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Transcript of Fact of Falsehood?. Chapter 13: Personality w Defined: unique and relatively consistent pattern of...
Fact of Falsehood?
Chapter 13: Personality Defined: unique and
relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings and actions
Is personality stable across a lifetime? Situations?
Why study personality?
Personality Assessment Self-Report Inventories: Questionnaires given to
individuals pursuing what characteristics an individual find to be true (ex: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
Projective Tests: use ambiguous stimuli to assess personality (ex: Rorschach ink blots, TAT)
Observations: psychologists watch interactions with others to see personality traits
Freud Believed childhood experiences determine adult
personality. Personality disturbance is due to: - unmet needs of self - species preservation (Eros) and - aggression and destruction (thanatos)
Unconscious mental processes determine adult behavior Conflict causes most human behavior
Freud: Parts of the Mind Id: the pleasure-seeking,
instinctual part of personality INSTANT Gratification, Libido, irrational
Ego: the reality-seeking part of personality
Super-Ego: the element of personality serves as your conscience Morality, Ideal standards of parents, society
Freud: Part of Mind model
Defense Mechanisms- coping with anxiety Repression- when anxious thoughts are pushed into the
unconscious
Projection- attributing unwanted thoughts and feelings to other people
Denial- refusal to acknowledge an anxiety-provoking experience
Rationalization- replacing unacceptable thoughts with socially acceptable ones
Reaction Formation- defeating anxiety by acting out in an opposite manner than one’s own feelings
Displacement- placing one’s feelings on a less threatening person than the one who caused the feelings
Sublimation- a form of displacement that involves aiming an aggressive impulse toward a socially acceptable object
Regression- returning to behaviors used at an earlier level of development
Examples:
Defense Mechanisms diagram
Psychosexual Stages Biological stages driven from birth by sexual
instinct Different zones become sources of pleasure A strong conflict could FIXATE the person’s
sexual seeking energy
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
Sucking, biting, and chewing Weaning is main conflict Traits- smoking, eating, drinking, sarcasm,
demanding
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
Elimination and retention of feces Toilet training is main conflict Anal retentive- overly neat and organized Anal expulsive- disorganized and messy
Phallic Stage (3-6 years) Self stimulation of genitals Oedipus (males) and Electra (females) is conflict.
Unconscious desire for opposite sex parent and fear and jealousy of same sex parent.
Children repress feelings and identity with same-sex parent to help provide gender identity and superego.
Traits- Flirting, promiscuity or overly modest, timid
Latent & Genital Stages
Latency (6-12)• Sexual repression• Social contacts outside of the family
Genital (puberty - on)• Intimate sexual relations with others.
Neo-Freudians Carl Jung
• broke from Freud
• believed in the collective unconscious, archtypes
Alfred Adler• believed people were driven by a need for superiority,
birth order
Karen Horney• believed that personality disturbances are caused by
anxiety- family relationships
Humanistic Personality Theories
Carl Rogers• Unconditional positive regard• People’s self-concept are distorted by outside influence• Healthy personality is when self-concept is consistent with
your ideal self-concept
*free will, potential
Abraham Maslow• Suggested that personality is determined by a hierarchy
of needs• Basic needs must be met before higher needs.• The goal is self-actualization
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Learning Theories and Personality B. F. Skinner (Behaviorist)
• Believed that personality and behavior are determined by past experience with reinforcement and punishment
Social-Cognitive Theorists• Albert Bandura
– reciprocal determinism– self-efficacy-your beliefs about your ability to perform a task
• Julian Rotter• Proposed Social Learning Theory• Behavior is determined by expectancies and whether you have
an internal or external locus of control• Locus of Control
Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism model
Traits
Write down as many traits as you can in two minutes.
Trait Theorists- Allport and Cattell Gordon Allport
• Set out to compose a list of critical personality traits• In the end, he composed a list of over 4500 words (its
usefulness is questioned)• Central, Secondary, Cardinal (dominates life)
Raymond Cattell• collapsed data from a large number of personality
measures (FACTOR ANALYSIS) to identify sixteen personality traits and a range of each.
Cattell’s 16 Factor
Questionnaire
Trait Theorists- Eysenck
Hans Eysenck• Identified three basic traits
(collapsed categories for personality lists)
• extraversion- how much people focus on external stimuli and are outgoing in their approach to life
• neuroticism- a measure of emotional instability
• psychoticism- a measure of impulsiveness and aggression
Trait Theories- the “Big Five” This theory believes that personality can be
broken down into five basic traits• openness to experience- creative and adventure seeking• conscientiousness- responsible and dependable• extraversion- outgoing• agreeableness- someone who is trusting, warm, giving
and tolerant• neuroticism- negative, anxious, and poor self-esteem
Four Views of Personality model
Biological Foundations of Personality Twin studies indicate that some personality
characteristics are inherited Evidence suggests that some personality
characteristics may be related to varying levels of certain neurotransmitters• (ex: decreased levels of serotonin are correlated with
aggressiveness)
Personality Correlations