1

Beyond the 20-Year Survival--

Taiwan PSB moving between cultural nationalism

and Asian assimilation

Hamilton Cheng

Doctoral Research Fellow

Taiwan Public Television Service

Paper presented at

IAMCR 2018 POST-CONFERENCE

Public Service Media in a Time of Global Reordering:

Sustainability, Reinvention and Extension

Eugene Campus, University of Oregon, United States

June 25, 2018

2

Beyond the 20-Year Survival--

Taiwan PSB moving between cultural nationalism and

Asian assimilation

Hamilton Cheng

Abstract

The Taiwan Public broadcasting TV service is operated by a Foundation for running this

multiple functions for serving the citizen and society in this fast changing pace of

technological nation. The other tidal change is belongs to the politics and identity.

Taiwan is always under the cross-fire from the debate of unification with People’s

Republic of China or not. The media is busy engaging this topic based on their identities

affiliated over years within market, language, and ideology. What a future of us is

beholding should not be clear until really assessing the current changing global order

has been went through.

After the Trump Administration has been launched in 2017, the DPP government ruled

by President Tsai is manifested her full-fledging governance project. The Taiwan state

is returning back to the confrontation track by unilaterally rejected the consensus

between here and Mainland China on the mutual understanding of one-China policy

scenario. The national government in order to achieve its survival by making a triangle

alliance between U.S., Japan and it again after 1950s the hinterland strategy was

manipulating. For easing her trade reliance on China exportation, Taiwan relaunched

a New Southbound Policy in fostering much closer exchange with ASEAN Countries.

This policy create an alternative and even contradictory nature of public media

consideration by national government foreign relationship agenda guiding mainland

and cultural, communication ones.

The recent proposal to cure the long-term financial hardship of Public Television

Service (1997-2017) planned into a reorganization between itself with Radio Taiwan

International and Central News Agency into a public media group. Ministry of Culture

in Taiwan intentionally made a counterpart to the Mainland’s new media regime by

merging CCTV, China Radio International, and China Nation Radio together. This

trending probe on both side is reaching a climax on cultural war and nationalism.

3

However, the New Southbound Policy is unintentionally making a contrast with the

defensive nationalism goal. The ASEAN countries is moving into an economic bloc to

signing a RCEP Deal into a regional economic integration with China. The common

ground of public service broadcasting policy in several ASEAN countries is

strengthening themselves in facing with internet age by reengineering economy scale,

scope, finance, facilities as part of national building. Those counterbalancing or

countervailing trends is against at nationalism or liberal media democracy promoted

by U.S. and DPP led-coalition.

This research article is making an argument regarding the global new order impact on

Taiwan media and politics recently for joining the debate on go-beyond the 20-year

survival experience of PTS and its future trendsetting based on the aspects of

technology, politics, economy, culture.

4

Introduction

On 1 July, the late-coming and state-of-the art of PSB (public service broadcasters) was

formally launched in Taiwan 20-year before. This landmark day arose the professional

affirmation and the praise of people amid the over-commercialized policy of TV

industry since 1960s. Eroding by TV-streaming on internet worldwide and the liked,

the trust of local TV channel and its program provided is championed by the public

service broadcasting recently. According to the Survey of Valuing Public Television

Service Report, the highest scores (8.71 out of 10) of PTS received from responders is

the “irreplaceable alternative to current commercial broadcasting”. However, the

total public funding for Taiwan PSB is far below the lowest (3.0 CAD for United States)

of per capita within OECD countries by $1.74 CAD (Nordicity, 2016). The “value to pay”

is not reflected onto the finance of public television in Taiwan. The politics and

regulation is stipulated the National government has the right to approve its

appropriation and confirmed annually by parliament. The lacking of political will in

strengthening PSB regularly is discovered by the short period of PTS progress in the

last 20-year.

Through what performance consistent with its mandate working in the last 20-year,

this article is built a fundamental assessment for this review purpose. Other than

structuring the current situation, one must looking the future of any PSB beyond the

television landscape into the ubiquitous service era for allowing anytime, anywhere,

any device to access the digital content for serving public interest. The research

intended to propose the future outlook of PSM in Asia in general, and late coming

democracy in particular.

For a general inquiry, the operating entity for PSM will develop for the future of

internet streaming and mobile device broadband service. However, this article would

argue as one very small size of PSM in Asia (much smaller than any OECD country),

should the full-fledge moving into internet service competitively be the top priority for

us stood as the lowest one along index chart of per capita public funding. The policy

of maintaining sounding PSM in here is intensively politicized. The more distance of

arm’s length we keep between politician and PSM, the less money it received from the

legislative measure and protection. How to scaling up the public funding per capita of

Taiwan on the index worldwide is the enormously important issue discussed by the

various sectors of supporting friends for public broadcasting. Before securing the

investment, talent, creativity, and technology for social media and internet platform,

PSM in Taiwan should be underwent a policy reform and debate.

5

Historical Reflection

Taiwan Public Television Service (PTS) is legalized in 1997 after 20-year’s policy debate

within political party and forum. This very late comer of television operators is

disadvantageous to the commercial TV operated by cable and satellite service, even

inferior to the private-owned terrestrial TV station. However, the new line-up of

channel and great hit program of drama, news, and documentary affirmed the

alternative and irreplaceable niche market it obtained. Under the great support from

the audience group, academia, art and cultural sector, PTS is secured its public funding

at USD 26 million without further cut in 2001. Based on the stable appropriation, PTS

is moving back to the European model of PSB as the leading role in technology

innovation and comprehensive program making for “to inform, educate, and

entertain”.

During the digital TV age, PTS is leverage on this linchpin (digitization) for changing the

channel line-up with technology transfer altogether. The leading role of PSB is

successfully achieved by adopting strategy of DVB-T standardization as a course to

maintain future digital platform evolving. This standardization is moving the topic from

picture quality (ATSC 1.0) to content quality and drew the attention of public into the

sounding diverse program currently TV industry provided. The finance for transforming

analogue to digital TV is secured by National government and Parliament to disburse

PTS procurement for facilities functioning as the leading platform.

The policing TV transformation is another kind of regulation and subsidy to PSB in

Taiwan. It indirectly complied with Recommendation 3: Public Service Broadcasting,

Bangkok Declaration on Information & Broadcasting in the Asia-Pacific Region acting

with government grants for infrastructure of PSB. The move is indicated with the

changing signpost of Taiwan media policy switched to Asia-Pacific region concern. The

very Declaration is prepared for the coming World Summit on Information Society

2003. Within the late coming Summit in Geneva, a Broadcasters’ Action Plan was

approved for transforming state broadcasting to independent public service

broadcasting mainly. The two-related international documents of PSB plan is activated

Taiwan PTS into developing a comprehensive reorganizing project.

The former one, by equipped the maturing digital technology, PTS resourced further

public funding and commercial invest for new genre of program based on interactivity.

The multichannel and mobility is realized by DVB-T implementation. On the other hand,

to transform the state-owned Chinese Television System (CTS) into public owned-one,

6

PTS is received the status of holding enterprise to own CTS with a special grant for

developing Public Broadcasting, Cultural Creation and Digital Television Development.

Those two national grants paved the way to policing financial arrangement for another

wave of digital transformation in the following years (see Table 1.).

Table 1 The Government’s Finance Assistance from 2003 to 2012

Year The Projects Budget (USD)

2003-2009

(2008 was

excluded)

The Project of Constructing Common Transmission Platform

(including DTT network, MHP testing, mobile TV system) 40 million

2006 The Project of Public Broadcasting, Cultural Creation and Digital

Television Development 83 million

2011 The Project of Building HDTV Network in Eastern Taiwan

1.5 million

2011 The Project of Upgrading 21 Gap Fillers from SD to HD System

2.5 million

2012 The Project of Producing HDTV Programs 6 million

Total: 133 million

Source: compiled by authors and PTS

Those projects above are documenting as the portfolio for commissioning PTS any new

one of launching new service and platform onward (ex. UHDTV, OTT). The digitization

finance of PTS is unintentionally sustaining the sounding shape of current undertaking

by without fine-tuning inflation mechanism on government appropriation annually.

The compensation effect is approved by recent government audit report by Control

Yuan (2018) as follows table. The breakdown of revenue indicated that PTS is

increasing heavily the government grant for its digital and organization transformation

as one of the major sources for its revenue. The freezing annual appropriation caused

by lacking of political will went without alternative to maintain a normal operation. As

a result, the national grant is desperately needed for easing the burden of PTS finance

requested by the highly demand for audiovisual content from public. The one-off

national grant turned out to be the solution to move beyond political dilemma to reach

consensus on the issue of public funding.

7

Table 2. The Finance of PTS and its Administration Expense, 2017

Revenue Breakdown Thousand (USD) Percentage of total

Government Appropriation 30,000 43.09

Operating Minority Language Service 17,400 25.03

Digitization National Grant 9,100 13.09

Cable Television Broadcasting Fund 3,600 5.29

Fundraising 9,366 13.50

Expense Breakdown Thousand (USD) Percentage of total

Administration (Personnel) 27,433 40.30

Percentage of Government appropriation

91.44%

(Source: Control Yuan, 2018)

The Functioning of PTS in Serving Public

Under this circumstance, Taiwan PSB is run by a small entity to serving the

fundamental demand if not the comprehensive one to maintain a modernization and

democracy course. The regular survey of Valuing Public Service Broadcasting report is

finished recently at March 16, 2018. This randomly survey provided many indications

regrading PTS, its survival and uniqueness in the current turbulent digital wave.

PTS is doing a self-evaluated on its performance, basically aiming to its programming

output as follows,

Table 3. Total Programming from All PTS Channels, 2014 and 2017 Comparison

Genre News

Current

Affairs

Sports Docu Drama Arts Info Education

Hr./2017 2,392 384 756 2,057 338 1,804 643

% 29% 5% 9% 24% 4% 21% 8%

Hr./2014 1,795 46 1,055 2,643 777 1,430 725

% 21% 1% 12% 31% 9% 17% 9%

(Source: Eastern Online Co., 2018)

8

The PTS , as the sole PSB operating in Taiwan, must be complementary to the rest of

commercial TV broadcasting service. The sports, lowest percentage of output, is a

minor function based on the funding scale smaller than private-owned one. The

highest output, news, current affairs and documentary tell the priority to serving

democratic governing saliently. The politics of TV media is following this path of

development to determine the way corporate governance. Second to news and

documentary, drama is also heavily invested by PTS for reaching demand of Asian

market, including Taiwan as part of it. PTS, as long as it launched, maintained although

small but regular arts and education program produced, played the only platform for

local performing arts and talent, nurturing children and adolescent. Again, it proved

the value of its existence.

At first, this small PSB running for legislative mandate within its particular geopolitics,

must be driven into identity and cultural autonomy contestation, especially against the

Chinese-speaking world (Hsu, 2014). What the increasing hours of news and current

affairs production recently is a sign of PTS raising the awareness of Taiwan ranking

number one of freedom of press in Asia (Horton and Ramzy , 2018). With praise of

Freedom House and relocation of Reporters without Borders AP Office, Taipei is the

new residence of independent journalism other than Hong Kong. Moreover, a new

documentary film “Self-Censorship” by Kevin H.J. Lee was broadcast by PTS and

promoted by “Viewpoint” in the first half of 2018. Taiwan PTS is reasonably chosen as

the next bastion for independent journalism criticizing Mr. Xi’s China in near future.

Nonetheless, Taiwan PTS is not only championed as the political issue reporting and

commentary but also provided the alternative narrative on historical drama. In 2016,

Ministry of Culture, PTS jointly commissioned the independent house produce a

historical drama “A Touch of Green”. The alternative interpretation of Taiwan politics

before martial law lift is brought by this drama gained the success in commentary and

social media discussion. Finally, the very drama won the first ever best drama series in

Asian Television Awards held in Singapore. This drama motif brought Taiwan PTS one

step closely to Asia value and state (public service) broadcasting industry.

Again, “The Teenage Psychic” is another masterpiece of 2017 drama production. PTS

is managing this co-production with HBO Asia as its first Chinese-speaking series.

Domestically, this drama is widely welcomed by local audience and gained the highest

rating regarding the channel ever made. Internationally, with the help of IFA Media, a

Singapore production company, the show reached to 23 Asian countries. Behind the

scene, PTS successfully transformed the original story into a pilot TV drama accepted

9

by International Public Television (INPUT) as the screening topic serval years ago.

Where the original one has been marketing into the format exchange with the

international players for pitching next stage of production. The process indicated

Taiwan PTS is gradually integrated with the Asian audiovisual market in general, and

international public television service and sphere in particular.

Those two major outcomes of PSB production in Taiwan are realizing journalistic

independence and cultural cohesion but contradicted each other. In the same way, the

new platforms through internet streaming respectively contributed to the two types

of above performances.

The independent journalism of PTS strengthened innovatively through a new internet

platform for acting online and update service in the name of “PNN” (PTS News

Network). This network is replacing the channel as the new branding of public

journalism service for younger generation.

On the contrary, drama is strongly stabilizing the current market for PTS channel by

acquiring the following profile of audience (using ex. “A Touch of Green”),

Table 4. The Profile of Audience Watching “A Touch of Green”

Profile Description

Gender Female (55%)

Age Over 45 (55%)

Area Southern Taiwan and East (28%)

Persons with Job Male (30%) Female (26%)

Education University and College (48%)

Reception Digital Terrestrial Free-to-Air (63%)

Source: “PTS President Report”, 2016

Driven by the new platform, the drama of PTS is undergoing a new windows strategy.

It looks at OTT as the site for first launch or simultaneously releasing with TV channel.

Without the managing budget for new media, PTS started to heavily upload the video

streaming onto YouTube platform, as follows record the progress is made,

10

Table 5. The Viewing Time for PTS through YouTube

Year Viewing minute Viewing hit

2014 110,262,833 25,552,534

2015 252,575,461 45,089,725

2016 408,066,154 66,064,861

2017 579,607,390 84,138,997

Source: Control Yuan, 2018

Other than uploading platform effect, the Board of PTS increased the funding of 2016

to USD. 2,038,781 (from 1,545,313 in previous year) and invested in New Media

Department to expand its internet based service. It included launch of PTS VOD service

(via six thematic YouTube Channels), PTS+7 and one experimentation YouTube niche

channel. Before the fine-tuning with inflation mechanism is set, the new media churned

out by PTS is rather like a trial than a significant network player.

The 20 Anniversary of PTS Positioning

Before reaching the July 1 of 20 anniversary of PTS, the timely survey above also

portrayed an image of PTS reflected from Taiwan citizen as the general, for example,

the following chart for representing those of programming,

Figure 1. Two Surveys and Responses on the Quality of PTS Program

6.8

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8

8.2

8.4

8.6

indepthness impartiality richness innovative independent diversity newsworthy

2014 2017

11

Scored by 1-10 ranking, PTS performance is confirmed as normal at around 7.0, based

on the best practices of PSB worldwide. Comparing with 2014, the current score only

surpassed the former is the “impartiality”. This result indicated that the freedom of

press is moving into the vicious circle by polarizing the viewpoints regarding public

issue. Here it affirmed much more than before the value of PSB in one society.

For surveying satisfaction regarding the public service in general, the following result

indicated the current small PSB functioning the most unique service in industrial R&D

in contrast with those in program output within the commercial TV dominated

marketplace.

Figure 2. The Highest Score of Satisfaction PTS regarding the Public Service in General

The survey of highly demand in future is explored the interesting nature of current PTS.

For serving the different interest groups, the result is highly confirmed at aging issue,

children and disability one follows on. For serving public policy issue, the result is

highly requested for environment issue, and drug, urban/rural planning, disaster risk

reduction sequentially.

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

8

8.1

R&D Coverage Language protect respect minority

2017

2017

12

Figure 3. The Highly Request for PTS Providing Service for Future

Referring to the small scale of PTS in the past, the society in general requested PTS to

serving the needs of aging people as the most loyal group to mass media comparatively.

For the public issue request, the majority is aiming PTS for help at watching the less

politicalized issues, including environment, drug control, urban dwelling, and climate

change causing disaster risk reduction.

The Global Reordering Challenges to Taiwan

The small size of PSB is functioning silently in Taiwan society in general but saliently in

TV industry landscape in particular. However, after the Presidential Election was won

by Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) second time since 2000, the politicized PSB

issue is brought back again. DPP government led by President Tsai Ing-wen is seeking

reunited effort to build alliance with Japan and United States, especially after Trump

Administration established 15-month ago.

To reject 1992 Consensus, President Tsai saw the victory of her as a referendum on

China issue. She raised the sovereignty issue at the forefront of culture and domestic

affairs before support Taiwan independence red-line has been crossed. For the interest

of DPP, the cultural autonomy and sovereignty is concerned in the first place by

government for media policy reform (Cole, 2017).

96

.4

96

.1

94

93

.5

97

.1

94

.3

91

.9

91

.7

A U D I E N C E I S S U E

aging children disability youth environment drug urban DRR

13

After the Trump Administration has been sworn in at 2017, the DPP government is

manifested full-fledging governance project. The Taiwan state is returning back to the

confrontation track by unilaterally rejected the consensus between here and Mainland

China on the mutual understanding of one-China policy scenario. The national

government in order to achieve its survival by making a triangle alliance between U.S.,

Japan and it again after 1950s the hinterland strategy was manipulating. For easing

trade reliance on China exportation, Taiwan re-launched a New Southbound Policy in

fostering much closer exchange with ASEAN Countries (Brown, 2017). This policy

create an alternative and even contradictory nature of public media consideration

traditionally by national government’s foreign relationship agenda guiding cultural,

communication and mainland ones.

The recent proposal to cure the long-term financial hardship of Public Television

Service (1997-2017) is planned into a reorganization between itself with Radio Taiwan

International and Central News Agency into a public media group. Ministry of Culture

in Taiwan intentionally made a counterpart to the Mainland’s new media regime by

merging CCTV, China Radio International, and China Nation Radio together (Briel,

2018). This trending probe on both sides is reaching a climax on cultural war and

nationalism.

The overseas experience told another origin of DPP reform on PSB. Ms. Cheng Li-chiun,

Culture Minister of National Government, visited France Television in Nov.29, 2016.

She intended to make a field study on this state-owned enterprise. In June 5, 2018,

French Culture Minister has announced that France.tv should undergo a number of

economic changes to merge many current institutes of public broadcasting into one

group (珍妮特, 2018；Ramsey, 2018). France.tv is used to be a state organization rather

than being independent public media (Iosifidis, 2007). This cultural nationalism dream

is shared by Euro-Asia supporters for nationalizing the public media.

The original model of PTS, once it incorporated with Radio Taiwan International and

Central News Agency, transforms the mission into the cultural nationalism and identity

oriented one. However, this media nationalism is easily swung like pendulum voicing

for pro-independent or pro-unification (Hsu, 2014: 94). In the other side of Pacific

Ocean, the U.S. model of Broadcasting Board of Governors should be another guiding

example for current planning public media group in Taiwan (Shelbourne, 2018).

If Taiwan is gradually regrouping its pro-independent supporters into new public media

group as leading governing body, the liberal democracy model of media politics will

14

dominate the public journalism and its reporting if keeping the arm’s length of state is

tolerate . There is a clear indication for this linkage by closely making alliance between

RTI, PTS with Association of International Broadcasting (AIB) recently, which backing

by Deutsche Welle and France Media Monde (FMM). The turbulent change of

international order accidentally brought the cultural nationalism with liberalism

together for defending the last bastion of freedom of press in Chinese-speaking world.

Taiwan PTS will be shaping as the voice for Chinese dissents toward Mr. Xi’s China as

long as DPP ruling the National Government.

However, the New Southbound Policy is unintentionally making a contrast with the

defensive nationalism goal. The ASEAN countries are moving into an economic bloc to

signing a RCEP Deal into a regional economic integration with China. The common

ground of public service broadcasting policy in several ASEAN countries is

strengthening themselves in facing with internet age by reengineering economy scale,

scope, finance, facilities as part of national building. Those counterbalancing or

countervailing trends is against at nationalism or liberal media democracy promoted

by U.S. and DPP led-coalition.

DPP government is re-interpreted the meaning of “New Southbound” by asking

expand more educational, cultural, tourist ties than economic one. The countries it

would like to reach beyond the ASEAN to India, Bangladesh, Australia, New Zealand,

and South Asia (Brown, 2017). The policy-driven expenditure is effected to disburse

for programs exchange between Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Through the new vision,

Taiwan would certainly encounter the lesson from there, including public television

policy.

For example, under the original policy making of public media group, if there is one

possibilities of shed light on referencing to Southbound Policy, government is forced

to study on the counterpart in there (Ding, Koh and Surin, 2013; MCOT, 2016) ,

a. Thailand: MCOT (Mass Communication Organization of Thailand) public enterprise

comprising terrestrial TV, radio, news agency, and new media.

b. Malaysia: Bernama TV transformed from national news agency into a multimedia

news platform (digital TV, radio and new media)

The above example doesn’t react to the designated foreign threat to form the public

media group. Thanks to a nation-building after the end of second war world, Southeast

Asian public media are the major players for shaping the news worthy, public agenda,

15

national culture, common memory. New Southbound Policy enlarged the scope of the

making of public media. It will indirectly brought Taiwan PTS into a multiple exchanges

with Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Those foreseeable extensions drive Taiwan PSB into a different road taking. The

national building model will erase the arm’s length of distancing PSB from state. The

public service media is taking leading role for the whole industry. The new media

platform will be necessary to establish before the West and China achieving platform

effect as a cultural war. However, the Asia value will harmonize the tension between

South and China due to Beijing’s diplomatic and economic leverage. This is another

shield for Taiwan to associate the relationship with Southeast Asia as well as China

without deepening cross-Strait political unification. ABU is a platform to organize the

efforts to train new media profession, implement disaster risk reduction, and establish

a health relationship between employer and employees in broadcasting industry.

Without China, the above mission is hard to complete. And Taiwan as the part of

trainees would keep contacting with PSB progress under China rising and Asia-Pacific

booming.

Way Forward

In near future, Taiwan PTS continually received the national grants for easing its

financial burden from freezing government appropriation. New Southbound Policy is

assumed to be well-understood and then functioning by DPP Government. President

Tsai is keeping the cautious approach toward balancing one-China and independent

claims for support within her four-year term. There are many options for PTS to choose

about.

At first, the Governor Board of PTS decides to collaborate with National Government

in following years while forming public media group legislation is undergoing as well.

The scale of service is possible to be enlarged and concerned for a new future of being

PSM. Currently, PTS is financed by “Forward-looking Infrastructure Construction

Project” for 4K TV and new media application. The contemporary topic will be selected

for this new funding mechanism and with new media application (ex. edutainment

drama “On Children”). However, it will be too early to predict what PSB will enhance

its reach wide into the new media industry.

16

Secondly, if PTS allows its public journalism to be driven by anti-unification camp and

directed toward criticizing Mainland China, the further coalition should be invented

into a liberal democracy agent in Asia. The benefits of this move is possible to receive

the partnership, exchange, and branding overseas in international broadcasting. How

could this work sound like something propaganda is a tricky business deal between

nationalism and liberalism under the guise of Cold War and CIA Hinterland Strategy.

This practice will be highly acknowledged by President Tsai Administration when the

cross-strait political issue is strikingly confronted against each other. This is a very

sexism proposal for PTS to accept but divert its best practice as catalyst for “social

cohesion” and “peaceful transition” (ex. KBS in Korean Peninsula) to “cultural

containment” (ex., BBG in Asia-Pacific).

Lastly, the New Southbound Policy really transformed and made a breakthrough for

PTS and its alliance in Southeast Asia within professional association and employees

union networking. The motif of this progress is working as the socialism developed

beneath or corporatism organized through negotiation in long term. The Finland TV

model as the origins of two Cold War regimes’ confrontation is a historical lesson for

guiding Taiwan current situation (Keinonen, 2012). The international organization

must play a critical role in here by ABU, UNI Global Union Asia-Pacific (UNI Apro), and

European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Those successful local players must be rightly

promote to Taiwan stakeholders around PSB policy-making (Rasidi, 2018; Hernuningsih,

2018), for example

a. MediaCorp in Singapore with its One-North Campus and OTT (Toggle)

b. RTM and TV3 in Malaysia with its Angkasapuri Media City Hub and OTT (Tonton)

c. RRI in Indonesia with redesign public space: Triprasetya Gallery and its online

service: rriplay

If Taiwan PTS will choose and propose the third way, it is revamping the base and

finance altogether to create a curatorship into the public space and launch OTT as the

platform of its internet streaming. This achieving policy requests an overhaul on its

finance, legislation and service. It is a nourishing project for reinventing the public

media group.

17

Works Cited

珍妮特 (2018 年 6月 4日)：〈法國大膽揚帆公共視聽集團改革之旅〉，《法廣 rfi

華語網 今日經濟新聞》。

Briel, Robert (March 26, 2018). China merges TV and radio into one state-media

conglomerate. Braodbandtvnews.

Brown, David G. (May 17, 2017). Governing Taiwan is not easy: President Tsai Ing-

wen’s first year. The Taiwan-U.S. Quarterly Analysis series, Brookings.

Cole, Michael J. (September 6, 2017). The U.S.-Taiwan security relationship in a time

of transition. The Taiwan-U.S. Quarterly Analysis series, Brookings.

Control Yuan (May 14, 2018). Public Television: TV Rating and Diversity, Quality

Program. Investigation Report. (in Chinese)

Ding, Jo-Ann, Lay Chin Koh and Jacqueline A. Surin (May 16, 2013). Mapping

Digital Media: Malaysia. A Report by the Open Society Foundations.

Eastern Online Co., (March 16, 2018). The 2017 Final Report of PTS Valuing for

Public Interest. (in Chinese)

Hernuningsih, Dwi, (2018). RRI: Art & Culture in the digital age. A Report presented

at ABU-RAI Days: Innovation Meets Culture, March 20-21, Rome, Italy

Horton, Chris and Austin Ramzy ( April 14, 2018). Asia’s bastion of free speech?

Move aside, Hong Kong, it’s Taiwan now. New York Times Asia Pacific.

Hsu, Chien-Jung (2014) The Construction of National Identity in Taiwan’s Media,

1896-2012. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Iosifidis, Petros (2007). Public television in small European countries: Challenges and

strategies. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 13(1): 65-87.

Keinonen, Heidi (2012). Early Commercial Television in Finland: Balancing between

East and West. Media History, 18(2): 177-189.

MCOT (2016). Encouraging a Sustainable Society.

Nordicity ( April 11, 2016). Analysis of Government Support for Public Broadcasting.

Report Prepared for CBC／Radio-Canada.

PTS (April 21, 2016). President Business Report. Proceedings of the Fifth Board

Directors Meeting, 36. (Chinese only)

Rasidi, Ainnol (2018). Revamping Angkasapuri Media City Hub. A Report presented

at ABU-RAI Days: Innovation Meets Culture, March 20-21, Rome, Italy

Ramsey, Colby (June 6, 2018). France Televisions to merge channels and focus on

digital. TVBEurope.

Shelbourne, Mallory (June 4, 2018). Trump nominating Conservative filmmaker to

lead news-distributing agency. The Hill.