F LORIDA S OLAR E NERGY C ENTER Creating Energy Independence Since 1975 A Research Institute of the...

FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER

Creating Energy Independence Since 1975

A Research Institute of the University of Central Florida

Appliance and Equipment Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards for FloridaEfficiency Standards for Florida

Jeff SonneJeff SonneSenior Research EngineerSenior Research Engineer

Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center

Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center

Energy institute of the State of FloridaEnergy institute of the State of Florida Largest and most active in nationLargest and most active in nation 30-year history of research and training 30-year history of research and training

excellenceexcellence Approximately 150 staffApproximately 150 staff

90 professionals 90 professionals 45 technical support and clerical staff45 technical support and clerical staff 15 graduate student assistants15 graduate student assistants

Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center

Extensive Lab FacilitiesExtensive Lab FacilitiesExtensive Lab FacilitiesExtensive Lab Facilities

Applications ResearchApplications ResearchApplications ResearchApplications Research

Major Program AreasMajor Program AreasMajor Program AreasMajor Program Areas

Solar Thermal Heating SystemSolar Thermal Heating System Photovoltaics & Distributed Photovoltaics & Distributed

GenerationGeneration Energy-Efficient BuildingsEnergy-Efficient Buildings Hydrogen and Alternative FuelsHydrogen and Alternative Fuels Education and TrainingEducation and Training

OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

Cost Effective Energy Conservation Cost Effective Energy Conservation ProjectProject

Federal and State Standards BackgroundFederal and State Standards Background Energy Use of AppliancesEnergy Use of Appliances Standards Discussion / InputStandards Discussion / Input

Cost Effective Energy Cost Effective Energy Conservation Project Conservation Project Cost Effective Energy Cost Effective Energy Conservation Project Conservation Project

Intent is to:Intent is to:

““provide technical, administrative and provide technical, administrative and logistical support the Florida Building logistical support the Florida Building Commission and the Department of Commission and the Department of Community Affairs for energy conservation Community Affairs for energy conservation related tasks…directed by the Governor in related tasks…directed by the Governor in Executive Order 07-127.”Executive Order 07-127.”


Four project tasks:Four project tasks:

1.1. Develop model ordinance(s) to promote Develop model ordinance(s) to promote participation in “Green Building” programsparticipation in “Green Building” programs

2.2. Evaluate the standard for energy efficiency Evaluate the standard for energy efficiency of the Florida Energy Code and national of the Florida Energy Code and national model codes and standardsmodel codes and standards

3.3. Develop a public awareness websiteDevelop a public awareness website

4.4. Identify and review new or updated energy Identify and review new or updated energy conservation standards for products.conservation standards for products.


Task 4:Task 4: ““Identify efficiency improvements that could be Identify efficiency improvements that could be

anticipated by implementation of new standards anticipated by implementation of new standards consistent with the Governor’s Executive Order 07-consistent with the Governor’s Executive Order 07-127…”127…”

““Identify potential energy efficiency standards for Identify potential energy efficiency standards for products and systems components that use electricity products and systems components that use electricity pursuant to…07-127…”pursuant to…07-127…”

“…“…energy using products including, but not limited to, energy using products including, but not limited to, residential pool pumps, pool heaters, spas and residential pool pumps, pool heaters, spas and commercial and residential appliances.”commercial and residential appliances.”

U.S. “Energy Pie”U.S. “Energy Pie”U.S. “Energy Pie”U.S. “Energy Pie”

Florida’s Energy PieFlorida’s Energy PieFlorida’s Energy PieFlorida’s Energy Pie

Distribution of Florida Primary Energy Use, 1999

47.5%

17.6%

34.9%

2005 Florida Electricity Profile2005 Florida Electricity Profile2005 Florida Electricity Profile2005 Florida Electricity Profile

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/florida.html

Net Summer Capability: Net Summer Capability: 53,220 MW53,220 MW Net Generation: Net Generation: 220,256,411 MWh220,256,411 MWh EmissionsEmissions

Carbon Dioxide:Carbon Dioxide: 130,325 Thousand MT130,325 Thousand MT Nitrogen Oxide:Nitrogen Oxide: 227 Thousand MT227 Thousand MT Sulfur Dioxide:Sulfur Dioxide: 412 Thousand MT412 Thousand MT

Florida ranks 2nd of all states in net Florida ranks 2nd of all states in net generation and 3rd in capabilitygeneration and 3rd in capability

2005 Florida Emissions2005 Florida Emissions2005 Florida Emissions2005 Florida Emissions

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/florida.html

Florida ranks 3rd Florida ranks 3rd in carbon dioxide in carbon dioxide and nitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissionsoxide emissions

Florida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy Use

AC (33%)

Other (34%)

Heat (7%)

DHW (13%)

Range (2%)Dryer (5%)

Pool (7%)

Total = 17,130 kWh

Parker, D., "Research Highlights from a Large Scale Residential Monitoring Study in a Hot Climate “Florida Solar Energy Center, FSEC-pf-369-02, Jan. 01, 2002

Florida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy UseFlorida Home Energy Use

Florida Codes & Standards: 1979 - 2007

13182

4421

2869

2420

7458

8303

2430

565

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1979 Code 2007 Code

Cooling Heating Hot Water All Other

Ann

ual E

nerg

y U

se (

kWh/

yr)

In 1979 Other = 28% of totalIn 2007 Other = 52% of total

Fairey, P., J. Sonne, "Effectiveness of Florida's Residential Energy Code: 1979 - 2007“ Florida Solar Energy Center, FSEC-CR-1717-07, May. 15, 2007

Florida Pool Energy UseFlorida Pool Energy UseFlorida Pool Energy UseFlorida Pool Energy Use

1999 utility study results showing pool electrical demand – 24% had pools with avg. use of 4,200 kWh/yr; 7% had

electrically heated hot tubs with avg. use of 2,150 kWh/yr.


Home “Other” Use IncreasingHome “Other” Use IncreasingHome “Other” Use IncreasingHome “Other” Use Increasing

Utility study results showing lighting, refrigerator and plug loads use increased by an average of 8.2 Wh/day

or about 17% over the 1999 monitoring period.


Standards BackgroundStandards BackgroundStandards BackgroundStandards Background

History of effective and successful state appliance History of effective and successful state appliance and equipment efficiency standards starting in the and equipment efficiency standards starting in the 1970s (e.g. refrigerators)1970s (e.g. refrigerators)

Standards led to support for and enactment of Standards led to support for and enactment of national standards in 1987, 1988, 1992 and 2005national standards in 1987, 1988, 1992 and 2005

Overall federal appliance and equipment efficiency Overall federal appliance and equipment efficiency standards projected to save 9.1% of total U.S. standards projected to save 9.1% of total U.S. electricity use and reduce COelectricity use and reduce CO22 emissions by 316 emissions by 316 million metric tons in 2020million metric tons in 2020

Overall savings to consumers and businesses from Overall savings to consumers and businesses from these existing standards will approach $250 billion by these existing standards will approach $250 billion by 2020.2020.

Source: ACEEE / ASAP “Leading the Way” report, March 2006

Standards SelectionStandards SelectionStandards SelectionStandards Selection

If a national standard exists, states can only If a national standard exists, states can only enforce a tougher standard by first petitioning enforce a tougher standard by first petitioning the U.S. DOE for a waiverthe U.S. DOE for a waiver

Thus our focus is on items not currently Thus our focus is on items not currently regulated and possibly those that DOE has regulated and possibly those that DOE has not updated (transformer Final Rule 10/12/07)not updated (transformer Final Rule 10/12/07)

Opportunities for greater saturation of efficient Opportunities for greater saturation of efficient appliances or requirements not covered for appliances or requirements not covered for that appliance.that appliance.



Products Included in National Appliance Energy

Conservation Act (NAECA) of 1987

Refrigerators-freezers Clothes washers

Freezers Clothes dryers

Room air conditioners Dishwashers

Central ACs & HPs Ranges & ovens

Furnaces and boilers Pool heaters

Water heaters Fluorescent lamp ballasts

Direct-fired space heaters Televisions*

* Specific standards not set, but DOE instructed to investigate whether standards were technically * Specific standards not set, but DOE instructed to investigate whether standards were technically feasible and economically justified, and to set standards where these criteria were met.feasible and economically justified, and to set standards where these criteria were met.



Products Added in the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992

Fluorescent lamps Showerheads

Incandescent reflector lamps Faucets & aerators

Electric motors (1-200 hp) Toilets

Commercial packaged AC/HPs Distribution transformers*

Commercial furnaces & boilers Small electric motors (<1 hp)*

Commercial water heaters High-intensity discharge lamps*

* Specific standards not set, but DOE instructed to investigate whether standards were technically * Specific standards not set, but DOE instructed to investigate whether standards were technically feasible and economically justified, and to set standards where these criteria were met.feasible and economically justified, and to set standards where these criteria were met.



Products with Standards Set in the Energy Policy Act

(EPAct) of 2005

Ceiling fan light kits Dehumidifiers

Compact fluorescent lamps Torchiere lighting fixtures

Com. AC/HPs (unitary 240-760 kBtu/hr) Commercial clothes washers

Distribution transformers (low voltage) Exit signs

Fl. Lamp ballasts (F34 and F96ES types) Ice-makers (cube type- 50-2,500 lbs/day)

Mercury vapor lamp ballasts Pedestrian traffic signals

Pre-rinse spray valves Com. frigs and freezers (packaged)

Traffic signals Unit heaters


Provide significant and very cost-effective Provide significant and very cost-effective energy savings for purchasers/usersenergy savings for purchasers/users

Readily available products that meet the Readily available products that meet the standardstandard

Easily developed and implemented at low cost Easily developed and implemented at low cost to the state (either another state or national to the state (either another state or national voluntary standard is already in use voluntary standard is already in use elsewhere).elsewhere).


Sample StandardsSample StandardsSample StandardsSample Standards

Leading the Way: Continued Opportunities for New State Leading the Way: Continued Opportunities for New State Appliance and Equipment Efficiency StandardsAppliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards

March 2006March 2006

American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy and and

Appliance Standards Awareness ProjectAppliance Standards Awareness Project

http://www.standardsasap.org/documents/leading_2006.htm


DVD Players and Recorders StandardDVD Players and Recorders Standard

All DVD players and recorders will All DVD players and recorders will meet Energy Star maximum standby meet Energy Star maximum standby mode power level of 3 W mode power level of 3 W

Incremental cost: $1 / 1.0 year paybackIncremental cost: $1 / 1.0 year payback 2020 energy savings: 14.3 GWh2020 energy savings: 14.3 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions

COCO22: 8,808 metric tons: 8,808 metric tons NOx: 3.1 metric tonsNOx: 3.1 metric tons SO2: 32.0 metric tonsSO2: 32.0 metric tons

Currently adopted in 3 states / pending in 2 states Currently adopted in 3 states / pending in 2 states



Single-Voltage External AC to DC Power StandardSingle-Voltage External AC to DC Power Standard

Minimum active mode efficiency and Minimum active mode efficiency and maximum no-load mode energy maximum no-load mode energy consumption based on output Wattage. consumption based on output Wattage.

Incremental cost: $0.5 / 1.2 year paybackIncremental cost: $0.5 / 1.2 year payback 2020 energy savings: 279.4 GWh2020 energy savings: 279.4 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions

COCO22: 169,187 metric tons: 169,187 metric tons NONOxx: 59.7 metric tons: 59.7 metric tons SOSO22: 624.7 metric tons: 624.7 metric tons

Currently adopted in 10 states / pending in 3 statesCurrently adopted in 10 states / pending in 3 states



State-Regulated Incandescent Reflector Lamps State-Regulated Incandescent Reflector Lamps StandardStandard

Most BR, BPAR, ER and R20 lampsMost BR, BPAR, ER and R20 lampsmeet the same efficacy requirementsmeet the same efficacy requirementsas R lamps (some exceptions) as R lamps (some exceptions)

Incremental cost: $1.0 / 0.1 year paybackIncremental cost: $1.0 / 0.1 year payback 2020 energy savings: 327.5 GWh2020 energy savings: 327.5 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions

COCO22: : 198,547 metric tons198,547 metric tons NONOxx: : 69.9 metric tons69.9 metric tons SOSO22: : 732.2 metric tons732.2 metric tons




Walk-In Refrigerators and Freezers StandardWalk-In Refrigerators and Freezers Standard

Prescriptive standard based on CEC Prescriptive standard based on CEC standard with insulation and lightingstandard with insulation and lightingefficacy modificationsefficacy modifications

Incremental cost: $957 / 1.4 year Incremental cost: $957 / 1.4 year paybackpayback

2020 energy savings: 235.2 GWh2020 energy savings: 235.2 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions





Gas-Fired Pool Heater StandardGas-Fired Pool Heater Standard

Two-part standard that disallows constantTwo-part standard that disallows constantburning pilot lights and requires a minimum burning pilot lights and requires a minimum 80% thermal efficiency80% thermal efficiency

Incremental cost: $295 / 2.5 year paybackIncremental cost: $295 / 2.5 year payback 2020 energy savings: 453.8 Million CF2020 energy savings: 453.8 Million CF 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions


National standard thermal efficiency minimum is 78% (requiresNational standard thermal efficiency minimum is 78% (requireswaiver); California prohibits constant burning pilot lightswaiver); California prohibits constant burning pilot lights



Portable Electric Spas StandardPortable Electric Spas Standard

Maximum standby energy Maximum standby energy consumption of 5 * (Vconsumption of 5 * (V2/32/3) Watts) Wattswhere “V” is spa volume where “V” is spa volume

Incremental cost: $100 / 4.2 year paybackIncremental cost: $100 / 4.2 year payback 2020 energy savings: 6.8 GWh2020 energy savings: 6.8 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions


Currently adopted in 3 states / pending in 1 stateCurrently adopted in 3 states / pending in 1 state



Residential Pool Pumps StandardResidential Pool Pumps Standard

Two-part standard that bans split-phaseTwo-part standard that bans split-phaseand capacitor start-induction run motors,and capacitor start-induction run motors,and requires two-speed pumps/controlsand requires two-speed pumps/controls

Incremental cost: $664 / 6.5 year paybackIncremental cost: $664 / 6.5 year payback 2020 energy savings: 768 GWh2020 energy savings: 768 GWh 2020 emissions reductions2020 emissions reductions

COCO22: 579,126 metric tons: 579,126 metric tons NONOxx: 699.1 metric tons: 699.1 metric tons SOSO22: 1,831.1 metric tons: 1,831.1 metric tons

Currently adopted in 2 states / pending in 1 stateCurrently adopted in 2 states / pending in 1 state


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