Factsheet of the Status Quo in Brasov

(D2.1)

Status-Quo of energy demand for heating and cooling in the building and industry sectors,

energy supply and district heating networks including local energy maps

Prepared by:

Richard Büchele (TU Wien - Energy Economics Group)

Reviewed by:

Marcus Hummel (TU Wien - Energy Economics Group)

Camelia Rata (Agentia Pentru Management ul Energiei si Protectia Mediului Brasov)

Date: 08/11/2016

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The progRESsHEAT project

The project progRESsHEAT aims at assisting policy makers at the local, regional, national and

EU-level in developing integrated, effective and efficient policy strategies achieving a fast and

strong penetration of renewable and efficient heating and cooling systems. Together with 6 local

authorities in 6 target countries across Europe (AT, DE, CZ, DK, PT, RO) heating and cooling

strategies will be developed through a profound analysis of (1) heating and cooling demands and

future developments, (2) long-term potentials of renewable energies and waste heat in the

regions, (3) barriers & drivers and (4) a model based assessment of policy intervention in

scenarios up to 2050. progRESsHEAT will assist national policy makers in implementing the right

policies with a model-based quantitative impact assessment of local, regional and national

policies up to 2050.

Policy makers and other stakeholders will be strongly involved in the process, learn from the

experience in other regions and gain deep understanding of the impact of policy instruments and

their specific design. They are involved in the project via policy group meetings, workshops,

interviews and webinars targeted to the fields of assistance in policy development, capacity

building and dissemination.

Acknowledgement

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and

innovation programme under the grant agreement No 646573.

Legal Notice

The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not

necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the INEA nor the European

Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Many of the designations

used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. The

quotation of those designations in whatever way does not imply the conclusion that the use of

those designations is legal without the consent of the owner of the trademark.

Funded by the Horizon 2020 Programme of the European Union

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Year of implementation: March 2015 – October 2017 Client: INEA Web: http://www.progressheat.eu Project consortium:

Energy Economics Group, Institute of Energy Systems and Electrical Drives, Vienna University of Technology

Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research

Technical University Denmark

Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies

Energy Cities

OÖ Energiesparverband

EE Energy Engineers GmbH

Gate 21

City of Litomerice

Instituto de Engenharua Mecanica e Gestao Industrial

Agentia Pentru Management ul Energiei si Protectia Mediului Brasov

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Contents 1. Background .................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 CO2 emissions......................................................................................................... 5

2. Heating and cooling demand .......................................................................................... 6

2.1 Buildings ................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Industry ................................................................................................................... 9

3. Heating and cooling supply ...........................................................................................10

3.1 District heating .......................................................................................................11

3.2 Individual heating ...................................................................................................12

3.3 Comparison with national conditions ......................................................................13

4. Heat resource potentials ................................................................................................13

4.1 Biomass .................................................................................................................13

4.2 Solar energy ...........................................................................................................14

4.3 Industry ..................................................................................................................14

4.4 Geothermal and heat pumps ..................................................................................14

4.5 District cooling ........................................................................................................15

Bibliography .........................................................................................................................15

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1. Background

The city of Brasov is located in the Central-Eastern part of Romania, 170 km away from

Bucharest – the Capital City. The city of Brasov has 274 491 inhabitants (2014) within an area of

158 km² (1 737 inhabitants/km²). Together with the other 13 surrounding localities it forms an

urban agglomeration of more than 400 000 inhabitants, stretching over a surface of 1 318 km²

(304 inhabitants/km²).

The city of Brasov is a county capital city, which is the 8th largest city in Romania having a

population of 20 Mio. inhabitants spread over 238 391 km² (84 inhabitants/km²). The city of

Brasov is located at the medium altitude of 625 m above sea level, being the only city in Romania

to include a natural reservation (Tampa Mountain) in its administrative area. It is furthermore the

most competitive city in the region in terms of the GDP/capita and labour productivity1 [1].

1.1 CO2 emissions

The evaluation of CO2 emissions in Brasov shows total emissions of 607 kt in 2014 (2,2 t/capita)

compared to 123 700 kt in the Romanian country (5,8 t/capita)2. For the city of Brasov this is a

decrease of 15,3 % compared to the 2008 level. Big reductions could be achieved by the

transition from a coal fired district heating supply to e.g. high-efficient CHP-Gas engines. But still

the heating sector accounts for the biggest share of emissions followed by the electricity and the

transport sector.

Fig. 1: CO2 emissions in Brasov 2008 and 2014 Source: ABMEE

1 Sustainable Energy Action Plan 2012-2020, ABMEE and updated data by ABMEE

2 http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ghg-trends-and-projections-2012/romania.pdf

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2008 2014

CO2-Emissions in Brasov [kt]

other fossilfuels

Transport

Natural gas(heating)

Districtheating

Electricty

203 730 34%

52 048 9%

251 358 41%

97 359 16%

2 681 0%

CO2-Emissions 2014 in Brasov [t]

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2. Heating and cooling demand

2.1 Buildings

In the municipality of Brasov there are around 116 409 households with a total area of 7,5 Mio m2

demanding 937 GWh of heat, around 1 600 spaces owned by business operators with a net area of approximately 119 000 m

2 demanding almost 15 GWh and around 200 public buildings with

almost 250 000 m2

demanding around 33 GWh. More than 90 % of the buildings are residential and private buildings. Table 1 gives an overview of the building stock in the city.

Tab. 1: Building stock and related heat demand in Brasov

YEAR 2014 Area total [m²]

Number of buildings

Number of apartments

Total heat demand [MWh]

Average heat demand per sqm [kWh/m²]

Buildings total 10 337 267 16 950 118 017 1 328 465 129

Municipal public buildings total

245 524 208 32 491 132

- kindergartens 38 657 48 5 779 149

- primary schools 62 621 45 7 206 115

- high schools 25 384 22 3 753 148

- colleges 86 297 76 10 933 127

- nursery 6 554 7 1 158 177

- other public buildings 26 011 10 4 789 184

Residential total 7 485 078 13 929 116 409 936 893 125

- Single family households (around 100 m²)

687 828 5 547 5 547 89 418 130

- Multifamily households (around 300 m²)

2 043 727 6 523 16 287 257 510 126

- Blocks of flats - small (<2000 m², around 900 m²)

2 912 378 966 57 944 366 960 126

- Blocks of flats - small (<2000 m², around 900 m²) DH

583 290 580 11 605 55 533 000 95

- Blocks of flats - large (>2000 m² around 3000 m²)

1 257 855 313 25026 121 725 133

Private buildings total 119 549 604 1 608 15 018 126

- blocks of flats 71 088 277 1 199 8 930 126

- houses 48 461 327 409 6 088 126

Tertiary 2 606 545 2 209 344 064 132

Blocks of small flats with district heating only reports a district heating demand of 95 kWh/ m2y.

This is explained by the problems in ensuring the service continuity by the DH provider

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The tertiary sector was modelled on the basis of the total energy consumption, and for the specific consumption the public buildings sector was the taken into consideration. This sector includes governmental buildings, university, hospitals (these are not under the authority of Local Council) etc. Figure 2 shows a map of the city of Brasov with heat densities and Figure 3 a map with cooling

demand developed within the Stratego-Project.3 [3]. Figure 4 shows a map of Brasov with heat

densities of the residential buildings developed by ABMEE.

Fig. 2: Heat density map for Brasov Source: Stratego-project, Peta: Pan European Thermal Atlas

It can be seen, that the heat demand only exceeds 100 TJ/km2 around the city centre of Brasov.

3 http://stratego-project.eu/local-maps/

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Fig. 3: Cooling demand map for Brasov Source: Stratego-project, Peta: Pan European Thermal Atlas

The cooling demand is mainly located in two areas outside the very centre of Brasov.

Fig. 4: Heat density map for Brasov Source: ABMEE

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2.2 Industry

The city of Brasov accommodates 3 industrial parks and 1 business centre located in the outer

Metropolitan Zone

The local industry relies on cosmetics, textiles, shoes, construction materials, and food

processing. One of the largest brewery factories in the country, Ursus, is operating in the city.

Two of the largest employers in the metropolitan area are Schaeffler, a private company

producing rolling bearings, and Reparatii Vagoane CFR, dealing with repairing and maintenance

work for train wagons.4 [2]. Table 2 shows al list of industrial sites in Brasov with their respective

NACE code and activity. Figure 5 shows the locations of the industrial sites.

Tab. 2: List of industries in Brasov

4 TRACE City Energy Efficiency Diagnostic Study

Name NACE Code

Activity

Autolive Romania SRL C29.3.2 Manufacture of other parts and accessories for motor vehicles

Avicola Brasov SA A1.4.7 Raising of poultry

Carmeuse Holding SRL C23.5.2 Manufacture of lime and plaster

Compania APA Brasov E36.0.0 Water collection, treatment and supply

Fabrica de lapte Brasov SA C10.5.1 Operation of dairies and cheese making

Fabrica de lapte Prodlacta C10.5.1 Operation of dairies and cheese making

FDEE Electrica Distributie Transilvania Sud SA

D35.1.3 Distribution of electricity

JF Furnir SRL C16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials

Kronospan Romania SRL C16.2.1 Manufacture of veneer sheets and wood

Losan Romania SRL C16.2.1 Manufacture of veneer sheets and wood

Regia Autonoma de Transport Brasov H49.3.1 Urban and suburban passenger land transport

Selgros Cash&Carry SRL G46.3 Wholesale of food, beverages and tobacco

Stabilus Romania SRL C28.1.3 Manufacture of other pumps and compressors

Tetkron SRL D35.3.0 Steam and air conditioning supply

Ursus Breweries Bucuresti SA Sucursala Brasov

C11.0.5 Manufacture of beer

Vectra Service SRL F42.1.1 Construction of roads and motorways

Vel Pitar SA Rm. Valcea - pct. De lucru Brasov

C10.7.1 Manufacture of bread; manufacture of fresh pastry goods and cakes

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Fig. 5: Location of industries in the city of Brasov

3. Heating and cooling supply

Figure 6 below shows the total final energy consumption for the different sectors in the

municipality for 2008 and 2014.

Fig. 6: Total energy consumption per sector in 2008 and for 2014

Source: ABMEE

 0

 500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

2008 2014

GW

h

Final energy consumption in Brasov

Transport

PubliclightingMunicipal

Tertiary

Residential

1 213 60%

360 18%

37 2%

9 0% 395

20%

Final energy consumption 2014 in Brasov [GWh]

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Figure 7 below shows the share for the different heat supply options in Brasov. District heating

decreased rapidly during the last decades and now constitutes only 5 %.

Fig. 7: Share of heat supply options in Brasov [GWh]

Source: IRE 2014

3.1 District heating

District heat is supplied mainly from the private company Bepco and a small share by the

municipality-owned company Tetkron, which also runs the transport and distribution network.

The main energy plants supplying Brasov are the following: Four sites with gas fired CHP

combustion engines operated by Bepco, and furthermore a number of small heat-only boilers

(district thermal units) situated in different parts of the network operated by Tetkron.

Figure 8 shows a detailed map of the municipality of Brasov with the different supply units and the

district heating system. The district heating system in the city constitutes of four different networks

that are not connected to each other, each supplied by its own units.

73,4 5%

1 244,3 94%

10,7 1%

District heating

Indiv natural gas

Indiv Biomass

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Fig. 8: Map of the Brasov district heating system with supply units Source: CAD plan Tetkron

Table 3 gives an overview of the fuel used for district heating in Brasov. From 2008 to 2014 there

was a transition from the central coal fired power plant situated at the Bepco Nord site to several

natural gas fired CHP combustion engines situated at Bepco Nord, Metrom and Noua. Therefore

the whole district heating system now relies on natural gas.

Tab. 3: Fuel use for district heating in Brasov

3.2 Individual heating

Individual heating of households in Brasov consists of either heating with natural gas or with

wooden biomass boilers. Table 4 gives an overview on the fuel use for individual heating of

households in Brasov.

Fuel type 2008 2014

natural gas 390 811 MWh 257 664 MWh

lignite 294 690 MWh 0 MWh

waste 0 MWh 0 MWh

wood chips 0 MWh 0 MWh

wood waste 0 MWh 0 MWh

TOTAL 685 501 MWh 257 664 MWh

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Tab. 4: Fuel use for household individual heating in Brasov

3.3 Comparison with national conditions

Table 4 shows the Romanian final energy demand for heating and domestic hot water for 2014

split up into the different energy carriers.

Tab. 4: Romanian energy demand for space heating and domestic hot water

Source: own calculation performed with INVERT model

4. Heat resource potentials

4.1 Biomass

According to evaluations of the potentials identified in the Stratego-Project for the Pan-European

Thermal Atlas there are significant potentials for biomass in the Brasov region of 2 700 TJ

accounting for 60 % of the annual heat demand.

Potential biomass resources are calculated from forestry including thinning as fraction of annual

increment and logging residues as share of annual felling. The potential was calculated by

accounting for forest biomass available within a radius of 30 km around each location.

Straw resources from biomass are calculated from straw wastes from cereal production from all

possible arable lands within a distance of 30 km of each location.

The annual municipal waste amount for Brasov city accounts to almost 85 000 t per year

according to SC COMPREST SA & SC URBAN SA.

The solid waste system, including both collection and operation of the landfill, is managed by the

private sector. There were already thoughts about new solid waste dumping facilities as well as

for an incineration plant. The idea was to produce energy by burning of 270 000 tons of organic

waste annually, obtain green certificates, and sell heat to the heating system of Brasov. However,

in the meantime the number of clients connected to the district heating went down by a large

number and the feasibility of a waste incineration plant has to be investigated again.5

5 TRACE City Energy Efficiency Diagnostic Study

Fuel type 2008 2014

Natural gas boiler 753 581 MWh 870 635 MWh

Oil boiler 98 MWh 0 MWh

Heat pump 0 MWh 0 MWh

Other fuels (wood and other) 18 525 MWh 10 725 MWh

TOTAL 772 204 MWh 881 360 MWh

Energy carrrier Energy demand [GWh] Percentage

Gas 20 663 27,4 %

Oil 1 680 2,2 %

Coal 153 0,2 %

Biomass 38 353 50,8 %

Electricity 1 138 1,5 %

Heat pump 19 0,03 %

District heat 13 482 17,9 %

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Tab. 5: Biomass potentials

Source: Stratego Project - http://maps.heatroadmap.eu/maps/30663

4.2 Solar energy

Although Brasov lies in an area with promising potential for solar heat with a horizontal solar

irradiation of 1 548 kWh/km²y6, no analysis has been undertaken so far to identify the potentials

for the use of solar energy in the city.

4.3 Industry

As there are no production capacities available for the industries in Brasov no calculation could

be made on waste heat potentials. Anyway it is assumed that the waste heat potentials are low

taking into account the list of Industries located in Brasov.

4.4 Geothermal and heat pumps

There is no designated potential for geothermal heat in the Brasov region in the means of

temperature above 50°C in 1 000 m or temperatures above 90°C in 2 000 m nor hot sedimentary

aquifers and other reservoirs suitable for district heating.

For heat pumps, the availability of surface water is classified as medium and the available heat

from sewage water is calculated to be around 178 TJ annually (Stratego-Project6)

6 Peta, the Pan-European Atlas, Stratego Project, Heat Roadmap Europe

Resource type Annual potential

Biomass (<30 km) 2 729 TJ

-Straw (<30 km) 1 944 TJ

-Wood (<30 km) 785 TJ

Municipal Solid Waste 84 803 t

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Fig. 7: Potentials for geothermal heat in the Brasov region Source: Peta, the Pan-European Atlas, Stratego Project, Heat Roadmap Europe

4.5 District cooling

Currently there is no district cooling system installed in the city of Brasov and there is no study on

sites potentially suitable for district cooling.

Bibliography

[1] Energy Management and Environmental Protection Agency of Braşov (2010), Action Plan for

Sustainable Energy of City of Brasov 2010-2020, [Online] Brasov, Available:

http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/about/signatories_en.html?city_id=305&seap [Accessed 18

May 2015]

[2] Mot, Manuela, Ranjan Bose, Sebastian Burduja, und Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu (2013), TRACE

City Energy Efficiency Diagnostic Study, [Online] Ministry of Regional Development and

Public Administration, Available:

http://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/TRACE_Romania_Brasov_Opt

imized.pdf [Accessed 21 May 2015]

[3] Europa-Universität Flensburg and Halmstad University with contributions from Aalborg

University (2015), Peta- the Pan-European Thermal Atlas, [Online] Stratego Project- Heat

Roadmap Europe, Available: http://maps.heatroadmap.eu/maps/30663 [Accessed Sept

2015]