Faculty to Faculty

Water from the mountains, The Fourth Paradigm, and the color of snow

(photo T. H. Painter)

2

Most runoff & recharge come from snowmelt

Sierra Nevada: 67%

Colorado: 63%

Utah: 60%

Arizona/New Mexico:

39%

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Month

Avera

ge M

on

thly

Flo

w (

100

0A

F)

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Avera

ge M

on

thly

SW

E(i

n)

SWEFlow

Snow contributions to annual precipitation

(Serreze, WRR, 1999)

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Snow-pillow data for Leavitt Lake, 2929 m, Walker R drainage, near Tuolumne &

Stanislaus basins

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Measurement of snow water equivalent with snow pillow

𝑆𝑊𝐸=𝜌 𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤× h𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 (kgm−2 )

or

𝑆𝑊𝐸=𝜌 𝑠𝑛𝑜𝑤× h𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡

𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

(mm )

(Calif DWR)

5

[Bales et al., WRR, 2006]

6February March April May0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Apri

l-Ju

ly f

ore

cast

, km

3

historical max

upper bound

historical min

historical avg

Forecast

lower bound

actual

April-July 2011 forecast, Tuolumne River

*

Snow sensors don’t cover the highest elevations

8(K. Rittger)

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Snow redistribution

(D. Marks)

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Differential ablation

(E. H. Bair)

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Sierra Nevada, trends in 220 long-term snow courses (> 50 years, continuing to present)

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SWE 2007, 3 methods

(K. Rittger)

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SWE 2011, 3 methods

(K. Rittger)

Reconstruction of heterogeneous snow in a grid cell

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Daily potential melt

z

fSCA

xy

Reconstructed SWE

(A. KahlHoman et al., Hyd Proc 2011)

Fractional snow-covered area, Sierra Nevada (MODIS images available daily)

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Snow is one of nature’s most colorful materials (e.g., Landsat snow & cloud)

Bands 3 2 1 (red, green, blue) Bands 5 4 2 (swir, nir, green)

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Spectra with 7 MODIS “land” bands (500m resolution, global daily coverage)

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Pure endmembers, 01 Apr 2005

100% Snow

100% Vegetation

100% Rock/Soil

MODIS image

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Validation of fSCA w Landsat ETM+

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Example of satellite data management issue: blurring caused by off-nadir view

22

Net shortwave radiation:Tuolumne-Merced River basins

March 1, 2006 12:00

Painter et al., 2009;Dozier et al., 2008

Link and Marks, 1999; Garren and Marks, 2005

Dozier and Frew, 1990Erbs et al., 1982;Olyphant et al., 1984

Dubayah and Loechel., 1997

Cosgrove et al., 2003;Pinker et al., 2003;Mitchell et al., 2004

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http://fourthparadigm.org

1. Thousand years ago —experimental science

Description of natural phenomena

2. Last few hundred years —theoretical science

Newton’s Laws, Maxwell’s Equations . . .

3. Last few decades — computational science

Simulation of complex phenomena

4. Today — data-intensive science

Model/data integrationData miningHigher-order products,

sharing

Data Acquisitio

n & Modeling

Analysis & Data

Mining

Colla

bora

tion

&

V

isu

aliz

atio

nDis

sem

inate

&

Sh

are Archiving

& Preservatio

n

Jim Gray, 1944-2007

(J. Frew, T. Hey)

http://fourthparadigm.org/

http://fourthparadigm.org/

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Information about water is more useful as we climb the value ladder

Monitoring

Collation

Quality assurance

Aggregation

Analysis

Reporting

Forecasting

Distribution

Done poorly,but a few notablecounter-examples

Done poorly to moderately,not easy to find

Sometimes done well,generally discoverable and available,

but could be improved

>>> Incr

easing v

alue >

>>Integration

Data >

>> Info

rmatio

n >>> In

sight

(I. Zaslavsky & CSIRO, BOM, WMO)

25

Example from medical literature

Immunology Literature

Cardiac DiseaseLiterature

Shared Function

(Phil Bourne)

Co-author path Tague

Co-author graph

Citation graph

Co-author path Kolstad

http://academic.research.microsoft.com/VisualExplorer#12631753&17997264


http://academic.research.microsoft.com/VisualExplorer#12631753

http://academic.research.microsoft.com/VisualExplorer#12631753&citation



26

Alternative forms of scholarship

(Phil Bourne)

The Right Thing To Do Reward

DisseminationSupportAccessible dataReviewsProvenanceOpen accessMetadata/curationTools

PapersGrants

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Stuff to do

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SWE model comparison, 2006April 1May 1June 1July 1

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Modeled vs observed SWE, April 1, 2006

(K. Rittger)

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Net longwave radiation:Tuolumne-Merced River basins

March 1, 2006 12:00

Dozier and Frew, 1990

Link and Marks, 1999; Garren and Marks, 2005

Dubayah and Loechel, 1997

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fSCA corrected for vegetation (not validated)

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Hindu Kush

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Better graphics!

1

60

130

190

250

450

SWE, cm

04/10/05

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Finis“the author of all books”

– James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake

http://www.slideshare.net/JeffDozier

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Backup slides

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Orographic effect varies (Tuolumne-Merced River basins example)

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PRISM

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[D. Marks]

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Alternative forms of scholarship

Research[Grants]

JournalArticle

ConferencePaper

PosterSession

Reviews

BlogsData

Curation

(Phil Bourne)

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SWE 2005, 3 methods

Faculty to Faculty

Technology

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