeggs.During
conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, which creates a fertilized egg that
implantsandgrowsintheuterus.
Ourbodiesaresupportedbytheskeletalsystem,whichconsistsof206bones
thatareconnectedbytendons,ligamentsandcartilage.Theskeletonnotonlyhelpsus
move,butit'salsoinvolvedintheproductionofbloodcellsandthestorageofcalcium.
Theteetharealsopartoftheskeletalsystem,buttheyaren'tconsideredbones.
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The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon
dioxideinaprocesswecallbreathing.Itconsistsmainlyofthetrachea,thediaphragm
andthelungs.
Theurinarysystemorexcretorysystemhelpseliminateawasteproductcalled
ureafromthebody,whichisproducedwhencertainfoodsarebrokendown.Thewhole
systemincludestwokidneys,twoureters,thebladder,twosphinctermusclesandthe
urethra.Urineproducedby thekidneys travelsdowntheureters to thebladder,and
exitsthebodythroughtheurethra.
Theskin,orintegumentarysystem, isthebody's largestorgan.Itprotectsus
from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other
pathogens.Ourskinalsohelpsregulatebodytemperatureandeliminatewastethrough
perspiration.Inadditiontoskin,theintegumentarysystemincludeshairandnails.
1. Findintheprevioustextsynonymsforthesewords:
1. Implement,achieve:
2. Permit,let:
3. Disintegrate:
4. Malicious,dangerous:
5. Principal,mostimportant:
6. Contagion:
7. Help:
8. Testicles:
9. Ova:
10. Womb:
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VITALORGANS
Humanshavefivevitalorgansthatareessentialforsurvival.Thesearethebrain,
heart,kidneys,liverandlungs.
Thehumanbrainisthebody'scontrolcenter,receivingandsendingsignalsto
other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is
responsible forourthoughts, feelings,memorystorageandgeneralperceptionof the
world.
Thehumanheartisresponsibleforpumping
bloodthroughoutourbody.
Thejobofthekidneysistoremovewasteand
extrafluidfromtheblood.Thekidneystakeurea
out of the blood and combine it withwater and
othersubstancestomakeurine.
The liver has many functions, including
detoxifyingofharmfulchemicals,breakdownofdrugs,filteringofblood,andsecretion
ofbileandproductionofblood-clottingproteins.
The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the airwe breathe and
transferring it toourbloodwhere it canbe sent toour cells. The lungs also remove
carbondioxide,whichweexhale.
FUNFACTS
• Thehumanbodycontainsnearly100trillioncells.
• Thereareatleast10timesasmanybacteriainthehumanbodyascells.
• Theaverageadulttakesover20,000breathsaday.
• Eachday,thekidneysfilteralmost200litersofblood.
• Adultsexcreteabout1.42litersofurineeachday.
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HUMANANATOMY
1. Complete the gaps with the parts of the body.
forehead teeth cheek mouth nose lips eye chin eyebrow
foot hair wrist stomach/belly shoulder hand ear knee leg neck toe finger head arm chest forearm
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3.Matchthepartsofthebodywiththeirdefinitions.
1.FOREHEAD a.Sightorgan
2.CHIN b.Externalorganofhearing
3.HAND c.Jointbetweenthethighandthelowerleg
4.NOSE d.Digitofthefoot
5.EYE e.Partofthefacebetweenthehairlineandthe
eyebrows
Sole
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6.EAR f.Partofthefacebetweenthemouthandthe
forehead,siteofrespiration
7.KNEE g.Markleftbytheumbilicalcord
8.TOE h.Protuberanceofthejawbelowthelowerlip
9.NAVEL i.Partoftheheadbetweentheeyeandthetopofthe
ear
10.TEMPLE j.Partontheendofahumanarm,composedoffive
fingers
READING
BODYSYSTEMS
Thehumanbodyconsistsofahead,neck,torso,twoarmsandtwolegs.It'smade
upofcells,whicharethesmalleststructuralunits.Theyclustertogethertoperforma
specializedfunction,becomingtissues.Whendifferenttypesoftissuesworktogetherto
provideaparticularfunction,theyformorgansandbodysystems.Therearetenmajor
organsystemsinthehumanbody:
1.Circulatoryorcardiovascular(heart,blood,bloodvessels…)
2.Digestive(mouth,esophagus,stomach,intestines…)
3.Endocrine(glands)
4.Integumentary(skin,hair,nails,sweatglands,andsebaceousglands)
5.Muscular(muscles)
6.Nervous(brain,spinalcords,nerves…)
7.Reproductive(maleandfemalereproductiveorgans)
8.Respiratory(nose,trachea,lungs…)
9.Skeletal(bones)
10.Urinaryorexcretory(bladder,kidneys,urethra,ureters…)
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1.Matcheachbodysystemwiththedifferentorgans.
1.CIRCULATORY/ a. Consists of the central nervous system,with the
CARDIOVASCULAR brain, the spinal cord, neurons and cerebrospinal
fluid,andtheperipheralnervoussystem,with
nervesthatconnectthebraintotherestofthebody.
2.DIGESTIVE b.Individualandfusedbones,ligamentsand
cartilage.
3.ENDOCRINE c.Kidneys,bladder,uretersandurethra.
4.INTEGUMENTARY d.Mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,liver,
pancreasandintestines.
5.MUSCULAR e.Theblood,heartandbloodvesselsformthe
cardiovascularsystem.
6.NERVOUS f.Thyroidgland,parathyroidglands,adrenalglands,
pituitarygland,thymusgland,ovaries,testes,pineal
glandandisletsofLangerhansinthepancreas.
7.REPRODUCTIVE g.Skeletalmuscle,tendons,smoothmuscleand
cardiacmuscle.
8.RESPIRATORY h.Skin,hair,nails,sweatglands,andsebaceous
glands.
9.SKELETAL i. Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina,
andmammaryglands.Male:testesandpenis.
10.URINARY/EXCRETORY j. Upper airway: nose, pharynx and larynx. Lower
airway:trachea,bronchi,bronchiolesandlungs.
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2.Matchthedifferentbodysystemswiththeirfunctions.
1.CIRCULATORY a.Protectsthebodyfromdamage,regulates
/CARDIOVASCULAR temperatureandhelpsdetectheat,pain, sensation,
pressureandcold.
2.DIGESTIVE b.Allowsthebodytomove;protectsinternalorgans
andgivethebodyshape.
3.ENDOCRINE c.Supportsandprotectsvitalinternalorgans,
anchorsmusclesandgivesthebodyshape.
4.INTEGUMENTARY d.Itbringsnutrientsandwaterintothebody
(ingestion). Then food is broken down into small
parts (digestion). Nutrients and water are moved
into the circulatory systemuntil theyare absorbed
bybodycellsthroughthemembranesofthe
intestines(absorption).Unabsorbedwasteis
eliminated(defecation).
5.MUSCULAR e.Suppliesoxygenandremovescarbondioxidefrom
thebody.
6.NERVOUS f. Passesoxygenandnutrients to the tissues in the
bodyandremovewasteproductsfromthem.
7.REPRODUCTIVE g. Produces, stores and eliminates urine from the
body.
8.RESPIRATORY h.Makescells(spermsandeggs)forthepurposeof
reproduction.
9.SKELETAL i. Coordinatesandcontrol theactionsoractivityof
thebody, transmits signalsbetweendifferentparts
ofthebodyandconductinformationtoandfromthe
brain.
10.URINARY/EXCRETORY j. Secreteshormones into thebloodstream, such as
insulinandadrenalin,toregulate,stimulateand
maintainmanybodyactivitiesandfunctions.
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3.MatchtheorgannameswiththeorganfunctionsoftheDIGESTIVESYSTEM.Becareful:Thereare10organsbutonly9organfunctions!
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Pre-reading: Have you ever had a sport injury?
Then,correctthefalsesentences.
3. Write the correct part of the body for each of these definitions.
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• SHOULDERBLADE/SCAPULA
• VERTEBRAE/SPINESPINALCOLUMN/BACKBONE
• HEELBONE/CALCANEUS
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Bonessupportthehumanbody.Theyarethestructureonwhichtheskinhangs.
Withoutbonesthebodywouldcollapse.Apersoncouldnotwalkorrun.Bonesprovide
bothsupportandprotectionforpartsofthebody.
Inthefrontofthebody,thebonyribcagecoversthechest.Underneatharethe
heartandlungs.Theribsarebonesthatprotecttheheart,lungsandstomachincaseof
injury.Theskullprotectsthebrain.Thebonesintheback(orspine)protectthenerves
ofthespinalcolumn.
Thebonesstoremineralsneededbyotherpartsofthebody.Whentheminerals
areneeded,theywillbereleasedintotheblood.Theyalsoformnewredandwhiteblood
cellseachday.Newboneisstillmadeuntilapersonreachestheageofthirty-five.When
apersongetsmucholder,thebonesstarttoweaken.Themineralsbegintodisappear
fromthebones.
Apart from storing minerals and forming blood cells, the bones work with
musclesandjoints.Theyallowmovementinthebody.Theplacewheretwobonescome
togetheriscalledajoint.Thekneejointisthebiggestandstrongestjointinthebody.
Ligaments link bones together at the joints. They are very strong and can stretch.
Musclesareattachedtobonesbytendons.Themusclesandtendonstogetherallowthe
bonesmove.
Thewholebonestructureofthebodyiscalledtheskeleton.Theskullprotects
thebrain, eyes, face, jawandears.Vertebraemakeup thecolumnofbones running
downtheback.Betweeneachvertebraisasmallcushioncalledadisk.Thevertebrae
arehollow.Nervesrundownthroughthehollowpartstothewholebody.
Knees,hands,feetandlegsallhavedifferentkindsofbones.Someofthesebones
canmovefreely.Someareboundtightlytogether.Armbonesareconnectedat
thetoptothecollarboneandshoulderbone.Theyareconnectedatthebottomtothe
hand.Legbonesareattachedtothespineatthetopbythegroupofbonescalledthe
pelvis.
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Theupperpartofthelegisthethighbone.Itformspartoftheknee.Thelower
partofthelegismadeupoftwobones.Theyareattachedtothefootatthebottom.
Bonesareactuallylivingcells.Thebonesgrowandchangeovertime.Apersonis
bornwiththreehundredbones.Someofthesebonescanjointogether.Bythetimea
personbecomesanadult,hewillhaveonlyabouttwohundredandsixbones.
Insummary,bonesareanecessarypartofthebody.Theyprovideprotectionand
supportforthevitalorgans,liketheheart,brainandlungs.Thebonesarestrongandcan
handleheavyweights.Theyallowapersontowalk.Theyworkwithmusclestohelpthe
body move and stretch. The 206 bones of the body include the ribs, skull, spine,
vertebrae,thighbone,andmanymore.
1.Findsynonymsinthetextforthesewords(Theyareinorder):a)Supply:b)HeadBone:c)Bodyarticulation:
d)Clavicle:e)Backbone:
2.Nowanswerthesequestions:1)Whichbonesprotecttheheart?
2)Whichofthefollowingisthemainpurposeofligaments?A:TheycushionthevertebraeB:Theyprotectthebrain
C:TheylinkbonestogetheratthejointsD:Theystoremineral
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3)Whatisthetotalstructureofbonesinthebodycalled?4)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A: The upper part of the leg is thethighboneB: Bones can many times repairthemselves
C:BonesarenotlivingD:Diskscushionthevertebrae
5)Whichboneprotectsthebrain?
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SPINE = SPINAL COLUMN = BACKBONE = VERTEBRAE : columna vertebral SPINAL CORD : médula espinal BONE MARROW = MARROWBONE : médula ósea
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READING APPLYING FOR A JOB Whenlookingforajob,thereareseveralstepsthatyouhavetofollow.Firstof
all,youhavetosearchforjobvacanciesthatincludethedescriptionofthejobandall
therequirementstoapplyforit.Then,ifyouareinterested,youwillhavetosenda
coveringletterandanapplicationformoryourCV.Finally,ifyouareselected,you
willprobablyhavetoattendajobinterview.Itisveryimportantthatyouprepareall
thesestepscarefullyinordertobesuccessful.
1.Trytowriteanounfromtheseverbsrelatedwithjobs:
1.apply-Ex:application
2.appoint
3.employ
4.advertise
5.vacate
6.advertise
7.qualify
8.accept
9.describe
10.refer
2. Whatconditionswouldhaveyouridealjob?