Factores que afectam a distribuição da biodiversidade · Microsoft PowerPoint - Biogeografia.ppt...
Transcript of Factores que afectam a distribuição da biodiversidade · Microsoft PowerPoint - Biogeografia.ppt...
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Factores que afectam a distribuição da biodiversidade
Factores
TemperaturaPluviosidadeÁreaBiodiversidade regionalRiqueza de outros taxa
LatitudeAltitude
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Popu
latio
n Si
ze
Low High Temperature
Zone ofintolerance
Zone ofphysiological stress
Optimum range Zone ofphysiological stress
Zone ofintolerance
Noorganisms
Feworganisms
Lower limitof tolerance
Abundance of organismsFew
organismsNo
organisms
Upper limitof tolerance
Sugar Maple
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Relação espécie-área
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Cell 3 South
Cold,dry air falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 South
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 1 South
Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain
Cell 1 North
Cool, dryair falls
Cell 2 North
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 3 NorthCold,dry airfalls
Polar capArctic tundra
60°
30°
0°
30°
60°
Polar cap
Evergreenconiferous forest
Temperate deciduousforest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
EquatorTropical rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland
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Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferousforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains(complex zonation)
Semidesert,arid grassland
Tropic ofCapricorn
Equator
Tropic ofCancer
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MountainIce and snow
Altitude
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)ConiferousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
Tropical Forest
DeciduousForest
ConiferousForest
Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)
Polar iceand snow
Latitude
Wind
Movement ofsurface water
Diving birds
Nutrients
Upwelling
Fish
ZooplanktonPhytoplankton
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Producer to primaryconsumer
Primaryto secondaryconsumer
Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer
All producers andconsumers todecomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Golden eagle
Prairiedog
Blue stemgrassBlue stemgrass
CoyoteCoyote
GrasshopperGrasshopper
GrasshoppersparrowGrasshoppersparrow
Pronghorn antelopePronghorn antelope
PrairieconeflowerPrairieconeflower
Figure 6-24Page 117
A distribuição da biodiversidade
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Riqueza específica por país corrigida pela área (plantas vasculares e vertebrados terrestres)
Riqueza de famílias de vertebrados
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Riqueza de famílias de plantas
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Diversidade de famílias de peixes de água doce
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Anfíbios e répteis Pteridófitas
Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora
Biodiversidade
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Fonte: Miguel Araújo, Univ. Évora
Análise Canónica Insubstitubilidade
Transgénicos
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Crop
Crossbreeding
Desired trait(color)
ApplePear
Offspring
Crossbreeding
Best results
Newoffspring
Desiredresult
Phase 1Make Modified Gene
Identify and extractgene with desired trait
Identify and removeportion of DNAwith desired trait
Remove plasmidfrom DNA of E. coli
Insert extracted DNA(step 2) into plasmid(step3)
Insert modifiedplasmid into E. coli
Grow in tissueculture tomake copies
cellgene
DNA
plasmid
E. coliDNA
Geneticallymodifiedplasmid
plasmid
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Phase 2Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmidcopies to a carrier
agrobacterium
Agrobacteriuminserts foreignDNA into plantcell to yieldtransgenic cell
Transfer plasmidto surfacemicroscopic metalparticle
Use gene gunto inject DNAinto plant cell
A. tumefaciens(agrobacterium)
Plant cell
Nucleus
Host DNA
Foreign DNA
Phase 3Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Transgenic cellfrom Phase 2
Cell division oftransgenic cells
Culture cellsto form plantlets
Transgenic plantswith new traits
Transfer to soil