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Facial Reconstruction(No two faces are alike, not even those of identical twins)

The process whereby the face of an individual is built onto the skull for the purpose of identification. The same way that we all have unique faces, we all have unique skulls, and it is the small variations in the shape, form and proportions of the skull that lead to significant variations in our faces.

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• Learn the anatomy of the head

• Work the Manchester Method of forensic reconstruction

• Understand the anatomical roots of facial expression

In this section of Forensics, you will:

Facial Reconstruction

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History of Facial Reconstruction

• 7000 BC in Neolithic Jericho – Skulls of the deceased were plastered and adorned with cowrie shells mimicking living tissue. These were used for spiritual purposes rather than for identification. These types of skulls have also been found in Meso-America and New Guinea.

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) – first to apply physiognomy (the deduction of character from facial morphology) in his book Historia animalium

• Bertillon (1877) – Paris Police force. He kept face and body measurements on all criminals.

Facial Reconstruction - History

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• 1907 – 1970 Mikhail Gerasimov spent his young years collecting and bones and reconstructing. He worked mainly with the cranium working with his knowledge of the individual traits. Some of his work is still used today.

• Enlow (1982) – Facial differences and additional details such as eye color, skin color, hair color and texture can suggest the sex,

ethnic origin and age of a face.

• Gatliff and Snow (1970) – developed the “American Method” of facial reconstruction based only on tissue depth.

• Richard Neave (1997) – developed the “Manchester Method” based on the relationship the soft and hard tissues of the face.

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Methods of Facial ReconstructionMethods of Facial Reconstruction

1. American Method – developed by Betty Gatliff and Clyde Snow. It relies primarily on tissue depth data and does not require the application of fleshy tissues such as muscle.

2. Manchester Method – developed by John Prag and Richard Neave. This method combines tissue depth, anatomy, and careful observations of the skull. This method was developed at the University of Manchester due to the work done on Egyptian mummies. We will be using this method!

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Navigating the Cranium - BonesNavigating the Cranium - Bones

1. Calvarium2. Frontal Eminence3. Infraorbital Margin4. Supraorbital Ridge5. Mandible6. Mastoid Process7. Maxilla8. Parietal Eminence9. Temporal Bone10.Zygomatic Bone

The skull is made up of 22 bones consisting of 14 facial bones and 8 cranial bones.

These are the required bones!

Navigating the Cranium - Bones

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Calvarium

Frontal Eminence

Infraorbital Margin

Supraorbital Ridge

Navigating the Cranium - Bones

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Mastoid Process

Maxilla

Parietal Eminence

Mandible

Navigating the Cranium - Bones

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Temporal Bone Zygomatic Bone

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Navigating the Cranium - Muscles

1. Frontallis 2. Septum Cartilage3. Procerus4. Orbicularis oculi5. Orbicularis oris6. Zygomatic major7. Zygomatic minor8. Mentalis9. Masseter10. Temperal

Navigating the Cranium - Muscles

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Frontalis

Septum Cartilage

Procerus

Orbicularis oculi

Zygomatic minor

Zygomatic major

Orbicularis oris

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Navigating the Cranium - Muscles

Mentalis Depressor Anguli inferior Depressor Anguli oris

Temporal

Masseter

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Navigating the Cranium – Glands

Parotid glands – salivary gland

Cheeks are irregular in shape and glands fill them in. EX. Squeeze your cheeks near your masseter with your hand and pull forward. You can feel the increase in saliva in your mouth.

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Navigating the Cranium - Adipose

Adipose tissue •fatty tissue, •determined by genetics. •influenced by race, gender •changes with age particularly along the jawline. • correlates to body weight. Weight can be determined by clothes left on the body •cultural background.

Tissue depth markers indicate body fat on an average. *not on nose or zygomatic bone *lateral sausage shape near the supraorbital ridge present on women.

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Assess the gender, age and raceTo reconstruct, one must assess the skull for an accuracy of gender, age estimated to within five years and one of three racial groups (Caucasian, Negroid and Mongoloid)

Gender

Skull•Rounder

FEMALE MALESkull•Narrow

Forehead•Higher, smoother, vertical, more round

Forehead•Less bossedSupraorbital Ridges•Strongly developed

Glabella (brow)•Larger

Orbital Margins•round

Orbital Margins•Rectangular

Nasal aperture•Narrow

Cheekbones•parabolic

Cheekbones•Heavier -UshapedMandible - thicker

• Prominent Occipital Bone

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Sacrum (base of spine, consists of 5 vertebra) – fuse at age 16 -23.

Assess the gender, age and raceAge

1. Bones begin to fuse at approximately 16 years.

Sutures - plates are not sutured in young children. Soft areas are apparent in children 0-3 yrs of age. Fusion of sutures usually begin at age 17 and complete at 25 years. Old age (65 and older) sutures are almost hidden.

Basilar suture – (base of skull) the best area for age determination. 18 – 24 yrs

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2. Teeth are the primary assessment of age of skull

Teeth – (dentition) wear and tear is relatively precise although eating and lifestyle is an influence. Smoking will damage teeth and consistent use of a pipe can cause breakage.

Assess the gender, age and race

Age

Juvenile•Central incisor 6-9 months•Lateral incisor 7-11 months•Canine 16-20 months•First molar 10-16 months•Second molar 20-26 months

Permanent Adult•Central incisor 6-8 years•Lateral incisor 7-9 years•Canine 9-17 years•First premolar 10-12 years•Second premolar 11-13 years•First molar 6-7 years•Second molar 11-13 years•Third molar 17-25 years

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Assess the gender, age and raceRace

Most commonly used racial groups:

A.Caucasoid – Europeans

B.Negroid – West and South Africa

C.Mongoloid – Asiatics, Inuit (Canadian, Alaskan) and Native Americans

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Assess the gender, age and raceRace

Caucasoid• Long narrow shape• Narrow nasal aperture

• Depressed glabella

• Sharp cheekbones

• Prominent frontal aspect

• Prominent chin

• Steeper forehead

• Lower face

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Assess the gender, age and raceRace

Negroid

• Long head shape

• Wide nasal aperture

• Sharp upper orbital margins

• Low round nasal root

• Rounded glabella

• Wide interorbital distance

• More rounded forehead

• Bimaxillary protrusion

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Assess the gender, age and raceRace

Mongoloid• Round head shape• Medium nasal aperture

• Rounded orbital margins• Massive cheek bones• Prominent zygomatic bones• Straight nasal profile

• Flatter face

• Upright forehead

• Shallow orbitals

• Less protruding nose• Narrowest mouth

• Smallest upper lip

So……What do we have???

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AGE?? 40-60 years of age

GENDER?? Female

RACE?? Caucasion

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Let’s Begin!Tissue Thickness in mm (Stephen/Simpson)

1) Opisthocranion 5.0

2) Vertex3.5

3) Grabella4.75

4) Nasion5.5

5) Mid-nasion3.0

6) Rhinion (end of nasais)2.75

7) Sub-nasale11.00

8) Mid-phitrum8.5

9) Labrale superius(upper lip margin)9.0

10) Labrale inferius (lower lip margin)10.0

11) Mentolabial sulcus (chin-lip fold) 9.512) Pogonion (mental eminence )

10.013) Gnathion

6.014) Menton (beneath chin)

5.75

15) Mid-supraorbital 7.016) Mid-infraorbital 6.017) Zygomatic arch 7.518) Gonion

12.0019) Supra canine 9.520) Infra-canine

10.521) Supra M

19.2522) Mid-ramus

16.023) Mid-mandibular border

9.524) Infra-M

15.525) Alare curvature point

8.5

1. Locate these on your skull.2. Cut eraser to the correct mm.3. Sand paper area.4. Hot glue

Let’s Begin – Tissue Markers

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1) op Opisthocranion 6.02) v Vertex 4.53) g Grabella 4.754) n Nasion 5.55) mn Mid-nasion 4.06) rhi Rhinion (end of nasais) 2.757) sn Sub-nasale 13.08) mp Mid-phitrum 8.59) ls Labrale superius(upper lip margin) 9.010) li Labrale inferius (lower lip margin) 10.011) mls Mentolabial sulcus (chin-lip fold) 9.512) pg Pogonion (mental eminence 10.013) gn Gnathion 8.514) m Menton (beneath chin) 5.75

15) mso Mid-supraorbital 7.016) mio Mid-infraorbital 6.017) acp Alare curvature point 9.518) go Gonion 12.019) z Zygomatic arch 7.520) sC Supra canine 9.521) iC Infra-canine 10.522) sM2 Supra M 19.2523) mr Mid-ramus 17.524) mmb Mid-mandibular border 10.525) iM2 Infra-M 15.5

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Let’s Begin – Muscle Insertion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6G0LvImAGAg

1. Tissue Markers2. Eyes3. Muscles4. Nose5. Lips6. Skin 7. Ears

Order of Deposition:

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Eyes Place clay in the back of the socket

Locate the lacrimal crest(raised bony ridge where the tear duct enters the orbit)

Locate the malar tubercle( bump in the contour, 9mm below the zygomatic suture)

Eyes

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The eyeball should be positioned so that the flat plane of the iris is touching a tangent taken from the mid- supraorbital point to the mid-infraorbital point.

Nose

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1. Project a medial line downward from downward “curve” of the nasal bone.

2. Project a line from the nasal spine outward.

3. Connect the lines (popsicle sticks) with hot glue.

o White Europeans

Upper lip = .4 + .6 X (upper teeth height)

Lower lip = 5.5 + .4 X (lower teeth height)

o Asians

Upper lip = 3.4 + .4 X (upper teeth height)

Lower lip = 6 + .5 X (lower teeth height)

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Mouth – lip thicknessMeasure the length of the enameled are on the teeth

Mouth

o Place the chelion points (corners of the mouth) at the junction of the top canine and the 1st premolar.

o Place them about half way down the enameled surface of the teeth.

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nine

1st P

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olar

1st I

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or2nd

Inc

isor

Ears

Small mastoid process, which are directed inside the skull, suggest small ears that are close to the head.

Massive prominent mastoids indicate large spread-out ears.

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Mastoid process are directed downward = attached lobe.

Mastoid process point forward = lobe is free

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Glands and Adipose Tissue

Fill in the parotid gland

Fill in adipose tissue under risorius muscle and zygomatic major and zygomatic minor.

Fill in adipose where necessary.

Skin

1. Roll clay into sheet about 3mm thick.

(Mist clay if it sticks to the roller)

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2. Keep skin and eyes extremely thin.

3. Find individuals online of a variety of individuals of the same age, race and gender that you estimate of your reconstruction. Use for creases, edges of lips, bags and folds around eyes.

DO NOT MUSH. Only push to find the markers!

Eyebrows, hair and attire.

o Eyebrows and hair can be added using actual hair, false hair, or by simply molding a texture with a tool.

o Attire may be from clothing replicated from the crime scene.

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Gallery (con’t)