THE DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA AT 28GHZ

FOR 5G APPLICATION

Nabilah Binti Omar

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in

Electronics (Telecommunication)

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

2018

Faculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

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F inal Year Project Report f2J Masters D PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 8 day of June 2018.

S tu d e n t's Declarntio n :

I, NABILAH BINTI OMAR (45764), DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERI NG, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declare that the work entitled THE DESIG N OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA AT 28GHZ FOR 5G APPLICATIO NS is my original work. ] have not copied from any other students' work or from a ny other sources except where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicit ly in the text , nor has any part been written for me by another person.

8 JUNE 2018 NABILAH BINTI OMAR (45764)

Supervisor's D eclaration:

I, AP DR THELAHA BIN HAJI MASRI hereby certifies that the work entitled THE DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA AT 28GHZ FOR 5G APPLICATIONS prepared by the above named student, a nd was submitted to the "FACULTY OF E NGI NEERING" as a full fulfillm ent for the conferment of BACHELOR OF E NGINEERING WITH HONOURS IN ELECTRONICS (TELECOMMUNICATIONS) and the aforementioned work, to the hest of my knowledge, is the sa id student's work .

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Project/Thesis shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic Information Services with

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(UNIMAS).

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for the purpose of academic and research only and not for other purpose.

• The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digitalise

the content for the Local Content Database.

• The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to make copies

of the Project/Thesis for academic exchange between Higher Learning Institute.

• No dispute or any claim shall arise from the student itself neither third party on

this Project/Thesis once it becomes the sole property of UNIMAS.

• This Project/Thesis or any material, data and information related to it shall not

be distributed, published or disclosed to any party by the student except with

UNIMAS permission.

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THE DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA AT 28GHZ

FOR 5G APPLICATION

NABILAH BINTI OMAR

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

Of the requirement for degree of

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in

Electronics (Telecommunication)

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

2018

i

ACKNOWLEDMENT

First and foremost, I would like to extend my gratitude to my final year project

supervisor, Associate Professor Dr Thelaha Bin Haji Masri of Universiti Malaysia

Sarawak for all his encouragement, critics, guidance and support along this final year

project. This project would not have been completed without his supervision and

cooperation. I would like to thank to my family members for their support throughout my

studies in Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Special thanks to all my classmate, ET class of

2014/2015 where without them my life in university would not be this memorable. Not

to forget, thanks to whom who has help me directly or indirectly along the way. Finally,

I wish everyone the best and only good will happen next.

ii

ABSTRACT

Fifth generation (5G) technology wireless mobile communications are coming

and are coming fast. One important component in 5G wireless mobile communication is

the antenna. The antenna plays an important role in 5G, as 5G experimenting with higher

frequency than previous technology. This project focused profoundly on designing

microstrip patch antenna for 5G frequency band. 5G single patch microstrip antenna can

be a problem

A frequency of 28GHz is selected. The antenna is design using Computer

Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST MWStudio). Additionally, two

improvement techniques are applied. First technique is cutting geometry shape or slot on

the resonating patch. Second technique is by cutting half elliptical on the resonating patch.

These techniques will help to improve the antenna return loss, bandwidth, and gain. Four

shapes are cut from the patch and the best antenna are picked form the design. The antenna

with i-shaped slot has the best value of bandwidth of 13.276 GHz or 46.45% with return

loss of -28.732dB. The gain for this antenna is 4.555 dB which is more than 3 dB.

iii

ABSTRAK

Teknologi generasi ke-5 (5G) komunikasi mudah alih tanpa wayar akan datang

dan akan datang dengan cepat. Satu komponen penting dalam komunikasi mudah alih

tanpa wayar 5G ialah antena. Antena memainkan peranan penting dalam 5G, kerana 5G

bereksperimen dengan frekuensi yang lebih tinggi daripada teknologi sebelumnya.

Frekuensi 28GHz telah dipilih. Antena ini direkabentuk menggunakan perisian Komputer

Simulasi Teknologi Studio Microwave (CST MWStudio). Di samping itu, dua teknik

pembaikan digunakan. Teknik pertama ialah memotong bentuk geometri atau slot pada

patch resonasi. Teknik kedua ialah dengan memotong setengah elips pada patch resonasi.

Teknik-teknik ini akan membantu untuk meningkatkan pulanagan hilang antena, lebar

jalur, dan effisiensi. Empat bentuk dipotong dari patch dan antena yang terbaik dipilih

sebagai bentuk reka bentuk. Antena dengan slot berbentuk i mempunyai nilai jalur lebar

terbaik 13.276 GHz atau 46.45% dengan pulangan hilang -28.732dB. Effisiensi antena

ini ialah 4.555 dB yang lebih daripada 3 dB.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xi

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Project Overview 1

1.1 Problem Statement 2

1.2 Objectives 3

1.3 Scope of work 3

1.4 Outline of the report 4

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Overview 6

2.1 Wireless Mobile Communication 6

2.2 5G-What to expect? 9

2.3 5 Candidates Technology of 5G 10

2.3.1 Centimetre and millimetre waves 10

2.3.2 Small cell 11

2.3.3 Massive MIMO 11

v

2.3.4 Beam forming 12

2.3.5 Full duplex 13

2.4 Roles of antenna in wireless mobile communication 13

2.5 Antenna 14

2.6 Types of Antenna 14

2.6.1 Wire Antenna 15

2.6.2 Aperture Antenna 15

2.6.3 Microstrip Antenna 16

2.6.4 Reflector Antenna 17

2.6.5 Lens Antenna 18

2.6.6 Array Antenna 19

2.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna 19

2.7.1 Advantage and Disadvantage of Microstrip

Patch Antenna

20

2.8 Technique to Optimised the Bandwidth and the Gain

of a Microstrip Patch Antenna

20

2.8.1 Comparison of Previous Slots Patch Antenna

For 5G Application

22

2.9 Antenna parameter 23

2.9.1 Radiation Pattern 23

2.9.2 Beam Width 24

2.9.3 Gain 24

2.9.4 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 24

2.9.5 Return Loss 24

2.9.6 Polarisation 25

2.9.7 Bandwidth 25

2.10 Summary 25

vi

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

3.0 Overview 26

3.1 Flow Chart of The Research 26

3.2 Design Specification 28

3.3 Rectangular MPA Initial Dimension 28

3.4 Software 32

3.4.1 CST Parameter Sweep 33

3.5 Dimension of Regular Rectangular MPA 35

3.6 Rectangular MPA with Slot cut off 36

3.6.1 Dimension Rectangular MPA with Square Slot 37

3.6.2 Dimension of Rectangular MPA with E-shaped slot 38

3.6.3 Dimension of Rectangular MPA with H-shaped

slot

39

3.6.4 Dimension of Rectangular MPA with i-shaped Slot 40

3.7 Rectangular MPA with half elliptical cut off 41

3.8 Flow Chart on How to Determine the Result 42

3.9 Summary 43

Chapter 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

4.0 Overview 44

4.1 Results and Discussions 44

4.2 Regular rectangular Microstrip patch antenna result 44

4.3 Result and Analysis for Rectangular MPA With Slot Cut

Off

47

4.4 Result and Analysis for Rectangular MPA With Half

Elliptical Cut Off

53

4.5 Performance Comparison Between Regular Rectangular

MPA with i-Shaped Slot Rectangular MPA and Half

Elliptical Cut Off Rectangular MPA

56

vii

4.6 Summary 57

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION

5.0 Summary 58

5.1 Future Improvement 59

REFERENCES 60

APPENDICES 63

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G comparison 8

2.2 a) E and H slot antenna

b) T slot antenna

c) Dimond shaped slot antenna

d) Rectangular slot antenna

22

3.1 Design specification of Rectangular MPA 28

3.2 Properties of Rectangular MPA 28

3.3 Summary of antenna dimension 35

3.4 Summary of square slot dimension 37

3.5 Summary of E-shaped slot size 38

3.6 The summary of the H-shaped slot parameters 39

3.7 Summary of i-slot dimension 40

3.8 The summary of half elliptical cut off rectangular MPA 41

4.1 Summary of S11 Plot Simulation Result 47

4.2 Summary of Farfield in polar plot simulation result 52

4.3 Comparison of Regular, i-shaped slot and half elliptical cut-off MPA 56

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 5G performance expectation 9

2.2 Frequency Band of cm-wave and mm-wave 10

2.3 Illustration of implementation of small cells 11

2.4 Illustration of Massive MIMO 12

2.5 Illustration of Beamforming 12

2.6 Illustration of full-duplex 13

2.7 Monopole Antenna, Dipole Antenna, Circular Loop Antenna,

Helix Antenna

15

2.8 Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Conical Horn, And Rectangular

Waveguide

15

2.9 Simplest form of microstrip antenna 16

2.10 Examples of resonating patch shape 16

2.11 a) Parabolic reflector with front feed

b) Corner reflector antenna

17

2.12 a) lens antenna index of refraction n>1

b) lens antenna with index refraction n<1

18

2.13 a) Yagi-Uda Array

b) Aperture Array

c) Microstrip Patch Array

d) Slotted Array

19

2.14 i) Square slot microstrip patch

ii) staked patch

iii) 4x4 array patch

iv) mushroom like EBG structure

21

2.15 Three-dimensional Radiation pattern of antenna 23

3.1 Flow chart of the research 27

3.2 RMPA parameter dimension 29

3.3 CST Studio Suit 2018 32

x

3.4 CST Microwave Studio interface for antenna designing 32

3.5 Example of parameter sweep 34

3.6 Front view of Rectangular MPA 35

3.7 Back view of Rectangular MPA 35

3.8 Front view of Rectangular MPA with square slot 37

3.9 The front view of Rectangular MPA with E-shaped slot 38

3.10 Front view of H-shaped slot antenna 39

3.11 Front view of rectangular MPA with i slot horizontal 38

3.12 (a) Front view of half-elliptical MPA

(b) Ground Plane of Rectangular MPA

39

3.13 Flowchart on How to Determine the Best Antenna 42

4.1 Return loss value of regular microstrip patch antenna 44

4.2 VSWR value of regular microstrip patch antenna 45

4.3 3D plot of radiation pattern of regular microstrip patch antenna 46

4.4 Polar plot of radiation pattern of regular microstrip patch antenna 47

4.5 Return Loss Comparison 48

4.6 Farfeild in Cartesian Plane simulation result Comparison 49

4.7 Polar Plot and 3D Radiation Pattern Simulation Result

Comparison

52

4.8 S11 plot for rectangular MPA with half elliptical cut off 53

4.9 VSWR for rectangular MPA with half elliptical cut off 53

4.10 The 3D plot of rectangular MPA with half elliptical cut off 54

4.11 The polar plot of the rectangular MPA with half elliptical cut off 55

4.12 Return Loss Comparison Regular, i-shaped slot and half elliptical

cut-off MPA

57

xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1G First Generation

2G Second Generation

3G Third Generation

4G Fourth Generation

5G Fifth Generation

cm-wave Centimetre wave

mm-wave Millimetre wave

CST Computer Simulation Technology

MWStudio Microwave Studio

LTE Long Term Evolution

LAN Local Area Network

PAN Personal Area Network

IoT Internet of Things

AR Augmented Reality

VR Virtual Reality

MIMO antenna Multiple Input Multiple Output antenna

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

MPA Microstrip Patch Antenna

RMPA Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

2D Two dimensional

3D Three Dimensional

dB Decibels

HPBW Half Power Beam width

FNBW First Null Beam width

VSWR Voltage standing wave ratio

BW Bandwidth

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Project Overview

Wireless mobile communication technology release almost every ten years. The last

generation of mobile wireless technology is the Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution

(4G LTE). 4G LTE standard was released in the year 2010. With remaining of two years,

the subsequent generation was nominated. The next generation or fifth generation (5G),

promises different and exceptional advantages that current 4G could not provide. Thus,

5G have become the most anticipated technology.

Due to the ever-growing demand in wireless mobile communication, the 4G

technology’s frequency bandwidth have become crowded as more device coming online.

More devices coming online, the capacity, data rate and bandwidth performance declined.

Therefore, 5G is expected to solve the issue. What exactly 5G is still unknown, however

many researchers were experimenting and came out with many possible technology

candidates for 5G.

To solve the bandwidth performance issue, one of the technology candidate is the

use of centimetre wave (cm-wave) and millimetre wave (mm-wave) frequency band.

Current wireless mobile communication use frequency typically those under 6 GHz.

Cm-wave (10-30GHz) and mm-wave (30-300GHz) are being experiment due to plenty

and under-utilised bandwidth[1]. For 5G, the propose mm-wave candidate band are

ranges 24-30 GHz[2]

2

The next concern is the antenna standard for 5G. Antenna standard for 5G is yet to

release. To accommodate cm-wave and mm-wave, most researcher focused on microstrip

patch array antenna. However, there was a lack of studies were being done in microstrip

single patch antenna type[3].

Hence, in this research is aiming to design microstrip rectangular patch antenna for

5G mobile communication with frequency of 28GHz. The design of rectangular

microstrip patch antenna is by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave

Studio. A microstrip patch antenna consist of resonating patch of any geometry shape on

one side of a dielectric substrate with a ground plane. Due to the simple characteristics,

the antenna is easy to design and fabricate.

1.1 Problem Statement

The emerging 5G technology is demanding antennas with features previously

never used. To design a mobile wireless antenna that are low cost, small, high efficiency,

good gain and broadband especially in cm-wave or mm-wave frequency can cause many

design issues.

First issue identified is that most substrates that are used in antenna fabrication

had not stated the value of relative dielectric permittivity beyond 10GHz[4]. This can be

a problem when designing at 28GHz, given the value of relative dielectric permittivity

partly determine the antenna dimension.

Second problem is that, microstrip patch antenna have narrow bandwidth and low

gain in nature[5]. Therefore a few improvement techniques needed to implement to

improve the bandwidth and gain.

3

1.2 Objectives

To successfully address the problem under the research, the following three objectives

listed below should be realised

1. To study the design of a microstrip antenna for 28GHz (mm-Wave)

2. To optimize the design antenna for 28GHz using software CST Microwave studio

3. To come out with optimised antenna design that satisfied 28GHz requirement

Here, the identification of design issue of microstrip patch antenna for high frequency

(mm-wave) is being carried out. The obtained issue will be analysed and used to match

the mm-wave requirement. All design is analyse using Computer Simulation Technology

(CST) Microwave Studio software. The improvement techniques are implementing to

satisfies the mm-wave requirement.

1.3 Scope of Work

Scope of works are the things needed to be done to achieve the objectives. To

achieve the first objectives, a thorough study on the basic design of microstrip patch

antenna especially those for the higher frequency. The basic of antenna such as the

parameters and the characteristics are fully comprehended. To attain the second

objectives, a full study on the computer simulation software needed to be mastered. Lastly,

to accomplish the third objectives, the antenna’s design is fully enhanced until satisfied

the antenna’s parameter objectives.

4

1.4 Outlines of The Report

The research was presented in this report by five chapters. The outlines are divided

into five chapters which are introduction, literature review, methodology, result and

discussion and conclusion. A brief description of each chapter was described below:

Chapter 1 deals with the introduction whereby the experiential works were

discussed. This include the project overview, statement of the problem, research

objectives and scope of work.

Chapter 2 focuses on the details background of the study on different topics related

to the research. The wireless mobile communication technology history. The evolving 5G

technology advantages and application. Basic information about the antenna, types of

antenna, and antenna parameters. For this research microstrip patch antenna type has been

focused. The advantages and disadvantages of the microstrip patch antenna. Techniques

used to improve antenna parameter and existing examples is provided in this chapter.

Chapter 3 presents and elaborates the methodology used in the research studies.

The work flow process and software used are provided. The basic step to get the antenna

dimension, the design of microstrip patch antenna, and the optimisation of the design are

discussed.

Chapter 4 presented the final results conducted and discussion are being made.

This chapter describe the simulation results from the CST MW Studio. The result includes

the single rectangular microstrip patch antenna, single rectangular microstrip patch

antenna with Square slot, E-slot, H-slot and i-slot, and lastly single rectangular microstrip

patch with half elliptical cut-off. The discussion and analysis on the antenna performances

are provided. For the analysis, the antenna properties such as resonating frequency, return

loss, bandwidth, VSWR, radiation pattern and gain are use as the benchmark for the

antenna performance. The most suitable design is being choose in this chapter.

5

In chapter 5, the conclusion of the thesis outcomes is discussed and this chapter

pointed out the success of the research studies conducted. The final paragraph discussed

the recommendation to be made for the future work on the research findings.

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Overview

In this chapter, the wireless mobile communication generation technologies are being

introduced. The expectation and candidate’s technology of 5G is being discussed. The

fundamental of antenna including it shapes and parameter also be detailed. This chapter

be more focused on microstrip patch antenna. The advantages and disadvantages of

microstrip patch antenna will be stated. Lastly, techniques to improve microstrip patch

antenna’s disadvantage is being elaborate in this chapter.

2.1 Wireless mobile communication

What is wireless? The world wireless is dictionary defined ‘having no wires’. In

networking, wireless is the term used to describe any network that have no physical wire

connection between sender and receiver. The network connected through radio waves to

maintain communication[6].

The earliest wireless networks used analog communication. In United State, it was

known as Advance Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS). The first generation or 1G term are

not coined during this time. However, after 2G is released people start to use ‘1G’ term.

1G making ‘cell phone’ possible as people can make call wirelessly for the first time.

Analog networks are discontinued in most country[7].

There are two types of digital wireless networks currently in operation worldwide.

One type is the class of cellular networks, carrying voice calls principally, but

increasingly carrying data and multimedia traffic as well, as more cell phones or other