FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALM SHELLAGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM

Chin Tong Yen

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours(Civil Engineering)

2009

Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judul: FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALM SHELLAGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005 – 2009

Saya CHIN TONG YEN(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti MalaysiaSarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja.3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis

ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan

SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentinganMalaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat tetap: 659, LORONG 4, KAMPUNGSIMEE, 31400 IPOH, PERAK.

ASSOC. PROF EHSAN AHMED(Nama Penyelia)

Tarikh: 6 April 2009 Tarikh:

CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi

berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagaiSULIT dan TERHAD.

Final Year Project Report below:

Title : Flexural and Time Dependent Behavior of Palm Shell AggregateConcrete Beam

Author : Chin Tong Yen

Matric No. : 13874

Has been read and certified by:

__________________________ ________________________Assoc. Prof Ehsan Ahmed Date

Supervisor

FLEXURAL AND TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR OF PALMSHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAM

CHIN TONG YEN

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with

Honours (Civil Engineering) 2009

i

To my beloved parents, siblings and cherished friends

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In preparing this project, I was in contact with many people, supervisor, colleagues

and technicians. They have contributed towards my understanding and thoughts.

In particular, I would like to express my thankfulness to Associate Professor Ehsan

Ahmed for his guidance, encouragement and support. Thanks for gave out a lot of

precious time for discussion and solving problems that I faced when doing my thesis.

In the same time, I am grateful to my family members, thanks for the support and

care. The technician in laboratory concrete should also be recognized for his support

and help. My sincere appreciations also extend to my colleagues who provided

assistance and idea to me. Unfortunately, it is not possible to list all of them in this

limited space.

Thank you.

iii

ABSTRAK

Pada beberapa tahun ini, didapati banyak kajian telah dikendalikan untuk memerhati

prestasi konkrit tempurung kelapa sawit. Tempurung kelapa sawit adalah satu bahan

ringan semulajadi untuk menggantikan agregat kasar dalam konkrit. Penggunaan

tempurung kelapa sawit sebagai agregat kasar bukan shaja boleh mengurangkan kos

pembinanan tetapi juga mengurangkan masalah pencemaran akibat sisa tempurung

kalapa sawit. Ujikaji ini bertujuan untuk menyiasat sifat lenturan dan pergantungan

masa tempurung kelapa sawit agregat rasuk. Dalam ujikaji makmal ini, dua

tempurung kelapa sawit agregat rasuk konkrit bertetulang telah dibuat. Sifat lenturan

dan pergantungan masa rasuk telah dikaji dengan memohon beban bertambah dan

beban kekal atas rasuk masing-masing. Laporan ini tertumpu kepada keputusan

pesongan atas kedua-dua rasuk tersebut. Keputusan eksperimen telah dibandingkan

dengan keputusan berdasarkan teori. Keputusan keseluruhan menunjukkan

tempurung kelapa sawit dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan penggantian agregat

kasar dalam konkrit kerana ia tidak pesong banyak bawah beban kekal selepas satu

waktu lama.

iv

ABSTRACT

In recent years, many researches had been conducted to observe the performance of

oil palm shell concrete. Oil palm shell is a natural lightweight material to replace

coarse aggregate in concrete. Utilizing of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate not only

can reduce the construction cost but also reduce the pollution problem due to palm

shell waste. This study aims to investigate the flexural and time dependent behavior

of palm shell aggregate concrete beam. In this laboratory work, two reinforced palm

shell aggregate concrete beams were cast. Flexural and time dependent behavior of

the beams was studied by applied increasing load and sustained load on the beams

respectively. The report focus on the deflection results on these two beams. The

experimental results were compared with the theoretical results. Overall results

indicated that, oil palm shell can considered as a good replacement of coarse

aggregate in concrete because it does not deflect very much under sustained load

after a long time.

v

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

Dedication i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstrak iii

Abstract iv

Table of Content v

List of Tables x

List of Figures xii

List of Abbreviations and Notations xiv

List of Appendices xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Research Problem 2

1.3 Aim and Objectives 3

1.4 Scope of the research 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General 5

2.2 Deflection in Concrete 5

2.3 Time Dependent Behavior of Concrete 6

vi

2.4 Creep 7

2.4 Factors Influencing Creep 9

2.5.1 Influence of Aggregate 9

2.5.2 Influence of Water Cement Ratio 9

2.5.3 Influence of Humidity 10

2.5.4 Influence of Temperature 10

2.5.5 Magnitude of Creep 11

2.6 Shrinkage 11

2.7 Research Review 12

2.7.1 Basri H.B , Mannan M.A andZain M.F.M 12

2.7.2 Mannan M. A and Ganapathy G 13

2.7.3 Teo D.C.L, Mannan M.A andKurian V.J 15

2.7.4 Fanourakis G.C and Ballim Y 17

2.7.5 Gilbert R.I 19

2.7.6 Lim H.S, Wee T.H, Mansur M.Aand Kong K.H 20

2.7.7 Sato R, Maruyama I, Sogabe Tand Sogo M 21

2.7.8 Arockiasamy M, Chidambaram S,Amer A and Shahawy M 22

2.7.9 Saha M.K and Tan K.H 23

2.8 Summary 23

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 General 24

vii

3.2 Laboratory Work 25

3.3 Literature Review 26

3.4 Theoretical Analysis 26

3.5 Material Preparation 26

3.5.1 Cement 27

3.5.2 Fine Aggregates 27

3.5.3 Coarse Aggregate 28

3.5.4 Oil Palm Shell (OPS) 28

3.5.5 Water 29

3.6 Testing of Material Properties 30

3.6.1 Specific Gravity and Absorptionof Coarse Aggregate Test 30

3.6.2 Specific Gravity and Absorptionof Fine Aggregate Test 30

3.6.3 Unit Weight of Aggregate Test 30

3.6.4 Total Moisture Content of Aggregate Test 31

3.6.5 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 31

3.6.6 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate 31

3.7 Mix Design 32

3.8 Instrumentation and form work preparation 32

3.9 Specimen preparation 33

3.10 Specimen testing 34

3.10.1 Slump test 34

3.10.2 Compression test 35

3.10.3 Flexural test 36

3.10.4 Long term Deflection Test 37

viii

CHAPTER 4 THEORETICAL STUDY

4.1 General 39

4.2 Assumption 39

4.3 Concrete Modulus of Rupture 40

4.4 Concrete Modulus of Elasticity 40

4.5 Short Term Deflection Analysis 40

4.5.1 Cracked Section 41

4.5.2 Uncracked Section42

4.5.3 Effective Moment of Inertia 43

4.6 Long Term Deflection Analysis 44

4.6.1 Creep 44

4.6.2 Shrinkage 45

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 General 47

5.2 Material Properties Tests 47

5.2.1 Specific Gravity andWater Absorption of Aggregate 48

5.2.2 Unit Weight of Aggregate 49

5.2.3 Total Moisture Content 50

5.2.4 Sieve Analysis 51

5.2.5 Mix Proportion of Concrete 54

5.3 Full Scale Test 56

5.3.1 Flexural Behavior ofPalm Shell Aggregate Beam 56

5.3.2 Time Dependent Behavior 60

ix

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 General 63

6.2 Conclusions 63

6.3 Recommendations 64

REFERENCES 65

APPENDIX 69

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1

2.2

2.3

3.1

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

Physical properties of oil palm shell and

crushed stone

Properties of oil palm shell

Properties of palm shell concrete

Description of workability and magnitude of

slump

Specific gravity and absorption of oil palm

shell

Specific gravity and water absorption of coarse

and fine aggregate

Unit weight and void of oil palm shell

Unit weight of coarse and fine aggregates

Total moisture content in oil palm shell

Total moisture content in fine and coarse

aggregate

13

16

16

35

48

48

49

49

50

50

5.7 Sieve analysis of oil palm shell 51

5.8 Sieve analysis of fine aggregates 52

5.9 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates 53

5.10 Mix proportion and compressive strength of

palm shell concrete

55

5.11 Experimental and theoretical deflection 57

5.12 Experimental long term deflection results 61

xi

5.13 Theoretical long term deflection results 61

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

4.1

4.2

5.1

Typical time dependent behavior of concrete

Variation of strain with time showing the

effect of unloading

Creep of concrete loaded and stored at

different relative humidity

Acceptable proportion of palm shell concrete

Deflection of palm shell concrete slab

Compressive strength development of OPS

concrete

Summary of factors accounted for by

different design code

Typical load deflection curve of normal

concrete

Flow chart of the project

Flow chat of the laboratory work

Oil palm shell use in the study

Description of slump test

Set up of flexural test

Set up of long term deflection test

Cracked beam transform section

Uncracked beam transform section

Oil palm shell grading curve

7

8

10

14

15

17

18

21

24

25

29

35

37

38

42

43

xiii

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

Fine aggregates grading curve

Coarse aggregates grading curve

Arrangement of flexural test

Comparison of experimental and theoretical

flexural deflection

51

52

53

57

58

5.6 Beam deflection pattern 59

5.7 Crack pattern under the beam 59

5.8 Arrangement of long term deflection test 60

5.9 Comparison of experimental and theoretical

long term deflection

62

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND

NOTATIONS

fr - Concrete modulus of rupture

f ’c - Concrete compressive strength

Ec - Concrete modulus of elasticity

wc - Density of concrete

As - Area of steel reinforcement

b - Concrete width

x - Depth of neutral axis

d - Distance from compressive surface to the centroid of tensile

bars

d’ - Distance from compressive surface to the centroid of

compressive bar

Ie - Effective moment of inertia

Mcr - Cracking moment

Ma - Maximum applied moment

Ig - Gross moment of inertia

D - Concrete depth

xv

d0 - Concrete effective depth

Ast - Top steel reinforcement area

Asc - Concrete area

xvi

LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix Page

Sample Calculation of Long Term Deflection 131

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Concrete is a man-made composite where composed mainly of natural

aggregates, such as gravel and sand or crushed rock. The other constituent material in

concrete is the binding medium which used to bind the aggregate together to form a

composite material. The most common binding medium is the product form by a

chemical reaction between cement and water. This reaction is known as hydration.

There are many types of concrete available such as lightweight concrete, high-

strength concrete, high performance concrete, self-consolidating concrete and others.

Different types of concrete will used when there are some specific requirements to

meet. Generally, the normal concrete is using the Ordinary Portland Cement.

In hardened state, concrete is a rock liked material with high compressive

strength but comparatively low tensile strength (usually is about 10 – 15 % of its

compressive strength). Therefore, in practice, it is normally incorporate with steel

reinforcement to resist the tensile forces. This combination is known as reinforced

concrete.

In our country, palm shell is such solid wastes that produce in our palm oil

manufacturing industry. Every year, over 4 million tones of palm shell waste is

2

produce (Teo et al, 2006). Palm shell is light; therefore palm shell is one of the

natural lightweight materials. The availability of this material is not a problem, since

it is the waste that can found in all palm oil mill area. There is some research done on

the palm shell and show that it can be a replacement material for coarse aggregate in

concrete (Mannan & Ganapathy, 2004). But some other performances for the palm

shell aggregate concrete are still keeping unknown.

Therefore studies on such performances need to be carrying out to prove the

applicability of the palm shell aggregate concrete. The application of oil palm shell

as coarse aggregate is a cost-effective and environmental friendly approach to

produce lightweight concrete.

1.2 Research problem

Palm shell is the new raising material that being investigated as the replacement

of coarse aggregate in concrete. Most of the previous researches done had observed

the palm shell concrete compressive strength and workability (Basri et al, 1998). But

there was no researches done to observe the palm shell concrete’s time dependent

performance.

For the reason above, a study on the flexural and time dependent performance

of the palm shell concrete beam is carried out. Coarse aggregate is partially replaced

by palm shell to obtain a desirable strength of concrete mix. Palm shell concrete

beam is designed based on the desirable strength and then tested in the laboratory to

observe the effect of sustained load and time dependent performance of the beam.

3

1.3 Objectives

The aim of the study is to investigate the flexural and time dependent behavior

of the palm shell aggregate concrete. To achieve the aim of the study, three

objectives are set as below:

a) To design a suitable mix proportion for palm shell aggregate concrete with

the aim to obtain a desirable strength.

b) To investigate the flexural behavior of palm shell concrete beam.

c) To investigate the long term deflection behavior of palm shell concrete beam.

1.4 Thesis Organisation

There are six chapters that included in this study. Chapter one will briefly

introduce the utilizing of palm shell in concrete, the research problem and also the

aim and objective of the study. Chapter two will be introduced some behavior of the

concrete, the factors that will influence the behavior of the concrete and also the

studies that had done by others researcher to observe the behavior of concrete.

For chapter three, there will be a description on the experimental works that are

carried out, the materials used and the details procedures involve to carry out the

experimental tests for palm shell concrete beam. Chapter four is giving the

theoretical analysis for the long term performance of the palm shell concrete beam

and in chapter five; the experimental results are compared with the theoretical results.

4

The raw data obtain from the work will then analyze in chapter five. Factors

affecting the performance of the concrete beam and explanation on the data will also

be given in this chapter.

Finally, the project achievement, conclusion and recommendation will then

summarize in chapter six.