EXTRUSION PROCESS•In extrusion, the material is

compressed in a chamber and

the deformed material is

forced to flow through the die.

•The die opening corresponds

to the cross section of

required product.

• Cylindrical bars, hollow

tubes as also shapes of

irregular c.s are made.

Extrusion of a round blank through a die

• Extrusion process equipment consists of a cylinder/ container

into which the heated metal billet is loaded.

• On one end of container, die plate with necessary opening is fixed.

• From other end, plunger/ ram compress the metal billet against

the container walls & die plate, thus forcing it to flow through die

opening, acquiring shape of opening.

• Dummy block which is steel disc about 40 mm thick, is kept btn

billet & ram to protect it from heat & pressure.

• Pressures applied may range from 35-1000

Mpa.

• Pressures for given metal depends on

extrusion temperature, reduction in area &

extrusion speed.

• Materials that can be extrudes are aluminum,

copper, steel, magnesium, and plastics,

polymers, ceramics, concrete.

Typical products of Extrusion

• Typical products made by extrusion are railings for

sliding doors, tubing's having various cross sections.

• Extruded parts are cut into desired lengths which then

become discrete parts such as brackets, gears, coat

hangers.

•  its ability to create very complex cross-sections and

work materials that are brittle, because the material

only encounters compressive and shear stresses.

Typical Extruded Products

The extrusion process is often likened to the squeezing of tooth paste from a tube, as is illustrated :

Hot extrusion:

• Keeping the processing temperature to above the materials

re-crystalline temperature to keep material from work

hardening.

•Most are done on horizontal hydraulic presses that range

from 230 to 11,000 metric tons.

• Pressures range from 30 to 700 MPa (4,400 to 100,000 psi)

therefore lubrication is required, which can be oil or

graphite for lower temperature extrusions, or glass powder

for higher temperature extrusions. 

Extrusion Processes

Hot extrusion temperature for various metals

Material Temperature [°C (°F)]

Magnesium 350-450 (650-850)

Aluminium 350-500 (650-900)

Copper 600-1100 (1200-2000)

Steel 1200-1300 (2200–2400)

Titanium 700-1200 (1300-2100)

Nickel 1000-1200 (1900–2200)

Refractory alloys up to 2000 (4000)

Cold extrusion:

• Done at room temperature or near room temperature.

• Ductile metals like lead,  tin, aluminum, copper, zirconium, 

titanium, molybdenum, beryllium, vanadium, niobium, and 

steel.

• The advantages of this over hot extrusion are improved

mechanical properties, high production rate, closer

tolerances, good surface finish.

• Tools & automobile parts, motor cycles, collapsible

tubes, fire extinguisher cases, shock absorber cylinders

and gear blanks.

TYPES OF EXTRUSION PROCESSES

• Direct extrusion (or forward extrusion),

• Indirect extrusion (or backward extrusion),

• Impact extrusion, and

• Side extrusion.

Direct (or) Forward Extrusion

Direct Extrusion

• It is most widely used method, in which starting

ram material used is a heated billet.

• It is heated to its heated temperature and fed

into its forging temperature and fed into

machine chamber/ container & pressed with

hydraulically operated ram through die.

• Flow of metal in forward extrusion is same as

that of ram direction.

• There is a reusable dummy block between the ram

and the billet to keep them separated.

• major disadvantage is force required to extrude the

billet is greater than that needed in the indirect

extrusion process because of the frictional forces

introduced by the need for the billet to travel the

entire length of the container.

• To reduce this friction lubricants are used.

• Ex: Oils with graphite powder at low temp.

Advantages:• Complex Integral Shapes• Cost-Effective• Design Flexibility• Simple fastening and assembly• Easy fabrication• Low Tooling Costs• Good Machinability • Precision Tolerances • Shorter Lead Times• Versatility in Joining

• Virtually Seamless

INDIRECT EXTRUSION OR BACKWARD EXTRUSION

• In order to completely overcome the friction,

backward extrusion process is used.

• Ram/ plunger used is hollow, as it presses the

billet against back wall of die chamber/

container the metal flows through die.

• As the billet does not move inside the

chamber there is no friction between them.

• Less force is required in this process .

ADVANTAGES:

• A 25 to 30% reduction of friction, which allows for

extruding larger billets, increasing speed, and an

increased ability to extrude smaller cross-sections

• There is less of a tendency for extrusions to crack

because there is no heat formed from friction

• The container liner will last longer due to less wear

• The billet is used more uniformly so extrusion defects

and coarse grained peripherals zones are less likely.

DEFECTS IN EXTRUSION• Depending on material condition & on process

variables, extruded parts can develop several types of

defects that can significantly affect their strength, quality.

• Principal extrusion defects are;

1.Surface cracking (c)

2.Pipe (b)

3.Internal cracking (a)

DEFECTS

1. Surface Cracking:

• If extrusion temp, friction/ speed is too high,

surface temperatures rise significantly, and

this condition may cause surface cracking &

tearing.(fir-tree cracking, speed cracking)

• These occur specially in Al, Mg, Zinc alloys.

• These defects can be avoided by lowering the

billet temperature & extrusion speed.

2. Pipe:

• This type of metal flow pattern tends to draw

surface oxides, impurities towards centre of

billet which is called as pipe defect/ tail pipe/

fishtailing.

• These are obtained because of high friction,

maximum temperatures at outside of billet.

• Defects as much as one third of length of

extruded product, to be cut off as scrap.

3. Internal / Centre/ Chevron cracking:

• The centre of the extruded product can develop

cracks called center-burst, arrow head fracture.

• These are attributed to a state of hydrostatic

tensile stress at the centre line in the

deformation zone in the die.

Hydrostatic Extrusion

• It is another way to extrude aluminum profiles.

• In this process, the chamber is first filled with a

fluid which transmits the pressure to the billet.

• This billet is then extruded using the die. There

is no question of friction along the container -

walls.

• the main difference is that in case of

Hydrostatic extrusion there is no direct contact

between the container and the billet.

• It is usually carried at room temperature, using

vegetable oils as the fluid.

• For elevated temperatures waxes, polymers,

glass are used.

• Brittle materials like gray c.i are extruded

successfully by this method, because

hydrostatic pressure increases the ductility of

material.

Advantages

• Owing to the pressurized fluid, the lubrication is very

effective

• Extruded product has good surface finish along with

dimensional accuracy

• As friction is almost absent, it is quite possible to use

dies that has very low semi-cone angle.

• Minimal friction

• Some typical shapes produced are angles,

rods, T-profiles or dumbbells.

• Other shapes to be produced can single-hollow

sections like tubes.

IMPACT EXTRUSION

• In backward cold extrusion called Impact

extrusion, the set up consists of die, punch as

shown in fig.

• The slug for making the component is kept on

die & punch strikes the slug against the die.

• Metal is then extruded through the gap between

punch & die opposite to movement of punch.

• The height of side walls is controlled by amount

of metal in slug.

• This process is mainly used for making short

lengths of hollow shapes like collapsible tubes

for housing plates, liquids, spray cans.

• Diameter of parts made can approach 150 mm.

• For making discrete parts.

• performed at higher speeds and shorter strokes

than conventional extrusion.

Manufacturing of toothpaste tube

Applications: Tooth paste tubes, soft drink cans & shell cases.

SIDE EXTRUSION

•In side extrusion the movement of the material is

in a direction perpendicular to that of ram motion.

• Since the metal flows in sideward direction the

force required is very high& hence mostly used in

the case of non ferrous metals and highly plastic

materials like lead.

•Presence of cable produces a seamless tube.

TUBE EXTRUSION

• It is actually a forward extrusion method using a

mandrel to form the bore of the tube as shown in fig.

• First mandrel is pushed through centre of billet & die,

followed by applying pressure on billet by advancing the

plunger.

• Metal is forced to flow through the opening between the

die & mandrel.

• Most of the metals are hot extruded, although some of

these are cold extruded, for production of seamless

tubes.

• the clearance between the mandrel and the die wall

determines the wall thickness of the extruded tube.

Metals that are commonly extruded include:

Aluminium is the most commonly extruded material. Aluminium can be

hot or cold extruded. If it is hot extruded it is heated to 575 to 1100 °F

(300 to 600 °C). Examples of products include profiles for tracks,

frames, rails, mullions, and heat sinks.

Brass is used to extrude corrosion free rods, automobile parts, pipe

fittings, engineering parts.

Copper (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) pipe, wire, rods, bars, tubes,

and welding electrodes. Often more than 100 ksi (690 MPa) is required

to extrude copper.

Lead and tin (maximum 575 °F (300 °C)) pipes, wire, tubes, and cable

sheathing. Molten lead may also be used in place of billets on vertical

extrusion presses.

DRAWING• It is a metalworking process

used to reduce the

cross-section of a wire/ rod by

pulling the wire through a

single, or series of, drawing

die(s).

• Although similar in process,

drawing is different from

extrusion, because in drawing

the wire is pulled, rather than

pushed, through the die.

• Major variables in drawing are similar to those

in extrusion: reduction in c.s area, die angle,

friction along die work interfaces, drawing

speed.

• In this process, rods made of steel or non

ferrous metals and alloys are pulled through

conical dies having a hole in the centre.

DRAWING PROCESS• The wire is prepared by shrinking the beginning of

it, by hammering, filing, rolling or swaging, it will fit

through the die.

• The wire is then pulled through the die. As the wire

is pulled through the die, its volume remains the

same, diameter decreases, the length increases.

• Usually the wire will require more than one draw,

through successively smaller dies, to reach the

desired size.

• An example of product produced in a

continuous wire drawing machine is telephone

wire.

• It is drawn 20 to 30 times from hot rolled rod

stock.

• The diameter and wall thickness of tubes that

have been produced by extrusion or other

processes can be reduced by tube drawing

process.

• The process of tube drawing is similar to wire

or rod drawing except that it usually requires a

mandrel of the requisite diameter to form the

internal hole.

Tube Drawing

• Equipment designs can be classified into two basic types;

Draw bench, Bull block.

• A draw bench uses a single die and the pulling force is

supplied by a chain drive or by hydraulic means.

• Used for single length drawing of rod or tube with diameter

greater than 20mm.

• Length can be as much as 30 m.

• Drawing speed attainable on a draw bench ranges from 5

m/min to 50 m/min.

   Bull block or rotating drum used for drawing rods or wires of very long length.

Lubrication

• Lubrication in the drawing process is essential for

maintaining good surface finish and long die life.

1.Wet drawing: the dies and wire/rod are completely

immersed in lubricant.

2.Dry drawing: the wire or rod passes through a

container of lubricant which coats surface of the

wire or rod

3.Metal coating: the wire or rod is coated with a soft

metal which acts as a solid lubricant

4. Ultrasonic vibration: the dies and mandrels are vibrated,

which helps to reduce forces and allow larger

reductions per pass

• Various lubricants, such as oil, are employed.

• Lubricants normally used are soap solution, for very

thin wires electrolytic coating of copper is used to

reduce friction.

DIES• Various die materials used are chilled cast iron,

tungsten carbide diamond, tool steel.

• For small runs cast iron dies are used.

• For medium sized, large production wires

tungsten made dies are used.

• For very large sizes alloy steels are used.

Wire Drawing

• Drawing machines can be arranged in tandem

so that the wire coming from one die is coiled to

sufficient length before it is reentered in to

subsequent die.

• This coiling of sufficient wire helps for any

discrepancy in speed of wire drawing in any

die.

• Such that successive drawings are to be done

ah high speeds.

TUBE MAKING

• Tubes are basically of two types. They are either seamless (i.e.,

without any joint) or with joint all along the length of the tube.

• Seamless tubes are made by processes such as casting, extrusion

or rolling.

• Tubes with joint are made by welding.

• Usually, the weld joint is made by electric resistance welding

process, such tubes are referred to as ERW tubes.

• The size of a tube or pipe is indicated by the size of its bore in

mm.

• Since the requirement of tubes is so large, a special rolling

process called Mannesmann rotary piercing process has

been developed.

• In this process, a heated round billet with its leading end, in

the centre of which a short guide hole has been punched or

drilled, is pushed longitudinally between two large tapered

rolls as shown in Fig.

• The rolls revolve in the same direction and their axes are

inclined at opposite angles of approx 6° from the axis of the

billet

• As the billet is caught by the rolls and is rotated, their

inclination causes the material to be drawn forward.

• The guide hole drilled/punched at centre of billet tears open.

• This action is assisted by a suitably placed mandrel.

• As the billet mores forward and keeps rotating the tearing

action is propagated throughout the length of the billet.

• End result is a roughly formed seamless tube of ellipitical

cross-section.

DEEP DRAWING

• It is a cold metal forming process, in which a flat sheet

metal blank is forced into a die cavity by hydraulically

driven punch. 

• A cup-like cylindrical part, having the depth greater than its

diameter, is formed as a result of deep drawing, process

requires a blank, blank holder, punch, and die.

• The blank is a piece of sheet metal, typically a disc or

rectangle, which is pre-cut from stock material and will be

formed into the part. 

• The blank is clamped down by the blank holder over the

die, which has a cavity in the external shape of the part

• A tool called a punch moves downward into the blank and

draws, or stretches, the material into the die cavity.

• Movement of the punch is usually hydraulically powered to

apply enough force to the blank.

• Both the die and punch experience wear from the forces

applied to the sheet metal and are therefore made from tool

steel or carbon steel.

DEEP DRAWN PARTS

• In each step, a punch forces the part into a different die,

stretching the part to a greater depth each time.

• After a part is completely drawn, the punch and blank

holder can be raised and the part removed from the die.

• The portion of the sheet metal that was clamped under the

blank holder may form a flange around the part that can be

trimmed off.

• Deep drawing is most effective with ductile metals, such as

aluminum, brass, bronze, iron, copper, and mild steel.

• The following alloys are used in deep drawing process: pure copper,

some aluminum alloys and pure aluminum, 70-30 brass, cupro-

nickel, mild steels

• Car bodies, pans, cartridge cases, kitchen sinks, beverage cans, bullet

envelopes and other cup-like parts.

• These parts can have a variety of cross sections with straight, tapered,

or even curved walls, but cylindrical or rectangular parts are most

common.