F# at GameSys

F# at GameSys!(how we used F# to build games for millions)

Hi, my name is Yan Cui.

agenda

Domain Modelling!Infrastructure!Game Logic!Algorithms!

DSLs!OSS

1MILLION USERS

ACTIVEDAILY

250MILLION DAY

PERREQUEST

2MONTH

TBP E R

secops25,000

we are polyglot

C#

why F#?

time to market

correctness

efficient

tame complexity

Collectables

Wager Size

Special SymbolAvg Wager Size

Web Server call

• Line Win!– X number of matching symbols on adjacent columns!– Positions have to be a ‘line’!– Wild symbols substitute for other symbols!

!• Scatter Win!– X number of matching symbols anywhere!– Triggers bonus game

What symbols should land?!Any special symbol wins?!

Did the player win anything?

What the player’s new average wager?

Should the player receive collectables?

type Symbol = Standard! of string!! ! ! | Wild


e.g.! Standard “hat”!! Standard “shoe”!! Standard “bonus”!! …


i.e.! Wild

!

!

!

type Win = LineWin of int * Symbol * int!! | ScatterWin of Symbol * int

!

!

!


e.g.! LineWin (5, Standard “shoe”, 4)

!

!

!


e.g.! ScatterWin (Standard “bonus”, 3)

type LineNum = int!type Count! = int!!

type Win = LineWin of LineNum * Symbol * Count!! | ScatterWin of Symbol * Count



e.g.! LineWin (5, Standard “shoe”, 4)



e.g.! ScatterWin (Standard “bonus”, 3)

make invalid states unrepresentable

[<Measure>]!type Pence

e.g.! 42<Pence>!! 153<Pence>!! …

10<Meter> / 2<Second> ! = 5<Meter/Second>!10<Meter> * 2<Second> ! = 20<Meter Second> !10<Meter> + 10<Meter> ! = 20<Meter>!10<Meter> * 10! ! ! = 100<Meter>!10<Meter> * 10<Meter> ! = 100<Meter2>!10<Meter> + 2<Second> ! // error!10<Meter> + 2 ! ! ! // error

type Wager = int64<Pence>!type Multiplier = int!!

type Payout = Coins! of Wager!! ! | MultipliedCoins of Multiplier * Wager!! ! | Multi! of Payout list!! ! | BonusGame

type State = ! {!

AvgWager! : Wager!SpecialSymbol : Symbol!Collectables : Map<Collectable, Count>!

}

New avg wager Got a Collectable!

A pay line win!

lightweight syntax for types & hierarchies

great for domain modelling

make invalid states unrepresentable

better correctness

order of magnitude increase in productivity

player states are big

Stateless Server DatabaseClient

1:1 read-write ratio

ServerClient

Session 1

Session 2

ServerClient Database

Elastic Load Balancer

S3

Auto scaling Group

Server A Server B

...

EC2

CloudFront

Stateful Server

The Actor Model

An actor is the fundamental unit of computation which embodies the 3 things!

• Processing!• Storage!• Communication!

that are essential to computation.!!

-Carl Hewitt** http://bit.ly/HoNHbG

http://bit.ly/HoNHbG

The Actor Model

• Everything is an actor!• An actor has a mailbox!• When an actor receives a message it can:!– Create new actors!– Send messages to actors!– Designate how to handle the next message

Stateful Server

• Gatekeeper!– Manages the local list of active workers!– Spawns new workers!

!• Worker!– Manages the states for a player!– Optimistic locking!– Persist state after period of inactivity

Stateful Server

Game Server

Player A

Player B

S3Worker C

Worker B

GatekeeperR

eque

st H

andl

ers

Asynchronous

Stateful Server

Game Server

Worker C

Worker B

Gatekeeper

Worker Aok

Req

uest

Han

dler

sPlayer A

Player B

Asynchronous

S3

Stateful Server

Game Server

S3Worker C

Worker B

Gatekeeper

Worker AR

eque

st H

andl

ers

Player A

Player B

Asynchronous

Stateful Server

Game Server

S3Worker C

Gatekeeper

Worker AR

eque

st H

andl

ers

Player A

Player B

Asynchronous

Stateful Server

Game Server

Worker C

Worker A

Gatekeeper

error

Req

uest

Han

dler

sPlayer A

Player B

S3

Asynchronous

type Agent<‘T> = MailboxProcessor<‘T>!!!!

type Agent<‘T> = MailboxProcessor<‘T>!!type Message = ! | Get of AsyncReplyChannel<…>! | Put of State * Version * AsyncReplyChannel<…>

type Result<‘T> =! | Success! of ’T! | Failure! of Exception!!!!

type Result<‘T> =! | Success! of ’T! | Failure! of Exception!!type GetResult = Result<State * Version>!type PutResult = Result<unit>!

type Agent<‘T> = MailboxProcessor<‘T>!!type Message = ! | Get of AsyncReplyChannel<GetResult>! | Put of State * Version * AsyncReplyChannel<PutResult>

type Worker (playerId) =! let agent = Agent<Message>.Start(fun inbox ->! let state = getCurrentState playerId!! let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { … }! and closedState () =! async { … }!! workingState (state, 1))

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! | None -> ! do! persist state! return! closedState()! …! }!

non-blocking I/O

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! | None -> ! do! persist state! return! closedState()! …! }!

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! …! | Some(Get(reply)) ->! reply.Reply <| Success(state, version)! return! workingState(state, version)! …! }!

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! …! | Some(Put(newState, v, reply)) when version = v ->! reply.Reply <| Success()! return! workingState(newState, version+1)! …! }

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! …! | Some(Put(_, v, reply)) ->! reply.Reply <| Failure(VersionMismatch(version, v))! return! workingState(state, version)! }

let rec workingState (state, version) = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.TryReceive(60000)! match msg with! | None ! ! ! ! ! ! -> …! | Some(Get(reply)) ! ! ! ! -> …! | Some(Put(newState, v, reply)) when version = v -> …! | Some(Put(_, v, reply)) ! ! ! -> …! }

and closedState () = ! async { ! let! msg = inbox.Receive()! match msg with! | Get(reply) ->! reply.Reply <| Failure(WorkerStopped)! return! closedState()! | Put(_, _, reply) ->! reply.Reply <| Failure(WorkerStopped)! return! closedState()! }

5x efficient improvement

60% latency drop

no databases

90% cost saving

need to ensure server affinity

need to balance load

need to avoid hotspots

• Persist player state after short inactivity!• Move player to another server after persistence

need to gracefully scale down

Agents!• no locks!• async message passing!

!

Agents!• no locks!• async message passing!• self-contained!• easy to reason with

Agents!• low level!• exceptions kills agents!• primitive error monitoring!• no supervision!• no distribution

MS Orleans

Cricket

akka.Net

Async Workflow!• non-blocking I/O!• no callbacks

Pattern Matching!• clear & concise

Caught a Gnome

EXP Item Gold

Quest Progress

Caught a Gnome

Level Up

Quest Progress

EXP Item Gold

Caught a Gnome

Quest Complete

Level Up

Quest Progress

EXP Item Gold

Caught a Gnome

New Quest

Quest Complete

Quest Progress

EXP Item Gold

Caught a Gnome

Quest Complete

New Quest

Level Up

Quest Progress

New QuestAchievement

Progress

EXP Item Gold

Quest CompleteLevel Up

Caught a Gnome

Level Up

Quest Progress

EXP Item Gold

Caught a Gnome

Quest Complete

New QuestAchievement

Progress

Achievement Complete

100+ actions

triggered by different abstraction layers

non-functional requirements

message-broker pattern

Caught Gnome Trapping

Queue

Levelling

Quests

Achievements

Analytics

Partner Reporting


Queue

Levelling

Quests

Achievements

Analytics

Partner Reporting

Ignore

Process

Process

Process

Process

Ignore


Queue

Levelling

Quests

Achievements

Analytics

Partner Reporting

EXPItemGold


Queue

Levelling

Quests

Achievements

Analytics

Partner Reporting

EXPItemGold

Process

Ignore

Ignore

Ignore

Process

Ignore


Queue

Levelling

Quests

Achievements

Analytics

Partner Reporting

EXPItemGold

Level Up

need lots of facts

type Reward =! | GotExp! ! of Exp! | GotGold! ! of Gold! | GotItem! ! of Item * Count!!

type StateChange =! | LevelUp! ! of OldLevel * NewLevel! …

type Fact =! | StateChange! of StateChange! | Reward! ! of Reward! | Trapping! ! of Trapping! | Fishing! ! of Fishing! …

let process fact =! match fact with! | StateChange(stateChange)! -> …! | Reward(reward)! ! ! -> …! | Trapping(trapping)! ! -> …! …

C# interop

…!var fact = Fact.NewStateChange(!! StateChange.NewLevelUp(oldLvl, newLvl));!…

type IFact = interface end!!

type Reward =! | GotExp! ! of Exp! | GotGold! ! of Gold! | GotItem! ! of Item * Count! interface IFact

simple

flexible

location baitattraction rate

catch rate

auto-tuning trapping stats

Monsterstrength speed

intelligence

Trapstrength speed

technology

Monsterstrength speed

intelligence

Trapstrength speed

technology

Catch Rate %

trial-and-error

genetic algorithms

F#-powered DSLs.!Awesome!

wanna find correlations?

wanna find correlations?

you can DIY it! !

;-)

why was payment service slow last night?

Pain Driven Development

Amazon!! .CloudWatch!! .Selector

github.com/fsprojects/Amazon.CloudWatch.Selector

https://github.com/fsprojects/Amazon.CloudWatch.Selector

Find metrics whose 5 min average exceeded

1 second during last 12 hours

cloudWatch.Select( unitIs “milliseconds” + average (>) 1000.0 @ last 12 hours |> intervalOf 5 minutes)

cloudWatch.Select(“ unitIs ‘milliseconds’ and average > 1000.0 duringLast 12 hours at intervalOf 5 minutes”)

did any cache nodes’ CPU spike

yesterday?

cloudWatch.Select( namespaceLike “elasticache” + nameLike “cpu” + max (>) 80.0 @ last 24 hours |> intervalOf 15 minutes)

cloudWatch.Select( namespaceLike “elasticache” + nameLike “cpu” + max (>) 80.0 @ last 24 hours |> intervalOf 15 minutes)

regex support

Amazing

F# =

usable from anywhere you can run F# code

e.g. F# REPL, executable, ..

Internal DSL

useful for building tools e.g. CLI, …

External DSL

managed!key-value store

redundancy!9-9s guarantee

great performance

name your throughput

hash key + range key

hash_key_1

hash_key_2

hash_key_3

range_key_1

range_key_2

range_key_1

range_key_2

range_key_1

range_key_2

Hash Key Range Key

Hash Key Range Key

Local Secondary Index

Hash Key Range Key


Global Secondary Index

query:!! given a hash key!! filter on!! ! range key, or!! ! local secondary index

Hash Key Range Key


Global Secondary Index

Who are the TOP 3 players in “Starship X” with a score of at least 1000?

DynamoDB.SQL

github.com/fsprojects/DynamoDb.SQL

https://github.com/fsprojects/DynamoDb.SQL

GOAL

Disguise complexity

GOAL

SELECT UserId, TopScore FROM GameScore WHERE GameTitle CONTAINS “Zelda” ORDER DESC!LIMIT !! 3 WITH (NoConsistentRead)

Query

AST

Execution

F# & FParsec*

*www.quanttec.com/fparsec

External DSL via

http://www.quanttec.com/fparsec/

SELECT * FROM GameScore

Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)

FParsec

select GameTitle, UserId, TopScore from GameScores where GameTitle = “Starship X” and TopScore >= 1000 order desc limit 3 with (NoConsistentRead, Index(GameTitleIndex, true))

S3 Provider

github.com/fsprojects/S3Provider

F# type provider for Amazon S3

https://github.com/fsprojects/S3Provider

compile time validation

no code generation

a long time ago, in a language far far away from .Net - Erlang.

there was an idea to let you pattern match again binary

payloads and work with them at a bit level…

<<SourcePort:16, DestinationPort:16, ! SeqNumber:32,! AckNumber:32, DataOffset:4, ! Reserved:3, Flags:9, WindSize:16,! CheckSum:16, UrgentPointer:16,! Payload/binary>> = SomeBinary

BitSyntax

github.com/theburningmonk/bitsyntax

Working with Stream at bit level

https://github.com/theburningmonk/bitsyntax

do bitWriter stream {! do! BitWriter.WriteInt16(12345s) ! // source port! do! BitWriter.WriteInt16(12321s)! // destination port! do! BitWriter.WriteInt32(1) ! // sequence number! do! BitWriter.WriteInt32(1) ! // ack number! do! BitWriter.WriteInt32(2, numBits = 4) // data offset! do! BitWriter.WriteInt32(0, numBits = 3) // reserved! do! BitWriter.WriteBool(false) ! // NS! …! do! BitWriter.WriteInt16(42s)! ! // Checksum! do! BitWriter.WriteInt16(1208s)! // Urgent Pointer! do! BitWriter.WriteString("Hello World!") // payload!}


16 bits


32 bits


take ’first’ N bits

bitReader stream {! let! srcPort ! = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 16)! let! destPort ! = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 16)! let! seqNum ! = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 32)! let! ackNum ! = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 32)! let! dataOffset ! = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 4)! let! _ ! = BitReader.ReadByte(numBits = 3)! …! let! payload ! = BitReader.Rest(UTF8.GetString)!! return srcPort, destPort, … payload!}


packs into 32 bit int

Byte1!Byte2!00000000!00000000

memory address

Byte1!Byte2!


packs into a byte

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

…!let! dataOffset = BitReader.ReadInt32(numBits = 4)!…

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1


0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

<<< 2

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1


0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

<<< 2

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

>>> 4

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0


6uy


6uy

6

padding padding padding byte

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1


1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1


1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Filbert

github.com/fsprojects/Filbert

BERT serializer and BERT-RPC client

https://github.com/fsprojects/Filbert

@theburningmonktheburningmonk.comgithub.com/theburningmonk

F# at GameSys

Documents

Transcript of F# at GameSys