extraction Resource PVC Use -...

Life Cycle Assessmentof PVC and of principal

competing materials

Commissioned by

Final Report – Annex A

PVCResource extraction

Production

Use

Disposal / Recycling

A 1

A 2

Annex A to Final Report

Life Cycle Assessment of PVC

and of principal competing materials

Commissioned by the European Commission

Februray 2004

Authors:

Project Coordination Dr. Martin Baitz Mr. Johannes Kreißig Ms. Eloise Bryne

PE Europe GmbH Hauptstr. 111 - 113 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Phone: +49 (7 11) 34 18 17 0 Fax: +49 (7 11) 34 18 17 25 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.pe-europe.com

Ms. Cecillia Makishi Mr. Thilo Kupfer

Institut für Kunststoffkunde und Kunststoffprüfung (IKP) Hauptstr. 113 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Phone: +49 (711) 48 99 99 0 Fax: +49 (711) 48 99 99 11 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.ikpgabi.uni-stuttgart.de

Dr. Niels Frees Dr. Niki Bey Mr. Morten Söes Hansen Ms. Annegrethe Hansen

Instituttet for Produktudvikling (IPU), DTU Bygning 424 2800 Lyngby Denmark Phone: +45 (45) 25 46 69 Fax: +45 (45) 93 55 56 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.dtu.dk/ipu

Dr. Teresa Bosch Dr. Veronica Borghi Ms. Jenna Watson Ms. Mar Miranda

RANDA GROUP C.Cardenal Vives i Tutó 41 entl. 12 08034 Barcelona Spain Phone: +34 (93) 280 02 58 Fax: +34 (93) 205 37 44 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.randagroup.es

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.pe-europe.com/


http://www.ikpgabi.uni-stuttgart.de/


http://www.dtu.dk/ipu


http://www.randagroup.es/

A 3

Content

Content .....................................................................................................................3 Annex A .....................................................................................................................4 Annex A1 Contacted parties and organisations.................................................................4 Annex A2 Documentation and systematic characterisation of LCAs...............................18 A2.1 Sector independent LCA studies.....................................................................18 A2.2 Building/Construction ......................................................................................88 A2.3 Consumer goods...........................................................................................132 A2.4 Packaging .....................................................................................................141 A2.5 Transport.......................................................................................................164 A2.6 Electric and electronics .................................................................................165 A2.7 Medical..........................................................................................................166 Annex A3 Documentation sheets of non-LCA studies...................................................167 A3.1 Sector independent information ....................................................................167 A3.2 Building/Construction ....................................................................................227 A3.3 Consumer goods...........................................................................................244 A3.4 Packaging .....................................................................................................246 A3.5 Electric and electronics .................................................................................258 A3.6 Medical..........................................................................................................261

A 4

Annex A

Annex A1 Contacted parties and organisations

This chapter provides an overview of the contacted parties and organisations that were invited to provide information.

An integral part of the project was the research, identification, procurement and collection of available studies. To enable a comprehensive overview of the available information, it was important to contact as many organisations as possible.

Main target groups were universities and private scientific institutions, non-governmental organisations, national authorities, federations, associations and companies.

Over 260 organisations were contacted and informed about the project and invited to pro-vide information.

Associations were the key player for information regarding companies and branches. The consortium first contacted the associations which themselves informed their member companies (multiplier effect). Therefore a broad coverage of available information in in-dustry could be reached. A high proportion of the available information was studies done in cooperation with research institutes and universities. LCA studies are also used in industry for internal decision support (e.g. in research and development). Those studies are not disclosed to public (to keep the competitive advantage) and are thus not publicly available.

Governmental organisations were the second key contact for the consortium. All avail-able information within the "Community Research and Development Information Service - CORDIS" was gathered. The Steering Committee informed further interested groups in-side the Commission about the project. Furthermore national environmental protection agencies were informed and asked to participate.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were another key contact for the consortium as well as research institutes and organisations which are active in the LCA field..

Publicly available studies may not be listed in catalogues and databases of the national libraries. The identification and access to these studies required a substantial amount of support and workload by the respective partners of the consortium. The members of the consortium used their contacts in various industries and associations. Hence with respect to the given timeframe a large number of studies could be identified, obtained, screened and judged.

The organisations were primarily contacted by letter, whereas companies, consultants and universities were contacted by e-mail to ease the process. When e-mail was used, a reply receipt was requested. Only a few recipients denied reading the e-mail. If the recipients did not answer, even when reminded, it was interpreted that no public information was available.

A 5

In Figure A 1 an overview is given of the contacted organisations by country.

Contacted Organisation by Country

UNITED KINGDOM5,0%

NORWAY3,8%

SPAIN18,7%

ITALY16,0%

FRANCE13,0%

GERMANY11,5%

DENMARK5,3%

EU-COMMISSIONED STUDIES

3,4%

PORTUGAL3,1%

FINLAND2,7%

BELGIUM1,9%

AUSTRIA2,7%

OTHERS0,4%

SWITZERLAND1,5%

EUROPE (overall)1,9%

GREECE1,5%

THE NETHERLANDS1,5%

IRLAND0,4%

SWEDEN5,7%

Figure A-1: Share by country of the 262 contacted organisations

Comparably less studies or contacts were found in the UK, Ireland or Greece. There seems to be still less activity on LCA in these regions. For example, a main contact in the UK, Norsk Hydro, referred to studies conducted by the Dutch company, TNO, for Norsk Hydro in Sweden.

The following figures give an overview of the response of the contacted organisations.

A 6

10

262

189

63

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

262

Total contacted

No Information available

Information available

not answered/others

Response of contaced organisations

Figure A-2: Contacted organisations and respective responses (absolute values)

Information provided71%

Information available, but not given

15%

not answered/others14%

Response of organisations with (potentially) available information

Figure A-3: Response of organisations with information available

The following table shows the individual response of the contacted parties and organisa-tions.

A 7

Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)

Info given (Y/N)

Comment

GERMANY GKV - Gesamtverband kunststoffverarbeitende Industrie e. V. N N Referred to AGPU

VCI - Verband der Chemischen Industrie e. V. Y N No reply as of 2003-08-22

AGPU - Arbeitsgemeischaft PVC und Umwelt e. V. Y Y

VKE - Verband Kunststoff-erzeugende Industrie e. V. Y Y

EVC Y Y

AGPR - Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC-Bodenbelag Recycling N N

DPR - Deutschen PVC Recycling GmbH N N Referred to AGPU

KRV - Kunststoffrohrverband N N Referred to AGPU

RBV - Rohrleitungsbauverband N N

SKZ - Süddeutsches Kunststoff Zentrum N N Refered to the book: PVC und Nachhaltigkeit

IKV - Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung an der RWTH Aachen N N Nothing to do with PVC for 10 years

Greenpeace Germany Y Y

AGOEF - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ökologischer Forschungsinsti-tute im Energie- und Umweltzentrum. Memebers: ALAB, WARTIG, Bremer Umweltinstitut GmbH, Umweltberatung Fulda, eco-Umweltinstitut GmbH, ARGUK Umweltlabor GmbH, Gesellschaft für Umweltchemie mbH, PMA Sindelfingen

N No Information about PVC, link to members:

UBA – Umweltbundesamt Y N Nothing received.

ifeu - Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg N N

Öko-Institut e. V. - Institut für angewandte Ökologie Y Y

Wuppertal Institut N Nothing received.

Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG Y Y

IVV - Fraunhofer Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Ver-packung IVV

N N No studies available

PROGNOS AG Y Y

BUND - Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland Y Y

BASF Y Y

Bayer N N

Solvay Deutschland GmbH Y Y

PVCplus Kommunikations GmbH N N

GERMANY R-plus Recycling GmbH N N

Be Ha Rec N N

A 8


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

VDA - Verband der Automobilindustrie e. V. N N No studies about PVC

Volkswagen AG Y Y

Der Grüne Punkt N N No studies available

AUSTRIA IK - Industrieverband Kunststoffverpackungen e. V. N N Referred to AGPU

API PVC- und Umweltberatung Y Y

KV - Österreichischer Kunststoffhersteller-Verband N Nothing received

Österreichisches Ökologie-Institut N N Nothing about PVC

Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik N N

Greenpeace Austria Y Y

Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut, ÖKI Y Y

BELGIUM ARA Altstoff Recycling Austria AG N N

Vereniging van kunststofverwerkers (Fechiplast) Y Y

PVC Information Council Y Y

Agoria – Multisector federation for the technology industry N N Referred to APME

Exxonmobil Y Y

THE NETHERLANDS Netherland Assiciation PVC+Environment Y Y

Vereniging van Kunststof Leveranciers (VvKL) N Referred to APME

PVC Sterring Committee Netherlands Y Y

The NETHERLANDS Federatie NRK Y Y

GREECE Association Hellenic Plastics Industrie N Nothing received

Hellenic PVC Forum Y Y

E. Beligiannis S.A. N Nothing received.

PETZETAKIS A.G. S.A N Nothing received.

SWITZERLAND Kunststoff-Verband Schweiz N N Nothing to do with PVC

SWITZERLAND BUWAL - Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft N Nothing received.

PVCH - Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen PVC-Industrie

N N Referred to AGPU

A 9


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

Greenpeace Switzerland

EUROPE (overall) ECVM – The European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers Y Y

APME - Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe Y Y

CEFIC - the European Chemical Industry Council Y Y

TEPPFA - The European Plastics Pipe and Fitting Association N N

Health Care Without Harm Y Y

DENMARK DTU, Plastcentret N

Energi E2 N Will ask co-operators

COWI A/S n.a.

NIRAS n.a.

By & byg Y Y

Rambøll n.a.

dk-Teknik n.a.

Miljöbyrån Ecoplan AB n.a.

Dansk Byggeri n.a.

EBA Entreprenørforeningen - Bygg og Anlegg

n.a.

Greenpeace Nordic Y Y Co-ordinates Greenpeace

PVC Information Council Denmark Y Y Will check further

Plastindustrien i Danmark n.a. Refered to PVC Info Council

Danish EPA (miljøstyrelsen) n.a. References on web page

NORWAY Statsbygg n.a.

Sintef, civil & environmental engn n.a.

Stiftelsen Østfold n.a.

NTNU Industriel økologi N Refered to Norsk Hydro

Det Norske Veritas n.a.

GRIP N. Refered to Hydro.com

NORWAY PVC Forum Norway n.a.

Norwegian Plastics Industries Association (PIF) n.a.

Norsk Hydro (UK) Y Y

A 10


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

Norges Naturvernforbund Y Y

SWEDEN ECPI Sweden N N

Linköping Universitet Y Y Received

SIS Eco-labelling Y Y Received by e-mail

Swedish EPA n.a. References on web page

Chalmers University Y Y

Fms, FOA (The Environmental Strategies Research Group) Y Y

KTH, afd. F. Industriel Miljöskydd Y N Refers to FMS

Stockholm University n.a. References found on web page

Plast- och Kemibrancherna (PoK) n.a. Same as PVC Forum, Plast & kemiföretagen, Sweden

PVC Forum, Plast- & Kemiföretagen Y Y

Sveriges Byggindustrier N

Swedish PVC forum n.a.

CIT, Chalmers n.a. Refers to Chalmers Univ.

IVL n.a.

Swedish Ministry of Environment n.a.

FINLAND Finnish EPA n.a.

VTT Environment n.a. Will check VTT

ECPI Finland N N Nothing to add to ECVM/ APME

VTT Materials n.a.

Finish Plastics Industries Federation n.a.

VTT Energy n.a.

RT, Confederation of Finnish Construction Industries n.a.

IRLAND Irish EPA n.a.

UNITED KINGDOM UK EPA n.a.

Bournemouth University Y Y Refers to DEFRA, PIRA, WRAP and their publications

Greenpeace UK n.a. See Greenpeace Nordic

A 11


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

ECPI UK n.a.

British Plastics Federation (BPF) n.a.

INCPEN n.a.

Plastics Industries Association n.a.

PIFA, Packaging and Industrial Films Association n.a.

Construction Confederation n.a.

CIF, Construction Industry Federation n.a.

Norsk Hydro (UK) Y Y

PIRA, consultancy of packaging, paper, printing and publish-ing industries

(Y) N Not answered yet

WRAP - the Waste & Resources Action Programme Y Y

EU-COMMISSIONED STUDIES University of Technology of Vienna Institue of Water Quality and Waste Management (Austria)

Y Y

BRE Building Research Stablishment Ltd (United Kingdom)

N N

IMG Innovations-Management GmbH (Kaiserslautern, Rhein-land-Pfalz, Germany)

N N Contacted, but no feedback

Kema Nederland BV (Utrechtseweg, Netherlands) N N Contacted, but no feedback

Trada Technology (High Wycombe, United Kingdom) N N Contacted, but no feedback

AIJU – Asociación de Investigación de la Industria del Juguete (Alicante, Spain)


National Centre for Hospital Hygiene (Kopenghagen, DK) N N Contacted, but no feedback

TRIU – Tecnicas de Residuos Industriais e Urbanos, LDA (Prior Velho, Portugal)


GAIKER-Dep. Packaging Zamudio (Bisckaia, Spain) N N Contacted, but no feedback

ITALY CNR-ITC Y Y

CNR –IPCF N N Contacted, but no feedback

CNR- ISOF N N Contacted, but no feedback

CNR –ICTP N N Contacted, but no feedback

ITALY CNR-SM N N Contact established, but no

feedback received

CNR-Centro RIcerche Sistemi Elettrici di Potenza N N Contact established, but no feedback received

EVC Compounds R & D Department N N Contact established, but no f db k i d

A 12


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

feedback received

Lonza SpA N N

Studio LCEngineering N They provided a web address

IPA Servizi (Environmental Consultancy) N They provided information about an expert to contact

ENSECO Ingegneria e servizi tecnici N They provided information about an expert to contact

Centro Informazioni sul PVC Y

SHE & Environmental Affairs N N Contacted, but no feedback

LEGAMBIENTE N N Contacted, but no feedback

ARIANNAMBIENTE (Environmental Consultancy) N N Contacted, but no feedback

Istituto per le tecnologie industriali e dell’automozione N N Contacted, but no feedback

Dipartamento di Ingegneria Chimica e di processo (Università Bologna)


Dipartamento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali (Università Bologna)


Dipartamento Chimica Industriale e dei Materiali (Università Bologna)


Università di Ancona N N Contacted, but no feedback

Università degli Studi dell’Aquila N N Contacted, but no feedback

Università della Calabria N N Contacted, but no feedback

Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” N N Contacted, but no feedback

Università degli Studi di Parma N N Contacted, but no feedback

Politecnico di Milano – Sezione Ambientale N They provided information about an expert to contact

Politecnico de Milano Dip. di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica


Associazione Italiana per la LCA N made a mailing to different LCA experts

European Council for Plasticisers and intermediates N N Contacted, but no feedback

Assoplast/Federchimica N N Contacted, but no feedback

GREENPEACE ITALIA Y All information on PVC avail-able on the web

ITALY ECOSISTEMI s.r.l. N N Contacted, but no feedback

Università G. D'Annunzio Dip di scienze


Enitecnologie N N Contacted, but no feedback

Take care International N N Contacted, but no feedback

A 13


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

EniTecnologie N N Contacted, but no feedback

ABB Group SErvice Center Srl N N Contacted, but no feedback

ENEA N N Contacted, but no feedback

Associazione Piccole e Medie Inustrie Varese N N Contacted, but no feedback

ECIPAR (CNA) Confederazione artigianato e piccola-media impresa


FEBE Ecologic (Environmental Consultancy) N N Contacted, but no feedback

ECOBILANCIO N

The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management Y

PORTUGAL Instituto Superior Tecnico N N Contacted, but no feedback

Inst. Polytechnic Viseu ESTV N N Contacted, but no feedback

APIP - Associaçâo Portuguesa da Indústria de Plásticos N N Contacted, but no feedback

Associaçao de Empresas de Construçâo e Obras Públicas AECOPS


Sociedade Ponto Verde Sociedade Gestora de Residuos de Embalagens, S.A.


Department of Mechanical Engineering. Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra


INETI/ITA Instituto de Tecnologias Ambientais Portugal N N Contacted, but no feedback

Amorim Revestimentos N N Contacted, but no feedback

SPAIN Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències

N N

NOVOTEC CONSULTORES N N Contacted, but no feedback

EUETII – Escola Universitaria d’Enginyeria Técnica d’Igualada


SOLUZIONA N N Contacted, but no feedback

PIRELLI SPAIN N N Contacted, but no feedback

Universidad de Valladolid N N Contacted, but no feedback

SPAIN Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Department of Chemical Engineering


Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia N N Contacted, but no feedback

PriceWaterhouseCoopers N N Contacted, but no feedback

GASBI-San Sebastian N N Contacted, but no feedback

A 14


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

IRTA N N Contacted, but no feedback

ARGESIP N N Contacted, but no feedback

Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Dep Eng. Química, Tarragona N N Contacted, but no feedback

GAIKER N N Contacted, but no feedback

ITEC- Barcelona N N Contacted, but no feedback

Institut Cerdà N N Contacted, but no feedback

PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS N N Contacted, but no feedback

Universidad de Zaragoza N N Contacted, but no feedback

AUMA N N Contacted, but no feedback

Centre Català del Plàstic N N Contacted, but no feedback

Atofina Y Y

ANAIP-EVCM Y Y

Centro Español del Plástico N N Contact established but no feedback received

OECD N N Contact established but no feedback received

CCOO N N Contact established but no feedback received

SEOPAN N N Contact established but no feedback received

OCUC (Organization of Consumers of Catalonia) Y Y

BASF N N Contact established but no feedback received

Greenpeace Spain Y Y

OCU (Organization of Consumers of Spain) N N Contact established but no feedback received

Ministry of Environment of the Spanish Government N N Contact established but no feedback received

Ministry of Environment of the Catalan Government N N

ICTP – CSIC, Institute of Science and Technology of Poly-mers – Spanish Council of Scientific Research

N N Contact established but no feedback received

Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Y N

SPAIN DEPANA (non-profit Catalan NGO organization) N N Contact established but no

feedback received

CIEMAT – CSIC


AIMPLAS N N Contact established but no feedback received

A 15


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

OECD N N Contact established but no feedback received

GAIKER Unidad de Procesos de Química y Separación N N Contact established but no feedback received

IIQAB - CSIC N N Contact established but no feedback received

Laboratorio de Envases IATA - CSIC Y N

CICLOPLAST N N Contact established but no feedback received

ANARPLAN Asociación Nacional de recicladores del Plástico Valencia


Instituto de la Grasa -CSIC Y N

ELISAVA N N Contact established but no feedback received

IHOBE N N Contact established but no feedback received

CEPEX, Environmental Quality Assurance N N Contact established but no feedback received

Universidad de Santiago N N Contact established but no feedback received

ASOVEN, Asociación de Fabricantes de Ventanas de PVC N N Contact established but no feedback received

FRANCE Greenpeace France Y

studies provided by Denmark

Société française de bâtiment N N Contact established, but no feedback received

Fedération National des travaux publiques N N Contact established, but no feedback received

ATOFINA Y Y Addresse to PVC forum

European Council for Plasticiers and Intermediates ECPI Sector Group of CEFIC

Y

GECOM-VALORPLAST (section PVC) Y

ECO EMBALLAGES Y

France ADEME (agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie) Cellule éco-critères & éco-produits

Y Y

ALCATEL Y N Contact established, but not feedback received

SPMP (syndicat des producteurs de matières plastiques) National organisation of PVC Forum

Y Y

A 16


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

TRIGA, S.A. Y N Contact established, but not feedback received

ACV-Conseil N N Contact established, but no feedback received

United Nations Environment Programme N N Contact established, but no feedback received

Université de Technologie de Troyes N

Société ECOBILAN (member of PricewaterhouseCoopers) Y N They refused to cooperate.

SCI (Association Industrielle de la Chimie à France) Addresse to l’Ecole Central Paris

Groupe Environnement de la Societé française de Chimie N N Contact established, but no feedback received

GFP (Assotiation qui travaille au secteur des polymères) N N Contact established, but no feedback received

ECPI France (European Council for Plasticisers and Interme-diates)

Y Addresse to PVC forum

SFEC (Syndicat Français des Enducteurs Calendreurs) Y Y Addresse to PVC forum

Proplast (organisation qui représente l'ensemble des organi-sations professionnelles de la filière plastique en France), FORUM PVC France

Y Y

YPREMA (organisation qui travaille au recyclage des matières premières de démolition et MIOM à la France)

N N Contact established, but no feedback received

AEDIA (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)


ICF ENVIRONNEMENT (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)


O2 FRANCE (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)


La Fédération de la Plasturgie Addresse to PVC forum

STR-PVC (Syndicat des Tubes et Raccords en PVC) Y Y Addresse to PVC forum

Association pour la Recherche et le Développement des Mé-thodes et Processus Industriels – ARMINES, member of PRESCO, Ecole Central de Paris

N They reply that are using APME directives

GTM Environnement N N Contact established, but no feedback received

FRANCE Environnement et Durabilité CSTB N N Contact established, but no

feedback received

Développement Durable CSTB N N Contact established, but no feedback received

Groupe RENAULT Y N No reply by May 16th.

Bureau de la planification et de la gestion des déchets ; EPA France


A 17


Info given (Y/N)

Comment

Greenpeace France Y studies provided by Denmark

OTHERS UNEP-SETAC LCA Initiative N N Contact established, but no

feedback received n.a. = not answered

Table A1-1: Overview of contacted organisations by country

A 18

Annex A2 Documentation and systematic characterisation of LCAs In Annex A2 all studies are listed which where not analysed as detailed as those of the main report.

A2.1 Sector independent LCA studies

Production processes of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PU, expoxy, SBR (IKP D-1)

Documentation sheet (IKP D-1)

Kind of report Study

Title Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung von Grundstoffen und Halbzeugen Teil IV Kunststoff

Scope of investigation Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, thermoplastic polyolefine, PU, expoxy resins,

SBR

Year of publication 1999

Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 1998

Institution or Company Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft und Anwendungstechnik der TU München

Contractor/ Address Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft (Bayerische Forschungsstiftung),

Am Blütenanger 71, 80995 München, Germany

Authors P. Tzscheutschler

Availability/Publisher Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft, Am Blütenanger 71, 80995 München, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords KEA, plastics, life cycle

Life-cycle phases

Qualitative/Quantitative

Production phase X Use phase End of life

Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative

Comparisons with alternatives -

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study describes the life cycle of different plastics and the respective emissions involved.

The life cycle is evaluated according to the KEA of the plastic. It does not compare any plastic,

each process is analyzed separately.

Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X

Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts

Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 90%

Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA

Industry X PVC/competitor material X Academia part of PVC compound Government material PVC/comp. comparison NGO PVC/competitor application application PVC/comp. comparison Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation

A 19

Systematic charatcerisation (IKP D-1) Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X

Function analysed Different polymers (PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, thermo-

plastic polyolefine, PU, expoxy resins, SBR) Functional unit Different for each polymer analysed System boundaries include:

materials energy X

production X use

disposal recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) energy System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories Impacts none

Global warming Acidification

Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion

Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco

other: Data quality

time not specified geography Germany technology average

Critical review performed no Evaluation none

Normalisation - Weighting -

other methods -

A 20

Ecological and environmental hygienic evaluation of PVC in general (IKP D-2)


Kind of report Book

Title Handlungsfelder und Kriterien für eine vorsorgende nachhaltige Stoffpolitik am Beispiel PVC

Scope of investigation Ecological and environmental hygienic evaluation of PVC in general



Institution or Company Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany

Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany

Authors Umweltbundesamt

Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt or Publisher: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co., Berlin, Germany

ISBN 3-503-04877-4

Keywords PVC, undercoating, window frames, cables, packaging

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase End of life

Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative

Comparison with alternatives It does not make a comparison properly, but it only mentions some competing materials and

some data regarding energy consumption of LDPE, HDPE, PP and PET

Reported data LCA / market information

Short description of the study The study provides ecological information about PVC and addtives involved, some market

information, but it does not perform a LCA properly. It does not consider any impact category

and only energy consumption is taken into consideration. PVC products are mentioned more

detailed in: undercoating, window frames, cables and packaging.





assessment

Initiator LCA

Industry PVC/competitor material Academia X part of PVC compound

X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison NGO PVC/competitor application application PVC/comp. comparison Other than LCA


A 21

Systematic characterisation (IKP D-2)

Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed PVC Manufacturing Functional unit 1 kg S-PVC System boundaries include:

materials X energy X

production X use

disposal X recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories Impacts



Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco X

other: Data quality

time geography Europa technology not specified

Critical review performed no Evaluation no

Normalisation Weighting

other methods

A 22

Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA (IKP D-7)


Kind of report Project report

Title Ressourcenschonende Herstellung von Polymerwerkstoffen am Beispiel Polyolefine

Scope of investigation Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA



Institution or Company Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,

Hauptstr. 113, D-70771 Echterdingen, Germany

Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany

Authors M. Baitz, T. Kupfer, W. Göschel

Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative

Comparison with alternatives -

Reported data LCA / market information

Short description of the study The objective of the study was the presentation of possible pollution-control technologies in

the production of market relevant polymers. Actually no complete LCA is performed, but an

input-output table is presented, with no impact analysis. This study was not published.


Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X



assessment

Initiator LCA

X Industry PVC/competitor material

X Academia part of PVC compound

Government X material PVC/comp. comparison

NGO PVC/competitor application

application PVC/comp. comparison

Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.

A 23


Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Production of different polymers Functional unit 1 kg (PE-LD, PE-HD, PP-isotaktisch, S-PVC, PS,

ABS, PA6.6) System boundaries include:


production X use

disposal recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption Air emissions sufficient Water emissions sufficient Waste categories sufficient Impacts




other: Data quality

time geography Germany technology BAT



other methods

A 24

LCA of Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths (IKP D-17)



Title Ökobilanzierung am Beispiel von Spritzkabinen aus PVC und Edelstahl

Scope of investigation Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths in the production, use and disposal/recycling phase.


Ref. Year(s) of assessment 1996

Institution or Company Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,

Hauptstr. 113, 70771 Echterdingen, Germany

Contractor/ Address J. Wagner GmbH, Otto-Lilienthal-Str. 18, 88677 Markdorf, Germany

Authors Matthias Harsch, Matthias Finkbeiner

Availability/Publisher Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,

Hauptstr. 113, 70771 Echterdingen, Germany

ISBN

Keywords PVC, Stainless steel, spraybooth, LCA

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X

Comparison with alternatives stainless steel, PVC

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to compare spraybooths made of stainless steel and PVC. The

study was part of a project for the painting industry and showed the weak points and optimisa-

tion potential in the production process of spraybooths as well as in the process as a whole.


Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts

Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 %


assessment

Initiator LCA



Government material PVC/comp. Comparison


X application PVC/comp. Comparison

Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment.

A 25

Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-17)

Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff X

Code of practice

Other

Goal, description of

Application/use of results X

Aim of study X

Target group of study X

Scope, description of

main technical systems properly described X

Function analysed Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths

Functional unit

1 Spraybooth (6 x 2 x 2.8 m) with 1 automatic stroke and 8 powder automatic pistol with injec-

tors

System boundaries include:

materials sufficient

energy sufficient

production sufficient

use sufficient

disposal sufficient

recycling sufficient

transportation sufficient

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Mass/energy

System Expension

Substitution

Data categories described

Primary energy consumption sufficient

Air emissions sufficient

Water emissions sufficient

Waste categories sufficient

Impacts not described

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment

Tropospheric Ozon Formation

Stratospheric Ozon Depletion

Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time

geography Germany

technology specific

Critical review performed no

Evaluation not described

Normalisation X

Weighting

other methods

A 26

LCA of Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths (IKP D-24)



Title Ökobilanzen Holz

Scope of investigation LCA of wood


Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997

Institution or Company Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung e. V., Bayernstr. 57 - 59, 80335 München, Germany

Contractor/ Address Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany

Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Ger-

many

Authors Prof. Dr. Dr. habil. G. Wegener, Dr. B. Zimmer, Prof. Dr. A. Frühwald, Dr. M. Scharai-Rad

Availability/Publisher Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung e. V., Bayernstr. 57 - 59, 80335 München, Germany

ISSN 0466-2114

Keywords wood, LCA, sustainability

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung gives a broad overview on wood production and

processing. The comparison to other materials is not included in the scope of investigation.



Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data


assessment

Initiator LCA

Industry X PVC/competitor material


Government material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA


A 27

Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-24) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff x Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study x Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed LCI data for various wood products Functional unit not stated System boundaries include:

materials x energy x

production x use

disposal recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Energy System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption no Air emissions no Water emissions no Waste categories no Impacts

Global warming Characterisation factors listed Acidification no

Nutrient enrichment no Tropospheric Ozon Formation no Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no

Toxicity, human no Toxicity, eco no

other: no Data quality

time not stated geography Germany technology not stated

Critical review performed unknown Evaluation

Normalisation no Weighting no

other methods no

A 28

Emissions from PVC waste incineration (IKP D-26)


Kind of report Article

Title PVC-Abfälle thermisch und stofflich verwerten statt PVC-Verzicht!

Scope of investigation Emissions from PVC waste incineration



Institution or Company MVR Müllverwertungsanlage Rugenberger Damm GmbH & Co. KG,

Rugenberger Damm 1, 21129 Hamburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address Müll und Abfall, Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co.,

Genthiner Str. 30 G, 10785 Berlin, Germany

Authors Menke, D.; Fiedler, H.; Zwahr, H.

Availability/Publisher Müll und Abfall, Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co.,

Genthiner Str. 30 G, 10785 Berlin, Germany

ISSN 0027-2957

Keywords PVC, waste incineration, emissions

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X


Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The article describes the PVC combustion in the waste-incineration plant "Rugenberger

Damm" (Hamburg, Germany). Technical demands and boundary conditions of the process are

mentioned, a flow chart of the plant and the flue-gas cleaning processes is shown and meas-

ured emission values are listed. Apart from waste incineration no other life-cycle phases are

considered.



Generic data/literature data 30 % Specific/own/new data 70%


assessment

Initiator LCA

X Industry X PVC/competitor material

Academia part of PVC compound




Other than LCA

Comment: Only End-of-Life as part of an LCA considered, specific data, scientifically based

investigation, suggested for systematic characterisation.

A 29

Systematic characterisation (IKP D-26) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff no

Code of practice no

Other X



Aim of study not specified

Traget group of study not specified



Function analysed thermal recycling

Functional unit waste-incineration plant

System boundaries include: focus on emissions

materials no

energy no

production no

use no

disposal no

recycling X

transportation no

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) no

System Expension no

Substitution no


Primary energy consumption no

Air emissions X

Water emissions not specified

Waste categories not specified

Impacts

Global warming no impacts

Acidification no impacts

Nutrient enrichment no impacts

Tropospheric Ozon Formation no impacts

Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no impacts

Toxicity, human no impacts

Toxicity, eco no impacts

other: no impacts

Data quality

time 2001

geography Hamburg, Germany

technology best availlable technology


Evaluation not published

Normalisation no

Weighting no

other methods eco-efficiency

A 30

LCA of wood products (IKP D-28)



Title Querschnittsanalyse zur ökologischen Bilanzierung von Holzprodukten in Deutschland, Europa

und Nordamerika

Scope of investigation LCA of wood products



Institution or Company Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg

Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München

Contractor/ Address Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,

Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany

Authors Frühwald, A.; Wegener, G.

Availability/Publisher Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg,

Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany;

Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany

ISBN

Keywords wood, LCA, comparison of existing studies

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X

Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative

Comparison with alternatives qualitative comparison between different studies

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study analyses 25 different LCA studies of wood products in Germany, Austria, Switzer-

land, Sweden and Canada. Goal is to give an overview about already made studies and to

bring off a data source for future continuative studies. It is a summarization of literature with no

new data. Comparisons are made between the several studies. For detailed input/output data,

the special studies have to be regarded.



Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data


assessment

Initiator LCA

Industry PVC/competitor material



NGO X PVC/competitor application

application PVC/comp. Comparison

Other than LCA


A 31

Systematic characterisation (IKP D-28) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Studies analysed if ISO is followed Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed Critical review of existing studies on wood in various uses Functional unit Studies are analysed for this point System boundaries include:


production x use x

disposal x recycling x

transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Studies are analysed for this point System Expansion Studies are analysed for this point Substitution Studies are analysed for this point Data categories described Primary energy consumption x Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts

Global warming x Acidification x

Nutrient enrichment x Tropospheric Ozon Formation x Stratospheric Ozon Depletion x

Toxicity, human x Toxicity, eco x

other: waste, resources Data quality

time Studies are analysed for this point geography Studies are analysed for this point technology Studies are analysed for this point

Critical review performed Evaluation


other methods

A 32

LCA of roundwood products (IKP D-30)



Title Vergleichende Ökobilanzierung der Rundholzproduktion in verschiedenen Forstbetrieben

Scope of investigation LCA of roundwood production



Institution or Company Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,


Contractor/ Address

Authors Schweinle, J.; Thoroe, C.

Availability/Publisher Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,


ISSN 0368-8798

Keywords wood, roundwood, LCA, production

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Comparison between different forest management systems, biological and technical production

routes of roundwood in seven forest enterprises

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Study about the production phase of roundwood with detailed data on inventory analysis and

impact assessment. Comparison between different forest-management systems, biological and

technical production routes of roundwood in seven forest enterprises.



Generic data/literature data 20 % Specific/own/new data 80 %


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 33

Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-30)

Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff X Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of Main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Production of roundwood Functional unit Saleable wood quantity (dry weight) System boundaries include:


production X use

disposal recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Mass System Expansion no Substitution no Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts

Global warming X Acidification X

Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation X Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X


other:land use, various soil impacts, groundwater impact. Data quality

time 1992 to 1997 geography Germany technology Average

Critical review performed No Evaluation

Normalisation No Weighting No

other methods No

A 34

Decision criteria for aluminium application (IKP D-32)



Title Erarbeitung von Entscheidungskriterien zum Einsatz von Aluminium-Bauteilen

Scope of investigation Decision criteria for aluminium application



Institution or Company Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH,

Monumentenstr. 33, 10829 Berlin, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH

Availability/Publisher Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH,

Monumentenstr. 33, 10829 Berlin, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords aluminium applications, aluminium components

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X


Comparison with alternatives aluminium, other metals, plastics, wood and other materials

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Quantitative study about the production phase of several aluminium components in construc-

tion industry and alternatives of other materials. Use phase and recycling are only qualitative

considered. Focus of the study is the formulation of decision criteria for aluminium application

in construction industry.



Generic data/literature data 70% Specific/own/new data 30%


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 35

Systematic characterisation (IKP D-32) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not stated Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed Aluminium in various construction materials. Functional unit not stated System boundaries include:

materials qualitatively energy qualitatively

production qualitatively use

disposal qualitatively recycling qualitatively

transportation qualitatively Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not stated System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption x Air emissions no Water emissions no Waste categories no Impacts

Global warming no Acidification no



other: no Data qualità

time not stated, but around 1990 geography not stated technology not stated



other methods no

A 36

Decision criteria for aluminium application (IKP D-35)


Kind of report Report

Title Eco-Profiles: Polyvinyl Chloride

Scope of investigation LCInventory of PVC production



Institution or Company APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Contractor/ Address ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers

Authors Dr. Ian Boustead, ECVM

Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and ECVM, the European Council of

Vinyl Manufacturers

ISBN -

Keywords LCI, production

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA, Inventory only

Short description of the study The Plastics Manufacturers of Europe have gathered loads of data specific to their industry

sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1 kg of product. This

report deals with the production of PVC and is a major source of information in this field. An

older version of this study exists from 1994 (D-35b) which has been used as a source of data

for many other studies on PVC.



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data mostly


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 37

Systematic characterisation (IKP D-35) Overall frame of study not specified

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed Production of PVC

Functional unit 1 kg PVC


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation X

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)

System Expension

Substitution






Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1998

geography Europe

technology average


Evaluation no

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 38

LCInventory of Polymer products (IKP D-36)



Title Eco-Profiles: Polymer Conversion

Scope of investigation Life-cycle inventory of polymer products



Institution or Company APME Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe,

Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Contractor/ Address EuPC (European Plastic Converters) and

EUROMAP (European Committee of Machinery Manufacturers)

Authors Dr. Ian Boustead, ECVM

Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and

ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers

ISBN -


Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Different applications of PP, LD-PE, PVC, HD-PE on a kg-basis

Reported data LCA; Inventory only


sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1 kg of product. This

report deals with the plastic products made by extrusion, injection moulding, film blowing and

calendaring and is a major source of information in this field.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 39

Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-36) Overall frame of study not specified

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed Polymer conversion

Functional unit 1 kg of polymer (OPP, LDPE, calendered PVC, PVC Pipe, HDPE)


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation X


System Expension

Substitution






Impacts none

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1990

geography Europe

technology average


Evaluation no

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 40

LCInventory of polymer feedstock production (IKP D-39)



Title Eco-Profiles: Olefin Feedstock Sources

Scope of investigation Life-cycle inventory of polymer feedstock production



Institution or Company APME Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3,

B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Contractor/ Address The European Centre for Plastics in the Environment (PWMI)

Authors Dr. Ian Boustead

Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and

ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers

ISBN -


Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA; Inventory only


sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1kg of product. This

report deals with the production of feedstock for the plastics industry and is a major source of

information in this field.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 41


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed Olefin Feedstock sources

Functional unit 1 kg ethylene/1kg propylene/ 1 kg butene


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation X


System Expension

Substitution






Impacts none

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1993

geography Europe

technology average


Evaluation no

Normalisation

Weighting

Other methods

A 42

LCInventory of polymer feedstock production (IKP NL-6)

Documentation sheet (IKP NL-6)


Title Chlorine Study/The Dutch chlorine chain study in 10 sheets

Scope of investigation Inventory of Dutch chlorine flows and LCA



Institution or Company TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy and CML Universtity of Leiden

Contractor/ Address Ministry of Housing. Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), Transport and Communi-

cations (V&W) and Economic Affairs (EZ), The Netherlands

Authors A. Tukker, R. Kleijn, E. v.d. Voet, E. Smeets

Availability/Publisher TNO-STB, P.O. Box 541, 7300 AM Apeldoorn, The Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords Chlorine

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Substnce flow analysis, LCA

Short description of the study The original study 'A chlorine balance for the Netherlands' presents an overview of the chlorine

stream and its compounds in the Dutch chlorine chain. Next in an extra paper: 'The Dutch

chlorine chain study: an exercise in combining SFA and LCA', an LCA of this chlorine chain is

performed. The results are described, but no inventory data is presented.





assessment

Initiator LCA


X Academia X part of PVC compound

X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison



Other than LCA


A 43

Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-6) Overall frame of study not specified

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X

Target group of study


main technical systems properly described

Function analysed Chlorine chain

Functional unit not specified


materials X

energy

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified

System Expension

Substitution


Primary energy consumption

Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification X

Nutrient enrichment


Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X

Toxicity, human X

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time not specified

geography Netherland

technology not specified


Evaluation no

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 44

Inventory data of the production process of PVC made products (IKP BE-1)

Documentation sheet (IKP BE-1)


Title Eco-profiles: PVC Conversion Processes

Scope of investigation Inventory data of the production process of some PVC made products



Institution or Company APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Contractor/ Address APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Authors Ian Boustead

Availability/Publisher APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN

Keywords PVC, UPVC film, calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives UPVC film, calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study presents an inventory of the operations comprising the conversion systems of a

PVC resin: production of PVC resin, transport of the resin to the converter, conversion process

itself and packaging of the finished component. The products analyzed here were: UPVC film,

calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion. No LCA is performed.



Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80% Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 45

Systematic characterisation (IKP BE-1) Overall frame of study X

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

other



Aim of study X




Function analysed PVC conversion processes

Functional unit 1 kg S-PVC/1 kg of UPVC film/ 1 kg of calendered PVC/

1 kg PVC injection moulding/ 1 kg PVC pipe


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation X


System Expension

Substitution






Impacts none

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 2002

geography Europe

technology average


Evaluation no Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 46

The Benefits of Using Plastics (IKP AT-1)

Documentation sheet (IKP AT-1)


Title The Benefits of Using Plastics

Scope of investigation Effects of production, use and waste management, environmental and economic effects along

the whole life cycle, elements with social relevance, “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”

Year of publication -

Ref. year(s) of assess-

ment

-

Institution or Company GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH

Contractor/ Address GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH,

Sechshauserstr. 83, A-1150 Wien, Austria

Authors GUA

Availability/Publisher GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH,

Sechshauserstr. 83, A-1150 Wien, Austria

ISBN -

Keywords Production, use, waste management, environmental effects, economic effects, life cycle, social

relevance, “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alterna-

tives

shopping bag, pallet (meat production), ham packaging, beverage packaging (glass and PET),

pipe (drinking water), insulation material, window (wood and aluminium), floor covering, fodder

production, vegetable production, geomembrane, electrical pipe, E&E housing, capacitor film,

fuel tank, bumper, syringe, infusion container

Reported data LCA, LCC

Short description of the

study

Goal and scope of the study:

- effects of production, use and waste management

- environmental and economic effects along the whole life cycle

- integration and quantification of social aspects – in future!!

- one integrated aspect by “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”

Sort of comprehensive slide presentation, without publication date, reference year, information

on data origin or literature link



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA





X application PVC/comp. comparison

Other than LCA


A 47

Systematic characterisation (IKP AT-1) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other X



Aim of study X




Function analysed different products (packaging, building agriculture, elec-tric/electronic, automotive,

medicine)


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation


System Expension

Substitution


Primary energy consumption X

Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts not reported

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time -

geography -

technology -


Evaluation no

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 48

Particular properties and environmental problems of PVC (IKP AT-7)

Documentation sheet (IKP AT-7)


Title Die Situation der Chlorchemie in Österreich

Scope of investigation Particular properties and environmental problems of PVC - caused by the high content of

chlorine


Ref. year(s) of assessment

Institution or Company Gesellschaft Österreichischer Chemiker, Arbeitsgruppe Chlorchemie, Nibelungengasse 11,

A-1010 Wien, Austria

Contractor/ Address Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur

Minoritenplatz 5, A -1014 Wien, Austria

Authors Leiter der Gruppe: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alfred Schmidt, TU Wien

Availability/Publisher Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur


ISBN -

Keywords PVC, properties, environmental problems, production, use

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data LCA


study

The study describes the production of PVC in general, including the manufacturing of stabilis-

ers and flexibilisers, the technical properties and fields of application of PVC and environmental

problems in terms of production, use and end of life of PVC products.




assessment

Initiator LCA



X Government material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA


A 49

Systematic characterisation (IKP AT-7)

Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of


Function analysed PVC production Functional unit Information only qualitatively described

System boundaries include: materials X

energy production X

use disposal recycling

transportation


System Expension Substitution

Data categories described none

Primary energy consumption Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories

Impacts none




other: Data quality

time not specified geography Austria technology average



other methods

A 50

Disposal of PVC in Sweden (IPU 041.0020)

Documentation sheet (IPU 041.0020)


Title Disposal of PVC waste

Scope of investigation Disposal of PVC in Sweden


Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown

Institution or Company Swedish EPA

Contractor/ Address Swedish Government

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Swedish EPA

ISBN

Keywords PVC disposal, PVC waste management

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives None

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Assessment of the current disposal of PVC in Sweden, proposals for dealing with PVC waste

in an environmentally compatible manner.


Overall/screening Profound X


Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 51

Systematic characterisation (IPU 041.0020)

Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed end of life of PVC products Functional unit not described System boundaries include:

materials energy

production use


transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts

Global warming No impact assessment Acidification No impact assessment

Nutrient enrichment No impact assessment Tropospheric Ozon Formation No impact assessment Stratospheric Ozon Depletion No impact assessment

Toxicity, human No impact assessment Toxicity, eco No impact assessment

other: No impact assessment Data quality

time not described geography not described technology not described

Critical review performed no Evaluation

Normalisation not performed Weighting not performed

other methods not performed

A 52

Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer relative to PVC (IPU 041.0020)



Title Miljøvurdering af EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVA)

Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer over the whole life cycle relative to PVC



Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark

Authors Schmidt, A., Hansen, L. E., Hoffmann, L., Larsen, J., Elvestad, K.

Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords EVA, PVC

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative


Comparison with alternatives EVA, AVOH

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study A possible material for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself

is not assessed.




Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA



X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA

Comment: Although only qualitative information it was (for test reasons) systematically char-

acterised (IPU 000.0040 was then not individually characterised as well)

A 53


Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed Material: EVA compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:


production x use x


transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts

Global warming No quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification No quantitative impact assessment performed

Nutrient enrichment No quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation No quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion No quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, human No quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco No quantitative impact assessment performed

other: No quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality


Critical review performed not described Evaluation



A 54

The material LLDPE as a possible alternative material to PVC (IPU 000.0045)



Title Miljøvurdering af LLDPE - Plastmaterialet linear low density polyethylen

(Environmental assessment of LLDPE)

Scope of investigation The material LLDPE as a possible alternative material to PVC




Contractor/ Address

Authors Møller, S., Jelnes, J. E., Færgemann, H.


ISBN

Keywords LLDPE, PVC

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X


Comparison with alternatives LLDPE

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA on LLDPE and compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte

alternative materialer)






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 55



ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other not performed following LCA standards


Application/use of results not described

Aim of study not described

Target group of study not described


main technical systems properly described yes

Function analysed Material: LLDPE compared with PVC

Functional unit not described


materials x

energy x

production x

use x

disposal x

recycling x

transportation

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described

System Expansion not described

Substitution not described


Primary energy consumption not described

Air emissions x

Water emissions x

Waste categories x

Impacts

Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed

Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed

Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed

Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed

Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed

other: no quantitative impact assessment performed

Data quality

time not described

geography not described

technology not described

Critical review performed not described

Evaluation

Normalisation not performed

Weighting not performed


A 56

The material SEBS as a possible alternative material to PVC (IPU 000.0046)



Title Miljøvurdering af SEBS og PET

(Environmental assessment of SEBS and PET)

Scope of investigation The material SEBS (Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) as a possible alternative material to

PVC. Update on earlier LCA on PET




Contractor/ Address

Authors Schmidt, A., Hansen, L .E., Hoffmann, L., Larsen, J., Elvestad, K.


ISBN

Keywords SEBS, PET, PVC

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives SEBS and PET as alternative materials

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA on SEBS compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative

materialer)






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 57


Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed Material: SEBS compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:


production X use X

disposal X recycling X

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts

Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed

Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed

other: no quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality





A 58

Lifecycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling (IPU 000.0011)



Title Life cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study

Scope of investigation Landfilling or recycling of aluminium, steel, glass, HDPE, PVC and PET



Institution or Company CSERGE, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TS, UK

University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

Contractor/ Address

Authors Craighill, A. L., Powell, J. C.

Availability/Publisher Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (1996). Elsevier Science B.V.

ISBN No

Keywords Life cycle assessment, recycling, economic valuation, waste management.

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA, Socio-economic

Short description of the study The study evaluates the possibility of combining LCA with economic valuation to reach a “life-

cycle evaluation”. The case is a comparative assessment of recycling or landfilling of various

materials; aluminium, steel, glass, HDPE, PVC and PET.





assessment

Initiator LCA



Government X material PVC/comp. Comparison



Other than LCA


A 59

Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0011) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice X Other Goal, description of Application/use of results no Aim of study X Target group of study no Scope, description of main technical systems properly described Function analysed Recycling vs landfilling of bottles Functional unit 1 tonne of waste System boundaries include:

materials X energy x

production x use x


transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption no Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts


Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion


other: Data quality

time unknown geography UK technology average

Critical review performed no Evaluation


other methods no

A 60

General use of PVC in Denmark (IPU 000.0017)



Title Environmental Aspects of PVC

Scope of investigation General use of PVC in Denmark



Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute, Environmental Technology

Contractor/ Address Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Authors Møller, S.; Larsen, J.; Jelnes, J .E.; Færgemann, H.; Ottosen, L. M.; Knudsen, F. E.

Availability/Publisher

ISBN

Keywords

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Alternative products mentioned, but no calculations

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA study. Alternative products mentioned but no calculations given. Transparent study.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 61

Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0017) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not discussed Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study not discussed Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed PVC in general Functional unit no specific function assessed System boundaries include:


production X use X


transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not discussed System Expansion not discussed Substitution not discussed Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts

Global warming no impact assessment Acidification no impact assessment

Nutrient enrichment no impact assessment Tropospheric Ozon Formation no impact assessment Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no impact assessment

Toxicity, human no impact assessment Toxicity, eco no impact assessment

other: no impact assessment Data quality

time not discussed geography Europe technology average

Critical review performed yes Evaluation


other methods no

A 62

Assessment of EVOH and EVA (IPU 000.0043)



Title Miljøvurdering af EVOH og EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVOH and EVA)

Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol and an update to Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

over the whole life cycle relative to PVC.




Contractor/ Address



ISBN

Keywords EVA, EVOH, PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA


is not assessed.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


http://www.mst.dk/

A 63

Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0043) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed EVA and EVOH compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:


production X use X


transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts

Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed

Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed

other: no quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality





A 64

Assessment of EAA and EMA (IPU 000.0066)



Title Miljøvurdering af EAA og EMA – Plastmaterialerne ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-

methacrylsyre copolymer(Environmental assessment of EAA and EMA – The plastic materials

acrylic acid copolymer and ethylene-methaacrylic acid copolymer)

Scope of investigation Assessment of EAA and EMA over the whole life cycle relative to PVC



Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Dansk Teknologisk Institut

Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark

Authors Schmidt, Anders; Hansen, Lisbeth Engel; Hoffmann, Leif; Larsen, Jørgen; Elvestad, Kari


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-072-0

Keywords EAA, EMA, ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-methacrylsyre copolymer,

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives EAA, EMA

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Possible materials for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself is

no assessed





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 65

Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0066) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other not performed following LCA standards


Application/use of results not described

Aim of study not described

Target group of study not described


main technical systems properly described yes

Function analysed Material: EAA and EMA compared with PVC

Functional unit not described


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described

System Expansion not described

Substitution not described


Primary energy consumption not described

Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed

Acidification No quantitative impact assessment performed

Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed

Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed

Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed

Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed

other: no quantitative impact assessment performed

Data quality

time not described

geography not described

technology not described

Critical review performed not described

Evaluation

Normalisation not performed

Weighting not performed


A 66

PVC substance-flow analysis for Sweden (IPU 027.0077)



Title A PVC substance flow analysis for Sweden

Scope of investigation PVC use in Sweden



Institution or Company TNO Centre for Technology and Policy Studies,

Laan van Westenenk 501, P.O.Box 41, 7300 AM Apeldorn, The Netherlands

Contractor/ Address Norsk Hydro

Authors Tukker, A.; Kleijn, R.; van Oers, L.

Availability/Publisher Personal Contact [email protected]

ISBN

Keywords PVC flow analysis

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA study with Swedish national border as system boundary




Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA



A 67


Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice not stated but probably "Code of practice" Other Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study X Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed total use of PVC in Sweden Functional unit no functional unit System boundaries include:


production X use X


transportation not described Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) mass and price System Expansion not performed Substitution not performed Data categories described Primary energy consumption no description Air emissions no description Water emissions no description Waste categories no description Impacts



Toxicity, human X Toxicity, eco X

other: Landfill volume Data quality

time 1994 geography Sweden technology average

Critical review performed yes Evaluation

Normalisation normalised by Swedish total emissions Weighting not performed

other methods

A 68

PVC substance flow analysis for Sweden (Randa FR.002)

Documentation sheet (Randa FR.002)


Title Eco-profile of high volume commodity phthalate esters (DEHP/DINP/DIDP)

Scope of investigation Life cycle inventory of standard phthalates. Phtalates widely used in Western Europe as plasti-

cisers for PVC manufacturers. Possible extension to LCA studies



ment

1999

Institution or Company Société ECOBILAN (member company of PricewaterhouseCoopers)

Contractor/ Address European Council for Plasticiers and Intermediates (ECPI)

Sector Group of CEFIC.

Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 1, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium

Telephone: +32 2 676 7260, Fax: +32 2 676 7392, e-mail: [email protected]

Authors ECOBILAN

Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ECPI homepage:

http://www.ecpi.org/technical%2Dpapers/ecoprofile.pdf

ISBN No

Keywords Phthalates, LCI, plasticiser, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, PVC, Life cycle inventory, LCA.

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternati-

ves

Comparison of 5 phthalate esters, and 3 oxo alcohols as alternatives.

Reported data LCA


study

The goal of the study is to provide to the users of phthalates:

- a representative average “cradle-to-gate” life-cycle inventory or eco-profile for the 3 highest

consumed phthalates in Western Europe.

- information on the main environmental impacts in the production of these products.

- the required data to proceed with LCA studies of the materials using these products.





Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA


Academia X part of PVC compound




Other than LCA



A 69

Systematic characterisation (Randa FR.002) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other APME methodology


Application/use of results

Aim of study X



Main technical systems properly described X

Function analysed production of phthalate esters (DEHP, DINP, DIDP)

Functional unit to produce 1 kg of high volume commodity phthalate esters.


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal

recycling

transportation X

Allocation (mass/energy/price) mass-based allocation rules applied.

System Expansion Expansion applied using avoided impacts or credit method.

Substitution






Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment

Tropospheric Ozone Formation

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1996 to 1998

geography Western Europe

technology average/specific

Critical review performed

Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods Vertical and horizontal averaging method. Sensitivity analysis performed on syngas unit.

LCA allgemein mit SC

A 70

Kind of report Summary Report

Title Recycling and Recovery of Plastics from Packaging in Domestic Waste. LCA-type Analysis of

Different Strategies

Scope of investigation Available recycling and recovery options for used packaging plastics: mechanical recycling,

feedstock recycling, energy recovery



Institution or Company Fraunhofer-Institut Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (IVV),

Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany

Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz

Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Strömungsme-

chanik; Forschungsinstitut Kunstoff und Recycling, Willich

Contractor/ Address VKE - Verband Kunstofferzeugende Industrie e. V.

APME – Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels

DS – Duales System Deutschland AG

VCI – Verband der Chemischen Industrie

GKV – Gesamtverband der Kunststoffverarbeitenden Industrie e. V.

Authors Author of the summary report: B. Otto

Author of the extended original study: M. Heine and M. Kremer

Availability/Publisher Fraunhofer-Institut Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (IVV)

ISBN -

Keywords Packaging, mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling, energy recovery

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Scenarios of recycling and recovery options, landfill

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of recycling and recovery

options for used packaging plastics in comparison to landfill. The methodology used was 'Bas-

ket-of-Goods', which although uses a life-cycle approach, cannot be considered as a complete

LCA in the strict sense. It is not specific for a determined sort of plastics.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment

IKP D-11

A 71


Title Life-cycle analysis of the mechanical recycling of the mixed plastic fraction from collections of

the Duales System Deutschland GmbH

Scope of investigation Recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form palisades and base stand for building fence



Institution or Company TÜV Rheinland Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH, Am Grauen Stein, 51105 Köln, Germany

Contractor/ Address DS, GKV, VKE

Authors Prof. G. Schock, Dr. B. Otto

Availability/Publisher TÜV Rheinland Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH, Am Grauen Stein, 51105 Köln, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords Packaging, mechanical recycling, mixed plastics fraction

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Mechanical recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form palisades and base stands for site

building fence

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study This study was a supplementary study to the the 'Life Cycle Analysis of recycling and recovery

of households Plastics waste packaging materials' study. Here, the objective was to evaluate

the environmental impacts of the mechanical recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form pali-

sades and base stand for site building fence. The methodology used was 'Basket-of-Goods',

which although uses a life-cycle approach, cannot be considered a complete LCA in the strict

sense. It is not specific for a determined type of plastics.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment

IKP D-12

A 72


Title Aktuelle Ökobilanzen zum Werkstoff PVC - eine kritische Prüfung (critical review) -

Scope of investigation Overview on recent eco balances



Institution or Company Greenpeace Deutschland, Grosse Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address BZL Kommunikation und Projektsteuerung GmbH, Lindenstr. 33, 28876 Oyten, Germany

Authors Greenpeace Deutschland

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Deutschland, Große Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords LCA, window, floor, pipes

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative



Reported data No own LCA data reported (critical review done by Greenpeace)

Short description of the study Greenpeace provides a critical review on five LCA studies on PVC as a construction material.



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data


assessment

Initiator LCA




X NGO PVC/competitor application


X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study (meta-study about LCA studies), all studies judged here are as-

sessed individually within this study, no additional information, not suggested for further as-

sessment

IKP D-23

A 73


Title Ökobilanzen von PVC-Produkten: Grüne Kompasse für ökologische Zukunftsfähigkeit

Scope of investigation overview about existing LCA studies of PVC



Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany

Contractor/ Address Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany

Authors Dr. Hermann Krähling, Solvay Deutschland GmbH, Postfach 220, 30002 Hannover, Germany /

Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, 30173 Hannover, Germany

Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany

ISBN

Keywords LCA, PVC, overview

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PVC in different applications

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The report is an overview about existing LCA studies of PVC. The particular results are pre-

sented very short and for detailed information the underlying studies have to be considered.

On ist own the report can only give a short impression of different PVC applications in different

market sectors.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals

with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic characterisation of the brochure like article is hardly

possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic

characterisation.

IKP D-48

A 74


Title Life Cycle Assessment of PVC Products: A Green Guide to Ecological Sustainability

Scope of investigation Overview of current LCA studies of products made from PVC



Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany

Contractor/ Address ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany

Authors Dr. Hermann Krähling

Availability/Publisher ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany

ISBN 3-928379-58-5

Keywords LCA, pipes, window frames, floor coverings

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Each study mentioned compare PVC with different alternatives

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study provides a systematic comparison and overview of current LCA studies that have

examined important products made from PVC, such as pipes, window frames and floor cover-

ings. Studies on cables and roof sheeting are also briefly discussed. It is a good reference to

know what has already been done regarding LCA studies in this field.



Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment is hardly possible, but it may help to

interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.

IKP D-53

A 75


Title Stabilisatoren in PVC

Scope of investigation compatibility of different stabiliser systems in PVC



Institution or Company Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut ÖKI,

Franz-Grill-Str. 5, Arsenal Objekt 213, A-1030 Wien, Austria

Contractor/ Address Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur,


Authors D. Loidl, F. Sumper, A. Feldmann, M. Bichler

Availability/Publisher Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut ÖKI,

Franz-Grill-Str. 5, Arsenal Objekt 213, A-1030 Wien, Austria

ISBN -

Keywords

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X



tives

Comparison done between all alternatives

Reported data


study

The study considers the material recycling of PVC. Regarding the material recycling of PVC

the problem is the variety of stabiliser systems. Goal of the study is to analyse the PVC recy-

cling possibilities esp. in terms of the compatibility of the different stabiliser systems.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP AT-4

A 76

Kind of report LCI cradle-to-gate data

Title Eco-profile of high volume commodity phthalate esters (DEHP/DINP/DIDP)

Scope of investigation 8 chemical intermediates. One of the main thermoplastics formulated from these intermediates

is PVC.



Institution or Company Ecobilan. Member company of PricewaterhouseCoopers,

34, place des Corolles, 92908 La Défense cedex, France, http://www.ecobilan.com

Contractor/ Address The European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates (ECPI) a Sector Group of CEFIC.

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Unknown

ISBN No

Keywords PVC production, LCI data, phthalate esters, DEHP, DINP, DIDP

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA, market information

Short description of the study LCI cradle-to-gate data on production of chemical intermediates used for PVC production. Data

from 8 industrial producers.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation (see Randa FR.002)

IPU 000.0008

A 77


Title Additives in PVC, Marking of PVC

Scope of investigation General production and use of PVC in Sweden



Institution or Company Chemicals Inspectorate (KemI)

Contractor/ Address Swedish Government

Authors Unknown


ISBN

Keywords

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Alternatives given and evaluated to most standard additives and standard uses of PVC

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Short descriptions of production, use and disposal of most PVC uses, PVC additives, and

alternative materials to PVC as well as alternative additives in PVC.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IPU 041.0019

A 78


Title Life Cycle Assessment of Energy from Solid Waste

Scope of investigation Municipal solid waste used for energy production



Institution or Company Forskningsgruppen för Miljöstrategiska Studier, Box 2142, 103 14 Stockholm, Sweden

Contractor/ Address Swedish National Energy Asministration

Authors Finnveden, G., Johansson, J., Lind., P., Moberg, Å.

Availability/Publisher Forskningsgruppen för Miljöstrategiska Studier, Box 2142, 103 14 Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN

Keywords Waste disposal, Energy from solid waste, PVC Incineration

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives None. Other materials are used for energy production but no comparisons are made.

Reported data LCA-related

Short description of the study Describes the environmental effects of different strategies for management of municipal solid

waste.




Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: General waste topic, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 003.0034

A 79


Title PVC and sustainability

Scope of investigation PVC as a sustainable material



Institution or Company Hydro Polymers Ltd., Newton Aycliff, Durham DL5 6EA, UK

Contractor/ Address Hydro Polymers Ltd., Newton Aycliff, Durham DL5 6EA, UK

Authors Leadbitter, J.

Availability/Publisher Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 27, Issue 10

ISBN

Keywords PVC, sustainability, the Natural Step, packaging, hydro polymers

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Study promoting the sustainability of PVC evaluated on the basis of five sustainability criteria in

“The Natural Step” framework.


Overall/screening X



assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Article promoting PVC as a sustainable material, no LCA, not suggested for sys-

tematic characterisation

IPU 027.0035

A 80


Title Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative materialer (Environmental assessment of PVC

and selected alternative materials)

Scope of investigation PVC as material



Institution or Company Teknologisk Institut, Gregerssensvej, Postbox, 141, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark


Authors Christiansen, K.; Grove, A.; Hansen, L. E.; Hoffmann, L.; Jensen, A. A.; Pommer, K.;

Schmidt, A.

Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available at website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords PVC, PE, synthetic rubber, aluminium, PU

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PVC, PE, Synthetic rubber, aluminium, PU

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Evaluates the alternative relative to PVC on a qualitative basis assessment done qualitatively

in tables with +++/+/0/-/--- indicating the environmental performance relative to PVC divided in

life-cycle stages and in resources, external environmental effects, human toxicity, and acci-

dents.


Overall/screening X Profound




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation1

IPU 000.0040

1 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materials.

http://www.mst.dk/

A 81


Title Miljøvurdering af EVOH og EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVOH and EVA)

Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol and an update to Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

over the whole life cycle relative to PVC.




Contractor/ Address


Availability/Publisher On website, www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords EVA, EVOH, PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA


is no assessed.






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation2

IPU 000.0043

2 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materials.

A 82


Title Miljøvurdering af EAA og EMA – Plastmaterialerne ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-

methacrylsyre copolymer

(Environmental assessment of EAA and EMA – The plastic materials acrylic acid copolymer

and ethylene-methaacrylic acid copolymer)

Scope of investigation Assessment of EAA and EMA over the whole life cycle relative to PVC



Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Dansk Teknologisk Institut


Authors Schmidt, Anders; Hansen, Lisbeth Engel; Hoffmann, Leif; Larsen, Jørgen; Elvestad, Kari


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-072-0

Keywords EAA, EMA, ethylene-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-methacrylsyre copolymer,

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives EAA, EMA

Reported data LCA related

Short description of the study Possible materials for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself is

no assessed






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Sole materials comparison (with out application relation), not suggested for system-

atic characterisation3

IPU 000.0066

3 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materi-

als.

A 83


Title Phthalates in landfill leachates – a signature of their degradation. Analytical aspects and

toxicological considerations

Scope of investigation Phthalates and degradation products in landfill leachates



Institution or Company Department of Theme Research – Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping Universitet,

S-581-83 Linköping, Sweden

Contractor/ Address

Authors Susanne Jonsson

Availability/Publisher From Institution

ISBN ISBN 91-7373-588-4

Keywords Phthalates, landfill leachates, degradation

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Phthalates in landfill leachates – a signature of their degradation. Analytical aspects and

toxicological considerations






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Study on LCA related topic, but not LCA as such, in this context not suggest for

systematic characterisation

IPU 058.0070

A 84

Kind of report Life-cycle screening

Title Livscyklusscreening af kabineside fra EM fibreglas (Life cycle screening of cabinet side from

EM fibreglass)

Scope of investigation A construction element of a windmill.



Institution or Company

Contractor/ Address Plastindustrien i Danmark, Nørre Voldgade 48, DK-1358 København K, Denmark

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Available from internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=417

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, windmill construction, glass fibre.

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals. Some information on amount of production

waste and handling of this





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: The studies 0002, 0003, and 0004 are life-cycle screenings performed on products

containing PVC. The screenings are with with very little levels of detail, dividing results into

materials, energy, chemicals and others. There are no considerations of emissions, impact

assessments etc. and no comparisons with other products, not suggested for systematic char-

acterisation IPU 000.0002

A 85

Kind of report Critique of “Life cycle assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report for

Consultation”, NB: Comments on 0015 and is placed there.

Title Life cycle assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report for Consulta-

tion. Following pages contain a detailed critique by Greenpeace of this poorly crafted LCA.

Scope of investigation critique of the above LCA



Institution or Company Greenpeace

Contractor/ Address

Authors Mark Strutt


ISBN

Keywords Criticism of LCA

Life-cycle phases





Reported data None

Short description of the study





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Primarily meta-study about other study. Not suggest for systematic characterisation. IPU 041.0031

A 86


Title Miljøvurdering af SEBS og PET

(Environmental assessment of SEBS and PET)

Scope of investigation The material SEBS (Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) as a possible alternative material to

PVC. Update on earlier LCA on PET




Contractor/ Address

Authors Schmidt, A.; Hansen, L. E; Hoffmann, L.; Larsen, J.; Elvestad, K.


ISBN

Keywords SEBS, PET, PVC

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives SEBS and PET as alternative materials

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA on SEBS compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative

materialer)





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Focus on PET and SEBS, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0046

http://www.mst.dk/

A 87

Kind of report Bibliographic study

Title Bilan environnemental sur les filières de recyclage: l’état des connaissances ACV

Scope of investigation LCA literature research, recycling process, 11 material types, packaging, oils, vehicles out of

use, electronic equipments, lea-acid batteries, worn tires.



Institution or Company BIO Intelligence Service

Contractor/ Address ADEME, Direction de la Stratégie et de la Communication, 27, rue Louis Vicat, 75737 Paris

cedex 15, Tel. 01 47 65 20 00, Fax. 01 46 45 52 36, Direction Déchets Municipaux et Direction

de l’Industrie, 2, square La Fayette-BP 406, 49004 Angers cedex , Tel. +33 02 41 20 41 20,

Fax. +33 02 41 20 42 00

Authors BIO Intelligence Service

Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ADEME homepage:

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage

ISBN 2-86817-663-1

Keywords LCA, packing, oils, electronic equipments, worn tire, vehicle, steel , aluminum, paper, paper-

board, plastics (PVC, PET; PP, PS, PE), glass

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison between end-of-life alternatives.

Reported data LCA


study

The objective was to obtain an international evaluation of existing LCA studies (based on ISO 14040) about the recycling process, in order to clarify the future orientation of waste valuation. For each group of material/products, the synthesis evaluates: benefits or prejudices of the recycling balance; parameters that influence the environmental balance; position of recycling compared to other end-of-life alternatives; and characteristics of the considered LCA studies. In case of plastic material, the conclusion was that recycling is beneficial when the recycled material substitutes virgin resin, but not in comparison with other non-plastic materials.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly

possible, but may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggested for systematic

characterisation.

RANDA FR.009

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage

A 88

A2.2 Building/Construction

Evaluation of aluminium and steel for facade applications (IKP D-27)



Title Vergleichende Evaluierungsstudie für den Einsatz von Aluminium versus Stahl bei der Fassa-

dengestaltung des Büro- und Geschäftshauses in Berlin Stresemannstr./Ecke Wilhelmstr.

Scope of investigation Evaluation of aluminium and steel for facade applications



Institution or Company Öko-Institut e. V., Binzengrün 34a, 79114 Freiburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Öko-Institut e. V.

Availability/Publisher Öko-Institut e. V., Binzengrün 34a, 79114 Freiburg, Germany

ISBN

Keywords aluminium, steel, LCA, facade

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative

Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X

Comparison with alternatives aluminium, steel

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study gives an overview about aluminium and steel as material in facade applications,

PVC is not considered. Detailed inventory analysis with consideration of upstream processes

and qualitative dealing with the use phase. Environmental impacts are only qualitatively cov-

ered. Material and energy flows are shown in detail.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 89


Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Covering of front of building in steel or aluminium Functional unit 5,708 m2 of facade covering for 50 years System boundaries include:


production X use X


transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expansion Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts

Global warming no Acidification no



other: no Data quality

time no statement, but around 1990 geography not stated technology not stated, but average



other methods no

A 90

PVC products in construction industry (IKP D-29)



Title PVC-Produkte im Bauwesen

Scope of investigation Health and environmental questions of PVC products in construction industry


Ref. year(s) of assessment before 1989

Institution or Company Bundesministerium für Raumordnung , Bauwesen und Städtebau, Bonn, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Bundesministerium für Raumordnung , Bauwesen und Städtebau, Bonn, Germany

Availability/Publisher Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen

ISBN

Keywords PVC, life cycle, health, environment

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study gives a short overview about health and environmental questions over the life cycle

of PVC products in construction industries. The information is very general and not specially

adapted to LCA, the data source is old.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 91


Overall frame of study not specified

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X

Traget group of study

Scope, description of (only qualitatively described)


Function analysed Use of PVC Functional unit


materials

energy

production X use X

disposal X

recycling

transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)

System Expension Substitution



Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality time old, 1989

geography Germany technology


Evaluation no


other methods

A 92

LCA of Water installations (IKP D-34)



Title Umweltanalyse von Trinkwasserinstallations-Systemen

Scope of investigation LCA of water installations



Institution or Company Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und –technologien

Fasanenstr. 90, 10623 Berlin, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Prof. Dr. Helmut Käufer, Dipl. -Ing. Roger Weinlein, Dipl.-Min. Christian Jäkel

Availability/Publisher Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und –technologien,

Fasanenstr. 90, 10623 Berlin, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords LCA, water pipe, production

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives steel, copper, plastics

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study compares water installations made of steel, copper and plastics, using impact as-

sessment. Today, the method used is no longer state of the art.



Generic data/literature data 70 % Specific/own/new data 30 %


assessment

Initiator LCA


X Academia Part of PVC compound




Other than LCA


A 93


Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of none Application/use of results Aim of study Traget group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described only fresh water supply system described Function analysed fresh water supply system for 1 specified house

Functional unit 1 house System boundaries include:


production X use

disposal recycling

transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories Impacts VENOB method, University of Berlin




other: Data quality

time not specified, presumably 1994 geography not specified, presumably Germany technology materials production average, pipe system

specific Critical review performed Evaluation none


other methods

A 94

Material intensity per service unit for PVC pipes (IKP D-42)


Kind of report Paper

Title Materialintensitätsanalysen von Grund-, Werk- und Baustoffen (4)

Scope of investigation Material intensity per service unit for PVC pipes



Institution or Company Wuppertal Institut für Klima Umwelt Energie, Abt. Stoffströme und Strukturwandel,

Postfach 100 480, 42004 Wuppertal, Germany

Contractor/ Address Wuppertal Institut für Klima Umwelt Energie, Abt. Stoffströme und Strukturwandel,

Postfach 100 480, 42004 Wuppertal, Germany

Authors Markus, D.; Manstein, C.; Liedtke, C.

Availability/Publisher Brinkhäuser Verlag, Postfach 133, CH-4010 Basel, Schweiz

ISSN 0949-5266

Keywords MIPS, LCA, water pipe

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative



Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study evaluates water pipes made from PVC concerning their material intensity



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 95


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X

Traget group of study X


main technical systems properly de-scribed

X

Function analysed fresh water pipes

Functional unit 1000 kg pipes, m³ water throughput


materials X

energy X

production X

use (X)

disposal

recycling X

transportation X


System Expension

Substitution



Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other: MIPS *

Data qualità

time 1988 to 1993

geography Germany

technology average

Critical review performed not specified

Evaluation none

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 96

LCA and KEA of sewer pipes (IKP D-44)



Title Energieverbrauch und CO2 -Emission bei der Herstellung und Entsorgung von Abwasserroh-

ren aus verschiedenen Werkstoffen

Scope of investigation LCA and KEA of sewer pipes



Institution or Company Institut für Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, Germany

Contractor/ Address The European Association of Vitrified Clay Pipes

Authors Jeschar, R.

Availability/Publisher Abwasserleitung

ISBN

Keywords LCA, sewer pipes, KEA

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives concrete, PVC, PE-HD, cast iron

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study reports LCA and KEA of different sewer-pipe materials; only energy is considered.



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 97



ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other

Goal, description of None


Aim of study



main technical systems properly described X Function analysed waste water pipes, 4 diame-

ters, including seals

Functional unit 1 m; 1m/a


materials X

energy X

production X

use X (only duration of life)

disposal

recycling X

transportation not specified


System Expension

Substitution energy credits



Air emissions only CO2

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts None

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time not specified

geography not specified

technologymaterials production average,

pipe production and use


Evaluation none

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 98

LCA of wood floor (IKP D-49)



Title Ökobilanzierung Holzfußböden

Scope of investigation LCA of wood floor



Institution or Company Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany

Contractor/ Address Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany

Authors Dipl.-Forstwirt B. Nebel, TU München, Prof. Dr. Dr. G. Wegener, TU München, Germany

Availability/Publisher Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany;

Langfassung der Studie: Herbert-Utz-Verlag Zieblandstr. 7, 80799 München, Germany

ISBN Langfassung der Studie: ISBN: 3-8316-0136-4

Keywords wood, floor, LCA

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives different kinds of wood

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study compares different kinds of wood floors. The inventory analysis and the impact

assessment are very detailed. In addition, some scenarios are considered.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 99


Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff X Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed wooden flooring Functional unit 1m2 of floor for 50 years System boundaries include:


production X use X


transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) produced m2 System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories Impacts




other: primary energy Data quality

time 1998 to 2001 geography Germany, Northern Europe and North America technology average



other methods

A 100

LCA of waste water pipes made from PVC and it´s competitors (IKP NL-9)



Title Milieu-effecten van leidingsystemen van asbestcement, PVC, gietijzer, staal en glasvezel

versterkte kunststoffen

Scope of investigation Life cycle of waste-water pipes made from PVC and it´s competitors


Ref. year(s) of assessment Going back to 1988


Contractor/ Address

Authors Drs. F.A.B. Verspeek, drs. J.E.Kramer, dr. Th. J. J. van den Hoven, ing. D.A. Stellaard,

Availability/Publisher KIWA N.V., Onderzoek en Advies, Postbus 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords LCA, water pipes

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives concrete made from asbestos (now banned), cast iron, steel, and reinforced plastics

Reported data LCA (only energy)

Short description of the study One of the early LCA studies, covering the whole life cycle of waste-water pipes and dealing

with a whole lot of impacts. But due to a general lack of data at that time only energy use is

quantified during the study





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 101

Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-9)


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed fresh water pipes

Functional unit 100 m, di 100 mm, p 10 bar


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System Expension

Substitution credits for recyclability

qualitative



Air emissions qualitative

Water emissions qualitative

Waste categories qualitative

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other: landscape qualitative

Data quality

time 1991

geography Netherlands

technology specific


Evaluation none

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 102

Socio-economic effects of a replacement of PVC waste water pipes (IKP NL-10)



Title Economische en maatschappelijke beoordeling van PVC substitutie van rioolbuizen

Scope of investigation Socio-economic effects of a replacement of PVC waste water pipes with other materials



Institution or Company Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) and TNO-STB

Contractor/ Address

Authors Wietze Lise, Arnold Tukker, Hermann Vollebergh

Availability/Publisher Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,

1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands;

TNO-STB Schoemakerstraat 97, 2628 VK Delft, Postbus 6030, 2600 JA DELFT, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords socio-economics, waste-water pipes

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Waste-water pipes made from concrete, HD-PE

Reported data Socio-economic

Short description of the study Socio-economic study about the consequences of replacing the market share of PVC waste

water pipes with other pipes. Work effects and capital investment effects are addressed.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Socio-economic aspects covered, suggested for systematic characterisation

A 103

Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-10)

Overall frame of study not applicable *

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed waste- water pipes, different diameters

Functional unit 1 m


materials X

energy

production X

use X

disposal

recycling

transportation

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not applicable

System Expension not applicable

Substitution not applicable

Data categories described not applicable


Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts not applicable

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time future scenario

geography Netherlands

technology specific


Evaluation not applicable

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 104

Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment (IKP CH-10)

Documentation sheet (IKP CH-10)


Title Ökobilanzen der Komponenten von Parkettbehandlungsmitteln

Scope of investigation Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment



Institution or Company Ökoscience Beratung AG, Quellenstr. 31, 8031 Zürich, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address

Authors Chudacoff, M.

Availability/Publisher Ökoscience Beratung AG, Quellenstr. 31, 8031 Zürich, Switzerland

ISBN -

Keywords chemicals, parquet treatment, input-output analysis

Life-cycle phases





tives

-

Reported data LCA


study

Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment. Only input-output analysis without goal

and scope or impact assessment. Deficient information about data origin and quality. Contains

no information about PVC.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 105

Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-10) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other X



Aim of study




Function analysed

Functional unit 1 kg material


materials X

energy X

production

use

disposal

recycling

transportation

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not reported

System Expension not reported

Substitution not reported


Primary energy consumption energy

Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories amount of total waste

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other: energy equivalent critical mass (water, air) amount

of waste CO2

Data quality

time

geography

technology


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 107

LCA of wood as building material (IKP CH-11)



Title Untersuchungen zur Ökobilanz von Holz als Baustoff

Scope of investigation LCA of wood as building material, production, use and disposal phase



ment

1975 to 1989

Institution or Company Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address

Authors Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland

Availability/Publisher Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland

ISBN -

Keywords wood, building material, environmental aspects, LCA

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data LCA


study

Environmental aspects of wood as building material over the whole life cycle (production, use

phase, disposal), by-products are particle boards and wooden fiber boards. Literature survey

and production data of sawmills and carpentries. Ecological weak-point analysis of wood as

building material over the whole life cycle. Contains no information about PVC.



Generic data/literature data 30% Specific/own/new data 70% Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 108


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other before frames were developed



Aim of study X




Function analysed wood in various uses

Functional unit not stated


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not performed

System Expansion not performed

Substitution not performed



Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no

Nutrient enrichment no

Tropospheric Ozon Formation no

Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no

Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco (x)

other: no

Data qualità

time not stated

geography Switzerland

technology not stated

Critical review performed followed by review group

Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 109

Life Cycle of architraves (IKP CH-12)



Title Ökologischer Vergleich von Innenbauteilen am Beispiel von Zargen aus Masivholz und Stahl

Scope of investigation Life cycle of architraves



ment

1994 to 1996

Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,

Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address

Authors Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,


Availability/Publisher Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf,

Switzerland

ISBN -

Keywords architrave, inventory analysis, impact assessment, door

Life-cycle phases





tives

Wood, particle board, steel

Reported data LCA


study

LCA about architraves (wood, particle board, steel) with detailed impact assessment, including

production, using and disposal. Ecological weak-point analysis of all alternatives. Good study

about a special component, no information about PVC included.



Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80% Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 110

Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-12) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff x Code of practice x Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study x Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed door frame (and door) Functional unit door and door frame for 60 years System boundaries include:


production x use x


transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) energy System Expansion no Substitution no Data categories described Primary energy consumption refering to CML method Air emissions refering to CML method Water emissions refering to CML method Waste categories refering to CML method Impacts



Toxicity, human X Toxicity, eco X

other: resources, radioactive isotopes, cancerogenetic sub-stances, heavy metals, winter smog,

Data quality time 1996

geography Switzerland, Europe and worldwide technology Average 1996



other methods no

A 111

A life cycle inventory of three different PVC floor coverings (RANDA IT-021)

Documentation sheet (RANDA IT-021)

Kind of report Thesis for Master of Science

Title La carta d’identità ambientale come strumento diqualificazione: il caso dei pavimenti in PVC

Scope of investigation A life cycle inventory of three different PVC floor coverings.



ment

1993 to 1994

Institution or Company Politecnico di Milano, Facoltà d’Architettura

Contractor/ Address

Authors Alfredo Villa & Laura Zelante

Availability/Publisher Master Science Supervisors:

Silvia Piardi (no contact details)

Luisa Morfini, CNR-ITC

e-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +39029806450

ISBN No

Keywords Life cycle inventory, PVC, building materials, floor covering

Life-cycle phases





tives

No

Reported data LCI


study

The aim of the study is to define a tool to assess the environmerntal quality of building materi-

als taking into account their whole life cycle and to apply this tool to a case study: the PVC

floor-coverings. For this reason, a life-cycle inventory of energetic and materials flows related

to thre different PVC floor-coverings is presented along its life cycle (raw materials extraction,

production, use and end of life).





Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA



A 112

Systematic characterisation (RANDA IT-021) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice X

Other Ecobilanci e Analisi del ciclo di vita di prodotti e di processi produttivi, 1993, Ambiente Italia, Milano



Aim of study X




Function analysed PVC floor covering

Functional unit X


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation

Allocation (mass/price/energy)

System Expansion

Substitution



Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other: It is a life cycle inventory.

Data quality

time 1993 to 1994

geography Europe

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 113

PVC as Building material: Environmental, safety and quality (RANDA FR.011)

Documentation sheet (RANDA FR.011)


Title Caracteristiques environnementales et sanitaires des canalisations PVC destinées à la collecte

et à lévacuation des eaux usées et des eaux vannes à l’intérieur des bâtiments.

Scope of investigation Building material; waste pipes, contribution of product in environmental, safety and quality

issues, manufacturing process: Suspension PVC, geographical area: France.



Institution or Company STR PVC with Consultant Mr. H. Lecouls

Contractor/ Address STR - PVC (Syndicat des Tubes et Raccords en PVC)

11 bis, rue de Milan, 75009 Paris, France

Tel.: +33 1.53.32.79.79; fax: +33 1.53.32.79.70; e-mail: [email protected]

Authors members of STR PVC, Mr. H. Lecouls

Availability/Publisher documentation provided by FORUM PVC France (Mr. Eric Chatelain)

Tel. : +33 1 53 32 79 79

ISBN No

Keywords LCA, waste pipe, environmental impacts, safety risks, XP01-010.

Life-cycle phases





tives

none

Reported data LCA


study

Evaluation of the environmental and safety impacts of PVC waste pipes, from production to

end of life. This study was carried out under experimental AFNOR XP01-010, and using new

production data from French plants, which are members of STR-PVC organisation.






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA



A 114

Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.011) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

other X



Aim of study




Function analysed pipelines for waste water and rainwater

Functional unit 1 m of average PVC pipeline installed to gather and eliminate waste- and rainwater from a 100 m2 pavillon during 1 year


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal

recycling

transportation X

Allocation (mass/energy/price)

System Expansion

Substitution






Impacts

Global warming X

Acidification X

Nutrient enrichment

Tropospheric Ozone Formation X

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion X

Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other: biodiversity, soil, air and water pollution, energy and water con-sumption, waste production, non-energetic resources consumption

Data quality

time 1998 to 2000 and possibly others

geography Europe etc.technology average/specific


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 115


Title PVC-Fenster – eine nachhaltige Entwicklung

Scope of investigation Summary of different studies done comparing PVC, Wood and Aluminium window frames



Institution or Company Vinnolit Kunststoffe GmbH

Contractor/ Address Glaswelt 4/2002, Gentner Verlag Stuttgart, Redaktion Glaswelt,

Forststr. 131, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany

Authors Dr. Ernst Josef Spindler

Availability/Publisher Glaswelt 4/2002, Gentner Verlag Stuttgart, Redaktion Glaswelt,

Forststr. 131, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany

ISSN 0017-1107

Keywords PVC, Wood, Aluminium, Window, eco-efficiency, sustainability

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative

Comparison with alternatives PVC, Wood, Aluminum

Reported data LCA / LCC

Short description of the study The article describes briefly many studies that using different methods have as a result positive

environmental and economical advantages of PVC in relation to wood and aluminium in the

production of windows.

Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like




assessment

Initiator LCA



Government X material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA


with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure like article is hardly


characterisation.

IKP D-8

A 116


Title Life Cycle Assessment Study on Resilient Floor Coverings

Scope of investigation PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber in the floor covering production in the

production and disposal phase



Institution or Company Fraunhofer- Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Verpackung,

Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany

Contractor/ Address The International Journey of Life Cycle Assessment, ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG,

Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany

Authors Albrecht Günther, Horst-Christian Langowski

Availability/Publisher Int. J. LCA 2 (2) 73-80 (1997), ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1,

D-86899 Landsberg, Germany

ISSN 0948-3349

Keywords Resilient floor coverings, LCA, PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PVC, cushioned PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA study comparing 32 different floorings: 30 resilient floorings, composed by different mate-

rials and different thickness. Market share of these materials are just briefly presented and no

toxicological and eco-toxicological issues are considered. The use phase is treated separately

from the rest of the whole life cycle and excluded from the impact assessment. It may be used

as a reference, but no detailed information is provided.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP D-19

A 117


Title Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering / J. Cleaner Prod. Volume 3 Number 4

Scope of investigation Comparison of four different types of floor covering in the production, use and disposal phase.



Institution or Company Department of Sience, Technology and Society, Utrecht University

Contractor/ Address J. Cleaner Production, Customer Support Department, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam,

The Netherlands

Authors José Potting and Kornelis Blok

Availability/Publisher Elsevier, Customer Support Department, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands

ISBN 0959-6526(95)00082-8

Keywords linoleum, cushion vinyl, tuffed carpet with a wollen pile, tuffed carpet with a polyamide pile,

floor covering, LCA

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives linoleum, cushion vinyl, tuffed carpet with a wollen pile, tuffed carpet with a polyamide pile

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study compares 4 types of floor covering with regard to their environmental impact. The

study presents a quite complete set of data and concludes that linoleum showed the most

favourable floor covering.



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 % Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA



Government Material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA


IKP NL-1

A 118


Title Report on environmental assessment of concrete clay and PVC in main sewerlines

Scope of investigation Comparison of concrete, vitrified clay, PVC in the production of sewerlines



Institution or Company Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.)

Contractor/ Address Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.),

P.O. Box 71730, 1008 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands

Authors Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.)

Availability/Publisher Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.),

P.O. Box 71730, 1008 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords concrete, vitrified clay, PVC, sewerline

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives concrete, vitrified clay, PVC

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study describes the comparison of sewerlines made of concrete, vitrified clay and PVC.

For the environmental rating the method used is the 'Thalmann-equivalent'. It does not present

many details about the data used or aspects discussed.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP NL-4

A 119


Title Lifecycle Assessment of Pipeline Systems

Scope of investigation Potable water supply and sewage disposal for a detached family house development



Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,


Contractor/ Address

Authors Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt

Availability/Publisher Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,


ISBN -

Keywords production, building, drinking water, sewage disposal

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison done between PE-HD, PVC and stoneware as pipe materials

Reported data LCA


study

Extensive study about drinking water supply and sewage disposal in a one-family house urban

area with focus on environmental aspects according to ISO 14040 et sqq. Only the production

phase is regarded. Critical review was made. The study in hand is only the summary report

and includes only aggregated impact values. A detailed inventory analysis is not included.

Weak-Point analysis and evaluation with interpretation has been carried out.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP CH-5

A 120


Title Energy Requirement and Eco-Balances of Materials for Drainage and Sewerage

Scope of investigation Energy consumption and CO2 emissions of pipe production



Institution or Company Institut für Energieverfahrens- und Brennstofftechnik der TU Clausthal und Institut für Strö-

mungstechnik und Termodynamik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address Feugres, Obergartenstr. 28, Postfach 217, 8035 Zürich, Switzerland

Authors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing.E.h. R. Jeschar, und Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. E. Specht,

Dipl.-Ing. A. Steinbrück

Availability/Publisher Institut für Energieverfahrens- und Brennstofftechnik der TU Clausthal und Institut für Strö-

mungstechnik und Termodynamik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords energy consumption, CO2 emissions, pipe, production phase

Life-cycle phases





tives

Verified clay, concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, iron, PE-HD, PVC

Reported data LCA


study

Energy study of different pipe materials (verified clay, concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, iron,

PE-HD, PVC) in production and disposal. CO2 emissions are calculated out of energy con-

sumption. Only energy and CO2 emissions considered, no material flows.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP CH-13

A 121


Title Investigation of European life cycle assessment studies of pipes made of different materials for

water supply and sewer systems - a critical comparison

Scope of investigation Comparison of different LCA studies regarding PVC, provision of transparency about the re-

sults and the main conclusions in the single studies as well as crucial differences in methodol-

ogy.



Institution or Company Institut für Industrielle Ökologie, Rennbahnstr. 29 c, A-3109 St. Pölten, Austria

Contractor/ Address TEPPFA, Avenue de Cortenbergh 66, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium

Authors A. Windsperger, S. Steinlechner, F. Schneider

Availability/Publisher Institut für Industrielle Ökologie, Rennbahnstr. 29 c, A-3109 St. Pölten, Austria

ISBN -

Keywords comparison of LCA studies, PVC

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison of different LCA studies regarding PVC

Reported data LCA


study

The study compares different LCA studies regarding PVC to provide transparency about the

results and the main conclusions in the single studies as well as crucial differences in method-

ology. The study gives an overall judgement concerning the results, the general review as well

as the positive and negative aspects of the study.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such. There-

fore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly possible, but it may help to

interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.

IKP AT-8

A 122


Title Fensterwerkstoffe - eine ökologische Bewertung

Scope of investigation LCA of PVC windows



Institution or Company Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria

Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria

Authors Dipl.-Ing- Herwig Schuster

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria

ISBN

Keywords LCA, PVC, wood, wood/aluminium, aluminium, windows

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison done between windows amde of wood, wood/aluminium, aluminium, PVC

Reported data LCA


study

Analysis of studies carried out with respect to the environmental relevance of PVC in terms of

window manufacturing.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly


characterisation.

IKP AT-13

A 123


Title Livscyklusscreening af tagrende fra Plastmo A/S(Life cycle screening of gutter from Plastmo

A/S)

Scope of investigation A gutter.





Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Available from the internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=319

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, gutter.

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only life-cycle screening, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0003

A 124


Title Lifecycle assessment of four types of floor covering

Scope of investigation Four types of floor covering. One type contains PVC.



Institution or Company Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14,

NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Contractor/ Address

Authors Potting, J., Blok, K.

Availability/Publisher Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1995)

ISBN No

Keywords Life-cycle assessment, floor coverings, environment.

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Comparison of four types of floor coverings, one containing PVC, Linoleum, Cushion vinyl (with

PVC), tufted carpet with polyamid and tufted carpet with wool.

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study Scientific article written on the basis of a standard LCA on four types of floor covering





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only an article in a journal, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0012

A 125

Kind of report Guidance to selection of materials when renovating buildings

Title ReSAVE - en ressourceøkonomisk vurdering af by- og bygningsbevaring

Scope of investigation Renovation of residential buildings



Institution or Company Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Website at Ministry of Environment:

http://www.sns.dk/byer-byg/Netpub/ReSAVE/indholds.htm

ISBN

Keywords Renovation of buildings

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA-related, LCC

Short description of the study General guidelines when renovating buildings





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Guidebook, only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisa-

tion IPU 041.0030

http://www.sns.dk/byer-byg/Netpub/ReSAVE/indholds.htm

A 126


Title Draft of study “Miljøvurdering af vinduer/Environmental assessment of windows”

Scope of investigation Window



Institution or Company By og Byg, Postboks 119, Dr. Neergaards Vej 15, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark,

Tel.: +45 4574 2367

Contractor/ Address Unknown

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher By og Byg, Postboks 119, Dr. Neergaards Vej 15, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark,

Tel.: +45 4574 2367

ISBN

Keywords PVC, Window

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA of window including glass. Heat loss through window is included as energy consumption

in use stage.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only draft version, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 010.0033

A 127


Title PVC I byggeri og anlæg (PVC in building and construction)

Scope of investigation Construction materials



Institution or Company Cowi Consult, Parallelvej 2, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark


Authors Cowi consult

Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available at website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords PVC, PP, PES, LDPE, construction materials,

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PS, PET, PUR, Synthetic rubber, Wood, Paper, Aluminium

Reported data LCA related, LCC

Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons on technical,

environmental and economic consequences of substituting materials in construction





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0037

http://www.mst.dk/

A 128


Title Fallstudie av LCA på golvmaterial med huvudvikt på användningsfasen

(Field study of LCA on flooring materials with emphasis on the use phase)

Scope of investigation Cleaning and maintenance of floors



Institution or Company KTH Dep. of Building Sciences, Div. of building materials, Kunglika Tekniska Högskolan,

SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

Contractor/ Address

Authors Paulsen, J.

Availability/Publisher KTH Dep. of Building Sciences, Div. of building materials, Kunglika Tekniska Högskolan,

SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN

Keywords Floor maintenance, flooring materials

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative

Comparison with alternatives Linoleum floor

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA field study on maintenance and cleaning of floors in a professional context





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: 0041 and 0042 is the same study - LCA and following article. 0042 evaluated

further.

IPU 056.0041

A 129


Title Formidlingsprojekt om alternativer til blød PVC i byggebranchen

(Presentation project on alternatives to soft PVC in the construction sector)

Scope of investigation Outline the consumption of building products containing soft PVC in Denmark.

Draw up possible alternatives to these building products.



Institution or Company Moe og Brødsgaard A/S,


Authors Andersson, M.


ISBN

Keywords PVC, soft PVC, building materials

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Various other plastic materials, various wood materials, cork, steel, aluminium,


Short description of the study All Danish uses of soft PVC in construction and presentation of alternatives to all uses.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA, only qualitative information, suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0047

http://www.mst.dk/

A 130


Title Byggeri og renere teknologi - Litteratur, projekter og videncentre vedr. byggeriets ressource-

forbrug, sundheds- og miljøbelastninger(Building and cleaner technology – literature, projects

and knowledge centres regarding resource consumption, and effects on health and environ-

ment from buildings)

Scope of investigation Life cycle of buildings


Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992/1993

Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, I Krüger A/S, Dansk Teknologisk

Institut, Byggeteknisk Institut


Authors Rasmussen, B., Hoffmann, L., Christiansen, K., Sørensen, C.B., Hansen, H., Skousende, S.,

Folkenberg, J.


ISBN ISBN 87-7909-669-7

Keywords Buildings

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives No

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study LCA on buildings including various construction materials





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0064

A 131


Title

Scope of investigation PVC, building sector, cork

Year of publication



Contractor/ Address Armorim revestimentos

Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica

Availability/Publisher Confidential

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data None


study

Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like

Overall/screening Profound


Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Confidential, no further assessment possible.

RANDA PO.001

A 132

A2.3 Consumer goods

LCA of loose-leaves (IKP D-20)



Title Ringbücher im Ökovergleich

Scope of investigation LCA of loose-leaves




Contractor/ Address Kunststoffe, Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany

Authors J. H. Beenen, K. H. Eygelaar

Availability/Publisher Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany

ISBN

Keywords loose-leaf, LCA

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PP, PVC, cardboard

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The article describes a life cycle analysis of loose-leaf, comparing PP, PVC and cardboards.

The final result is given in environmental number, and no impact category is analysed.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 133



ISO 14040 ff too old

Code of practice no

Other ecological comparison of loose-leafs


Application/use of results not specified





Function analysed loose-leaf

Functional unit loose-leaf


materials X

energy X

production X

use qualitative

disposal X

recycling X

transportation not specified


System Expension not specified

Substitution not specified



Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no

other: critical loads

Data quality

time 1990

geography basic data from Switzerland, other not specified

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation no

Weighting no

other methods 100% method and Thalmann-method

A 134

LCA of Newspapers and Magazines (IKP D-33)



Title Bewertung ökologischer Lebensläufe von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften

Scope of investigation LCA of Newspapers and Magazines, production, use and disposal/recycling



Institution or Company Axel Springer Verlag AG, Axel Springer Platz 1, 20355 Hamburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address Stora, Södra Mariegatan 18, 79180 Falun, Sweden

Authors Klaus Krokowski, Jan Bresky, Börje Petterson, Mike Bradley, Daniel Peter, Herbert Woodtli,

Florian Nehm

Availability/Publisher Axel Springer Verlag AG, Axel Springer Platz 1, 20355 Hamburg, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords Magazines, Newspapers, LCA

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study reports a LCA of newspapers and magazines: from the use of forests till paper

recycling. Here, no impact categories are analysed. It does not represent a direct competing

material to PVC in this field.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 135



ISO 14040 ff X

Code of practice no

Other no



Aim of study X




Function analysed newspapers and journals

Functional unit 1 kg product


materials X

energy X

production X

use not specified

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X

Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) X (multi-life-cycle)





Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no

other:

"Forest Impact Indicator" method (Bradley/Peter)

Data quality

time 1995 to 1998

geography Germany, Sweden, Canada

technology state of the art

Critical review performed X

Evaluation

Normalisation not specified

Weighting not specified

other methods Eco-Indicator 95

A 136

PVC used for a boot sole (RANDA SP 007)

Documentation sheet (RANDA SP 007)

Kind of report Summary of a study

Title El Análisis del Ciclo de Vida y sus Aplicaciones: Aplicación prática de un ACV para el caso de

una suela de PVC para un zapato de seguridad

Scope of investigation PVC used for a boot sole



ment

Unknown

Institution or Company GAIKER

Contractor/ Address

Authors María José Suarez

Availability/Publisher GAIKER:

ISBN

Keywords PVC, boot sole

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X



tives

No

Reported data Other life-cycle related data


study

Preliminary life cycle assessment of a PVC safety boot soles. It takes into account the produc-

tion of raw material, the transport of raw materials to the product-manufacturing plant, the

production of the sole and the transport to the use site, waste management. For the inventory

they use mainly industrial data, however these data are not shown. Very few results are shown.




Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


RANDA SP.007

A 137

Systematic characterisation (RANDA SP 007)


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice X

Other SETAC



Aim of study X



Main technical systems properly described -

Function analysed PVC used for boot Functional unit a PVC sole (nr. 41) to be inserted

in a safety boot model


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System expansion

Substitution



Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts

Global warming X

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment X



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time

geography

technology


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 138

Woven polyester fabric coated with a PVC compound (RANDA FR.014)


Kind of report Ecoprofile

Title Ecoprofile of the production, use & recycling of coated polyester architectural fabric

Scope of investigation Woven polyester fabric coated with a PVC compound



Institution or Company Serge Ferrari, S.A.

Contractor/ Address La Tour du Pin, France

Authors I. Boustead


ISBN -

Keywords ecoprofile, PVC, polyester, woven polyester fabric, PVC compound

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCI

Short description of the study This ecoprofile quantitatively examines the production of an architectural fabric coated with a

PVC compound; use phase is not considered. The overall frame of the study is based on ISO

draft guidelines. The author notes that, “such tables should not be regarded as a comprehen-

sive environmental description of the system but only a description of the characteristics which

are currently monitored.” Beyond the presentation of quantitative data, few conclusions or

applications are included in the report.




assessment

Initiator LCA





X application PVC

Other than LCA


A 139

Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.014)


ISO 14040 ff draft guidelines

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed production, transport and disposal/recycling of polyester architec-

tural fabric coated with a PVC compound

Functional unit 1 m2 of fabric A) Packaging of a 50 m roll containing 90 m2 of

fabric B) Packaging of 900 m2 (jumbo rolls)


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System Expansion

Substitution


Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Sufficient. Refer to emissions after on-site treatment. Water emissions Sufficient. Refer to emissions after on-site treatment.

Waste categories Classified under two main headings: refuse and industrial solid

waste.

Impacts

Global warming X

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1993 to 2000

geography Europe

technology Average/specific


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 140


Title PVC i kontorartikler, sundhedssektorer, mv. (PVC in office-supplies, health-sector etc.)

Scope of investigation Office supplies, healthcare products, various other products



Institution or Company Jysk Teknologisk Institut


Authors Hillersborg, A.S., Ottosen, L.M.

Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available on website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords PVC, office supplies, health care products

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PS, PET, PUR, Synthetic rubber, Wood, Paper, Aluminium


Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons with technical,

environmental and economic consequences of substituting materials in various product groups





assessment

Initiator LCA





X application PVC/comp. Comparison

Other than LCA


IPU 000.0036

http://www.mst.dk/

A 141

A2.4 Packaging

LCA of Packaging for beverages (IKP D-52)



Title Getränkeverpackungen aus PVC in der Oekobilanz

Scope of investigation LCA of Packaging for beverages



Institution or Company Bischoff Packaging SA, CH-1801 Le Mont-Pelerin, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address European Vinyl Corporation Solvay SA

Authors Bischoff Packaging SA

Availability/Publisher Bischoff Packaging SA, CH-1801 Le Mont-Pelerin, Switzerland

ISBN

Keywords LCA, packaging, beverages, method of critical load

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives glass, PVC, PET

Reported data LCA

Short description of the study The study compares life-cycle impacts of different packaging materials in terms of beverages.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 142




Code of practice no

Other LCA of packing materials

for beverage







Function analysed packing of beverage

Functional unit bottles (0.75/1/1.25/1.5 litres)


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no


Data quality

time 1991

geography Switzerland, Germany, France

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation no

Weighting no

other methods no

A 143

LCA of Packaging for beverages (IKP CH-2)



Title Ökobilanz für Verpackungen verschiedenen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen aus

dem deutschen Markt

Scope of investigation Packing materials in the German market



Institution or Company ETHZ, CH-9014 St. Gallen

Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,

Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany

Authors Thalmann, W.

Availability/Publisher Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,


ISBN -

Keywords packing materials, German market

Life-cycle phases





tives

PE, glass, aluminium, cardboard, PP, PS, polyvinyl alcohol, PVC, PVCD, E-PVC, PA, PETP,

rubber hydrochloride, cellulose acetate, PC, polyacetal, polymethyl methacrylate.

Reported data LCA


study

The study is a summary of the study "Ökologische Betrachtung zu PVC und Umwelt sowie

Ökobilanzen für Verpackungen verschiedenen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen

aus dem deutschen Markt". LCA of plastic packing materials and examples of packages in

ecological assessment in consideration of the German market. The study is mainly based on

the study “Oekobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990” (BUWAL Nr. 132). Results are aggregated

to different scenarios




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 144

Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-2)



Code of practice no








Function analysed packing

Functional unit packing unit


materials X

energy X

production X

use qualitative

disposal X

recycling qualitative

transportation qualitative






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no


Data quality

time 1990

geography Germany

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation X

Weighting X

other methods not specified

A 145

Comparison of PVC to glass as packaging material (IKP CH-3)



Title Orientierender Vergleich PVC-Glasflaschen

Scope of investigation Comparison of PVC to glass as packaging material.



Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen Kunststoffindustrie,

Nordstr. 15, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address


Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen Kunststoffindustrie,

Nordstr. 15, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland

ISBN

Keywords glass, PVC, bottles

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison done between glass and PVC

Reported data LCA


study

The study compares glass and PVC bottles under consideration of different boundary condi-

tions. The used data is mostly based on older literature data. The documentation is very short,

the inventory analysis is not very detailed. Results of the assessment are aggregated




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 146



Code of practice No

Other ecological comparison of PVC and glass bottles







Function analysed packing of beverage

Functional unit 100 l beverage


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no


Data quality

time 1989

geography Germany/Europe

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation not specified

Weighting not specified


A 147

LCA of plastic packing materials (IKP CH-7)



Title Ökologische Betrachtung zu PVC und Umwelt sowie Ökobilanzen für Verpackungen verschie-

denen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen aus dem deutschen Markt

Scope of investigation LCA of plastic packing materials



Institution or Company Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,


Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,



Availability/Publisher Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,


ISBN -

Keywords LCA, packaging

Life-cycle phases





tives

PE, glass, aluminium, cardboard, PP, PS, polyvinyl alcohol, PVC, PVCD, E-PVC, PA, PETP,

rubber hydrochloride, cellulose acetate, PC, polyacetal, polymethyl methacrylate.

Reported data LCA


study

Literature survey about dioxin, furan and hydrogen chloride emissions. Analysis about the

behaviour and performance of packing materials and the interaction with environment. LCA of

plastic packing materials and examples of packages in ecological assessment in consideration

of the German market. Focus on technical demands. The study is based on the study “Oekobi-

lanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990” (BUWAL Nr. 132).




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 148



Code of practice No

Other ecological consideration of PVC and LCA of packing







Function analysed packing

Functional unit packing unit


materials X

energy X

production X

use qualitative

disposal X

recycling qualitative

transportation qualitative






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no


Data quality

time 1990

geography Germany

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation X

Weighting X


A 149

LCA of packing materials (IKP CH-14)



Title Ökobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990

Scope of investigation LCA of packing materials



Institution or Company Institut für Verfahrens- und Kältetechnik (IVUK) ETH Zürich

Contractor/ Address BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Walt und Landschaft, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland

Authors Dipl.-Ing. K. Habersatter, Prof. Dr. F. Widmer

Availability/Publisher BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland

ISBN -

Keywords packing materials, inventory analysis, impact assessment, critical loads

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data LCA


study

Detailed inventory analysis and impact assessment of the production of packing materials

(aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PET, PP, PS, HI-PS, PVC, paper, board and tinplate).

Method of critical loads. Data is mainly for production phase and too old.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 150

Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-14)



Code of practice No


(BUWAL 1990)



Aim of study X




Function analysed preliminary products



materials X

energy X

production only production of prelimi-nary products

use not included

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no

other: critical loads and ecological scantness

Data quality

time 1990

geography Switzerland

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation no

Weighting no


A 151

LCA of packing materials II (IKP CH-15)



Title Oekobilanz von Packstoffen

Scope of investigation LCA of packing materials



Institution or Company BUS ; now: BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Walt und Landschaft,

CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address EMPA SG, Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Industrie, Bauwesen

und Gewerbe, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Authors Dipl.-Ing. K. Habersatter, Prof. Dr. F. Widmer

Availability/Publisher BUS ; now: BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft,

CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland

ISBN -

Keywords aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PVC, HI-PS, paper, board and tinplate

Life-cycle phases





ves

Alu, Glas, PE, PP, PS, PET, paper, cardboard, steel

Reported data LCA


study

LCA of packing material with numerous different materials (aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PVC,

HI-PS, paper, board and tinplate). Example: packing of milk. Data is mainly for production

phase and very old.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 152



Code of practice no




Aim of study X




Function analysed packing materials



materials X

energy X

production X

use qualitative

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X






Air emissions X

Water emissions X

Waste categories X

Impacts

Global warming no

Acidification no




Toxicity, human no

Toxicity, eco no


Data quality

time 1983

geographySwitzerland and supply chain countries

technology average


Evaluation

Normalisation no

Weighting no


A 153

LCA of a 1.5 l mineral-water bottle (RANDA FR.003)



Title Ecobilan de la bouteille d’eau minérale de 1,5 l en PVC: De la composition d’un mélange PVC

à ses modes de valorisation.

Scope of investigation LCA of a 1.5 l mineral-water bottle, from the production of the PVC resin to the final disposal

of the bottles and packagings. Full life cycle, including compounding, conversion, use and

different ways of valuation.



Institution or Company ECOBILAN

Contractor/ Address GECOM-VALORPLAST (section PVC)

Cédex 99, 92909 Paris La Défense, France, Tel. + 33 1 46 53 10 95 , Fax: + 33 1 46 53 10 90

Authors Société ECOBILAN

Availability/Publisher The full report was not publicly released. An executive summary was presented to key stake-

holders. A brochure titled “La bouteille en PVC et l’environnement” was published in October

1995 by RECYPVC.

ISBN No

Keywords Mineral-water bottle, PVC resin, valuation, LCA, ecoprofile, production, mixture, recycling,

transport, distribution, elimination, PE, packaging, labels, incineration.

Life-cycle phases





tives

Not compared to other potential substitutes.

Reported data LCI


study

The goal is to evaluate the environmental impacts of PVC in this application, and:

a) to analyse the weak and strong points of PVC in this application;

b) to study post-consumer disposal scenarios for year 2000 (compared to current situa-

tion);

c) c) to offer a data base, following a methological evaluation that can be used in other

packaging materials.




Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 154

Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.003)


ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice

Other X



Aim of study X




Function analysed PVC water bottles

Functional unit 100,000 bottles (150,000 l)


materials X

energy X

production X

use X

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System Expansion

Substitution






Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1990

geography France/Europe

technology


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 155

Life-cycle analysis of PVC, PE and PET containers (RANDA IT.017)

Documentation sheet (RANDA IT.017)

Kind of report Conference article

Title Life-cycle analysis of PVC, PE and PET containers from municipal solid waste.

Scope of investigation The study compares different styles of plastic waste management (PVC, PE and PET) using

energy saving criteria.



Institution or Company Università “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; ISPESL, Rome,

Italy.

Contractor/ Address Unknown

Authors Di Ianni, P.; Mancini, P.; Carlini, M.; Villarini, M.

Availability/Publisher The Journal of Solid Waste Management

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, PET, PE containers; energy consumption, waste, landfill, incinerator

Life-cycle phases





tives

Not clearly identified

Reported data LCA


study

The study analyses different options for plastic-waste management (landfill and incineration,

with and without energy recovery) from an energy perspective by using a LCA approach.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


A 156

Systematic characterisation (RANDA IT.017) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff

Code of practice X

Other



Aim of study



main technical systems properly described -

Function analysed energy consumption/energy saving of different waste treatments for PET, PVC and PE containers

Functional unit 1 kg


materials

energy X

production

use

disposal

recycling

transportation


System Expansion

Substitution



Air emissions

Water emissions

Waste categories

Impacts

Global warming

Acidification

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human

Toxicity, eco

other:

Data quality

time 1992 to 1995

geography Italy – Europe

technology


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 157

Social cost and environmental impacts of PET bottle recycling (RANDA FR 005)

Documentation sheet (RANDA FR 005)


Title Evaluation of costs and benefits for the achievement of re-use and recycling targets for the differ-

ent packaging materials in the frame of the packaging waste directive 94/62/EC.

Scope of investigation End-of-life phase, social cost and Environmental impacts, PET-bottle recycling.



Institution or Company RDC-Environment & Pira International

Contractor/ Address Commision Européenne (Direction générale de l’environnement)

Centre d’information (BU-9 0/11), B-1049 Bruxelles, Belgium

Fax (32-2) 299 61 98, e-mail: [email protected]

Authors BIO Intelligence Service and RDC-Environnement

Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from European Commission web site:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/index.htm

ISBN No

Keywords PET, bottles, recycling, packaging materials, virgin PET, social costs, environmental impacts.

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Economical / LCA

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to compare different packaging materials, based on the evaluation

of the social costs and environmental impacts of their recycling.

Therefore, this evaluation is only based on the end of life of the product, and basically in the

energy consumption and toxicity effect.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA



http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/index.htm

A 158

Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR 005) Overall frame of study

ISO 14040 ff X

Code of practice

Other X



Aim of study X



Main technical systems properly described

Function analysed reuse and recycling of packaging materials

Functional unit


materials X (only reuse case studies)

energy X

production X (only reuse case studies)

use

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System expansion

Substitution


Primary energy consumption in monetary units

Air emissions in monetary units

Water emissions in monetary units

Waste categories in monetary units

Impacts

Global warming X

Acidification X

Nutrient enrichment X

Tropospheric Ozone Formation X


Toxicity, human X

Toxicity, eco X

other: black smoke, fertilisation

Data quality

time 1993 to 2000

geography Europe

technology


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

Other methods X

A 159

Data for end-of-life analyses of packaging material (RANDA FR 007)

Documentation sheet (RANDA FR 007)

Kind of report Database

Title Base de données du logiciel WISARD. Modules of interest: recyclage des corps creux en PEhd en

flacons tri-couche à partir de paillettes ou à partir de granules / recyclage des films plastiques en

sacs plastiques / recyclage des emballages PET en fibres de rembourrage (couettes et pulls) /

recyclage des emballages PET issus des centres de tri en résine Supercycle / recyclage des

emballages PET issus de la collecte sélective en emballages PET tri-couche / recyclage chimique

des emballages PET en mousse polyuréthanne / Tri complémentaire et recyclage du PVC en tubes

d’assainissement / Recyclage de plastiques mélangés en piquets

Scope of investigation Data for LCA / end-of-life analyses, packaging material, waste management, France.



Institution or Company Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service

Contractor/ Address ECO EMBALLAGES, 44, Avenue Georges Pompidou, F-92300 Levallois-Perret, France,

Tel.: +33 1 40 89 99 99 Fax: +33 1 40 89 99 88

e-mail: [email protected], http://www.ecoemballages.fr

Authors Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service

Availability/Publisher Can be download from ADEME homepage:

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-

produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Filières/Plastiques/emballages%20plastiques.htm

ISBN No

Keywords ISO 14040, ACV, end of life, packaging material, recycling, chemical valuation, selective collection,

plastic films, PEhd, PET, PEbd, low density PE, high-density PE, PET, PVC, polyurethane.

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternat.

Reported data LCA


study

The objective is to provide data for future ACV analysis. The data are extracted from previous ACV

studies and the method used is based on ‘avoided impacts’. Advantages and disadvantages from

recycling material compared to virgin raw material in products are presented.






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA



http://www.ecoemballages.fr/

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Fili�res/Plastiques/emballages plastiques.htm

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Fili�res/Plastiques/emballages plastiques.htm

A 160

Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR 007)


ISO 14040 ff X

Code of practice

Other



Aim of study X




Function analysed recycling of bottling materials

Functional unit various


materials X

energy X

production X

use

disposal X

recycling X

transportation X


System Expansion

Substitution


Primary energy consumption insufficient

Air emissions insufficient

Water emissions insufficient

Waste categories insufficient

Impacts

Global warming X

Acidification X

Nutrient enrichment



Toxicity, human X

Toxicity, eco

other: eutrophication

Data quality

time 1993 to 1998

geography France/Europe

technology specific/average


Evaluation

Normalisation

Weighting

other methods

A 161


Title PVC I emballage (PVC in packaging.)

Scope of investigation packaging



Institution or Company Emballage- og Transportinstituttet


Authors Bager, K., Jeilsø, K., Ludvigsen, S., Jakobsen, J., Nielsen, K.

Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available on website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords PVC, packaging

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PE, PET, PP, PS, packaging materials


Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons on technical,

environmental and economic consequences of substituting packaging materials





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IPU 000.0038

http://www.mst.dk/

A 162


Title A survey of schemes in the United Kingdom collecting plastic bottles for recycling.

Scope of investigation Collection of plastic bottles for recycling



Institution or Company RECOUP, PPS Recovery Systems Ltd., 9 Metro Centre, Welbeck Way,

Woodston, Peterborough PE2 7WH, UK

Contractor/ Address

Authors Smith, D.N., Harrison, L.M., Simmons, A.J.

Availability/Publisher Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 25 (1997)

ISBN

Keywords Plastic bottle, recycling, Survey

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PET, HDPE


Short description of the study A survey of type, distribution and efficiacy of collection systems in the UK





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Collection systems in focus, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0074

A 163


Title ACV des caisses en bois, carton ondulé et plastique pour pommes.

Scope of investigation LCA, apple boxes, plastic(PP), paperboard, wood, geographical scope: France.


Ref. year(s) of assessment -

Institution or Company Ecobilan SA (France)

Contractor/ Address ADEME (agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie)

Direction de la Stratégie et de la Communication

27, rue Louis Vicat, 75737 Paris cedes 15, France,

Tel. +33 1 47 65 20 00, Fax : +33 1 46 45 52 36

Direction Déchets Municipaux et Direction de l’Industrie

2, square La Fayette, BP 406, 49004 Angers cedex 1, France

Tel. +33 2 41 20 41 20, Fax. +33 2 41 20 42 00

Authors Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service

Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ADEME homepage:

http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-

produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Filières/Plastiques/emballages%20plastiques.htm

ISBN No

Keywords ACV, apple box, packaging material, PP, plastic, wood, paperboard, distribution.

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative X

Comparison with alternatives Comparison between PP and other alternatives (wood and paperboard).

Reported data LCA, other life-cycle related data


study

The objective of the study was to show the key points and the possible improvements for each type

of box (wood, paperboard and plastic). It is based on the present situation in France, because of

the usage of specific distribution system for this country. However, it is not a complete study with a

material and energy flow balance because it only evaluates several re-use rotations.






assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: No PVC considered, PP is benchmark object, not suggested for systematic charac-

terisation

RANDA FR.008

A 164

A2.5 Transport

Kind of report Critical review of existing LCA studies

Title Life cycle assessment of vinyl materials in automotive applications: Search and critical review

of published LCI/LCA studies of vinyl and selected alternative materials.

Scope of investigation To obtain authoritative information on PVC’s life-cycle environmental impacts



Institution or Company Ecobalance Inc., 15204 Omega Drive, Suite 220, Rockville, MD 20850, USA

Contractor/ Address Chlorine Chemistry Council, The Vinyl Institute, and The Ford Motor Company

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Ecobalance Inc., 15204 Omega Drive, Suite 220, Rockville, MD 20850, USA

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, automotive interior

Life-cycle phases





Reported data -

Short description of the study Review of existing studies on use of PVC and alternatives for various purposes. Critical to-

wards existing studies and methods (in 1996). The conclusion is that with 1996 knowledge

PVC is not worse than other alternative materials.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


with LCA aspects. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.

IPU 000.0006

A 165

A2.6 Electric and electronics


Title Optimisation of PVC-free Materials in Cables

Scope of investigation Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables



Institution or Company 1Draka-NKT Optical Cable. 2Danish Technological Institute, Environmental Technology


Authors 1Haslev, P., 1Poulsen, P.V., 1Hjøllund, L., 1Ditlefsen, A., 1Jensen, K.B., 2Jørgen Larsen, J.,


ISBN

Keywords PVC, cables, non-halogenated cables

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative


Comparison with alternatives Non halogenated cables


Short description of the study Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables.

Computer simulations of the same.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Focus on mechanical properties of materials and only qualitative information, not

suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0050

http://www.mst.dk/

A 166

A2.7 Medical


Title Livscyklusscreening af kateter fra Coloplast A/S(Life cycle screening of catheter from Coloplast

A/S

Scope of investigation A catheter





Authors Unknown


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, catheter.

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals.





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: : Only Life-Cycle screening, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0004

A 167

Annex A3 Documentation sheets of non-LCA studies

A3.1 Sector independent information


Title Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants in state-of-the-art

combustion facilities

Scope of investigation Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants



Institution or Company APME, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, EBFRIP


Authors Jurgen Vehlow, B. Bergfeldt, H. Hunsinger, K. Jay, Frank E. Mark, Lein Tange, Dieter Droh-

mann, Herbert Fisch


or internet (download): http://www.ebfrip.org/download/tamara.pdf

ISBN -

Keywords brominated flame retardants, combustion facility, WEEE

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Not LCA data

Short description of the study The study describes trials conducted in a pilot scale municipal solid-waste combustion with the

objective to show that the recycling of bromine in plastics waste containing brominated flame-

retardants is technically feasible. It does not deal with an specific plastic.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: The study deals with plastic waste in general. No specific information about PVC

and/or competitors can be drawn. Not suggested for further assessment.

IKP D-10

A 168


Title Die Industriegesellschaft gestalten - Perspektiven für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Stoff-

und Materialströmen

Scope of investigation Chemical production of chlorine, production process of PVC, disposal of PVC waste



Institution or Company Enquete-Kommission 'Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Bewertungskriterien und Per-

spektiven für umweltverträgliche Stoffkreisläufe in der Industriegesellschaft'

Contractor/ Address Deutscher Bundestag, 12. Wahlperiode

Authors Enquete-Kommission 'Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Bewertungskriterien und Per-

spektiven für umweltverträgliche Stoffkreisläufe in der Industriegesellschaft'

Availability/Publisher Deutscher Bundestag ,12. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 12/8260, Sachgebiet 1101

ISBN -

Keywords Chlorine, PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data No LCA data

Short description of the study Information about chemical production of chlorine, production process of PVC, disposal of PVC

waste





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, systematic characterisation of report

is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies, not suggested for

systematic characterisation .

IKP D-21

A 169


Title Stand des PVC-Recyclings in Deutschland und seine umweltpolitische Bedeutung

Scope of investigation Recycling of PVC in Germany and resulting impacts



Institution or Company Greenpeace Deutschland, Große Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany

Contractor/ Address Institut für ökologisches Recycling e. V., Kurfürstenstr.14, 10785 Berlin, Germany

Authors Jürgen Halbekath, Michaela Moser, Juliane Marter

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Deutschland, Grosse Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords PVC, production, recycling incineration,

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study Greenpeace Germany gives an overview on recycling of PVC and the resulting impacts. Pro-

duction, Recycling and incineration is considered. The study does not contain LCA.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested

for further assessment

IKP D-25

A 170


Title Von Cadmium bis Dioxin - PVC - der Werkstoff mit dem eingebauten Risiko

Scope of investigation Emissons from incinerated PVC



Institution or Company Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. (BUND),

Am Köllnischen Park 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Armin Radünz, Thomas Lenius

Availability/Publisher Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. (BUND),

Am Köllnischen Park 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords PVC, Chlorine, Emissions,

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The study gives a brief overview on emissions from incinerated PVC.





assessment

Initiator LCA


Academia Part of PVC compound




X Other than LCA



IKP D-40

A 171


Title Der Trend geht zum Zweitbaum

Scope of investigation Christmas trees made of PVC



Institution or Company Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany

Contractor/ Address Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany

Authors Michael Brendler

Availability/Publisher Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords PVC, Wood, Christmas tree

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PVC Christmas tree compared to wooden Christmas tree

Reported data

Short description of the study The study describes the advantages and disadvantages of PVC Christmas trees.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IKP D-43

A 172


Title Stellungnahme zur Studie "Konversion der Chlorchemie" der Prognos AG, Basel, Dezember

1994

Scope of investigation Comment to a study about the conversion of important chlorine products in the chemical indus-

try



Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany

Contractor/ Address Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany

Authors Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V.

Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany

ISBN

Keywords chlorine, chemical industry, comment report

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The report is a comment on a study about the conversion of important chlorine products in the

chemical industry. Only in special cases new data is delivered and the underlying study is only

commented in some special points. The viewpoints have to be included when the original study

is considered, but the comment report on its own includes not enough data.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study (meta-study), no additional issues covered, not suggested for further

assessment

IKP D-46

A 173


Title Environmental Damage By PVC - An Overview

Scope of investigation Environmental Damage By PVC


Ref. year(s) of assessment Before 1992

Institution or Company Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany

Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt , Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany

Authors Umweltbundesamt

Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt , Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany

ISBN

Keywords Environmental damage, PVC, overview

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The article is an overview about Environmental damage by PVC. The entirety of PVC is con-

sidered, special products are not addressed. Statements are only qualitative and very general.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment

IKP D-50

A 174

Kind of report Book

Title Recycling von Kunststoffen

Scope of investigation Handling of PVC waste




Contractor/ Address Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany

Authors Dipl.-Ing. Muna Bittner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Menges, Prof. Dr.-Ing- Walter Michaeli;

Chapter regarding PVC: Helga Roder

Availability/Publisher Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany

ISBN 3-446-16437-5

Keywords waste, PVC, recycling

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The chapter referring to PVC describes the handling of PVC waste. It gives good information

about reuse, branches, life time, market share, waste volume. The description of treatment

plants and PVC recycling for specific use are also included.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.

IKP D-51

A 175


Title Nachhaltige Entwicklung: Mit kostengünstigen Produkten schneller vorwärts!

Sustainable development: Measuring economical and ecological progress together!

Scope of investigation Brief description of Vinnolit optimisation method



Institution or Company Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, D-84489 Burghausen, Germany

Contractor/ Address

Authors Dr. Ernst Spindler

Availability/Publisher Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, D-84489 Burghausen, Germany

ISBN

Keywords Sustainable development, Vinnolit optimisation method

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The article gives a brief idea of the Vinnolit optimisation method, which jointly assess economi-

cal and ecological life-cycle cost on a quantitative basis. Examples are given.



Generic data/literature data 60 % Specific/own/new data 40 % Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Primarily methodological report, brochure-like, not suggested for further assessment

IKP D-55

A 176


Title Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and other resins)

Scope of investigation Description of main competing technologies with regard to chemical recycling with emphasis

on PVC waste, revision of the sources of various types of PVC waste



Institution or Company TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy,

Schoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 6030, 2600 JA Delft, Netherlands

Contractor/ Address European Commission, DG III

Authors Dr. A. Tukker, Ing. H. de Groot, Ir. L. Simons, Ir. S. Wiegersma

Availability/Publisher TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy,

Schoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 6030, 2600 JA Delft, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords chemical recycling, plastics waste, PVC

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives chemical recycling technologies of plastic waste

Reported data

Short description of the study The study presents an assessment of the current initiatives with regard to chemical recycling,

evaluation of the collection structures, overall costs of waste management over the whole

chain, scenario analysis. A LCA is not performed, but LCA studies done by different institutions

are compared.



Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 %


assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study (meta-study, that compares other LCA studies), no additional issues

covered, not suggested for further assessment

IKP NL-2

A 177

Kind of report Memorandum

Title Position paper of the Netherlands on PVC

Scope of investigation Information about applications of PVC, addititves, waste and PVC policy standpoint



Institution or Company Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment

Contractor/ Address

Authors Margareta de Boer

Availability/Publisher Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer

Rijnstraat 8, P.O. Box 30945/ipc 650, 2500 GX The Hague, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study This memorandum gives general information about applications, additives, waste aspects and

policy of PVC. The quantities and situation described refer mainly to the Netherlands.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IKP NL-5

A 178

Kind of report List

Title PVC-Free Future: A Review of Restrictions and PVC-free policies worldwide

Scope of investigation Actions and companies that restrict the use of PVC



Institution or Company Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands

Contractor/ Address

Authors Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands

ISBN -

Keywords PVC free

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study This review gives a list of actions taken by national and local governments from different coun-

tries to restrict chlorine and PVC. Next, it lists companies that have taken actions to phase out

the use of PVC.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IKP NL-13

A 179


Title Mechanical Recycling of PVC Wastes

Scope of investigation Disposal of PVC wastes and evaluation of the mechanical recycling of PVC



Institution or Company Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland

Authors Prognos AG

Availability/Publisher Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland

ISBN

Keywords technical study, mechanical recycling, disposal

Life-cycle phases





tives

Few comparison of PVC to other materials and PVC in other applications.

Reported data Other than LCA


study

Technical study about the possibilities and limitations of the mechanical recycling of PVC.

Environmental impacts are not directly addressed. After the classification of PVC wastes and

the influencing factors on PVC recycling the present situation of PVC wastes and PVC recy-

cling in Europe is reported. Out of this limits, potentials and scenarios of PVC recycling are

generated.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: This is not a LCA study as such, but deals with aspects that important for LCA.

Therefore a systematic assessment is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and

other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.

IKP CH-1

A 180


Title On the environmental impact of the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) A description of

best available techniques

Scope of investigation PVC applications, process description, sources of emissions and their impacts.



Institution or Company ECVM - European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers, Avenue Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 4,

B-1160 Brussels, Belgium


Authors


ISBN

Keywords PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The paper reviews different aspects of PVC production: application, production process, tech-

nologies, sources of emissions and impacts.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IKP BE-2

A 181

Kind of report Report/comment

Title National Position and comments of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environ-

ment and Water Management on the Green Paper COM (2000); 469 of 26th July 2000 on

environmental issues

Scope of investigation Green Paper on PVC



Institution or Company Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management

Contractor/ Address

Authors


ISBN -

Keywords Green Paper, PVC, comment

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative



tives

Reported data


study

National Position and comments of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environ-

ment and Water Management on the Green Paper COM (2000); 469 of 26th July 2000 on

environmental issues





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: This is not a LCA study. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like

article is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for

systematic characterisation.

IKP AT-12

A 182


Title Environmental and Health Assessment of Alternatives to Phthalates and to flexible PVC

Scope of investigation Environmental and health assessment of materials which can substitute PVC



Institution or Company COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners A/S

Contractor/ Address Danish Environmental Protection Agency

Authors Stuer-Lauridsen, F.; Mikkelsen, S.:, Havelund, S.; Birkved, M.; Hansen, L. P.

Availability/Publisher Available from Danish EPA website www.mst.dk

ISBN

Keywords PVC, Phthalates, Alternatives to PVC, alternatives to phthalates

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Diethylhexyl adipate, O-acetyltributyl citrate, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, Tri(2-ethylhexyl)

phosphate, Tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, Alkylsulphonic acid esters, Butane esters, Polyester,

Epoxyester, epoxydized oils, Benzoate, Sebacates, Polyurethane, Polyethylene

Reported data

Short description of the study Environmental and health assessment of materials which can substitute PVC.


X




assessment

Initiator LCA


X Academia Part of PVC compound




X Other than LCA


A 183


Title Chlorine, Combustion and Dioxins: Does Reducing Chlorine in Wastes Decrease Dioxin For-

mation in Waste Incinerators?

Scope of investigation Chlorine’s effect on dioxin formation in waste incineration.


Ref. year(s) of assessment Various

Institution or Company Greenpeace International

Contractor/ Address Greenpeace International

Authors Pat Costner

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International

ISBN

Keywords Chlorine, chlorine in incineration, dioxin formation,

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Literature review on correlation between chlorine content in waste and dioxin formation in

waste incineration - divided in laboratory/pilot scale, small-scale and full-scale incinerators.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, only qualitative end of life data, not suggested for systematic char-

acterisation

IPU 041.0022

A 184


Title PVC Strategy. Status Report and Future Initiatives

Scope of investigation Status on PVC waste handling, future strategy for PVC in products



Institution or Company Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark

Contractor/ Address Ministry of Environment and Energy

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark

ISBN

Keywords PVC strategy, PVC waste handling

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Status on PVC waste handling in Denmark, future strategy and initiatives for PVC in products.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 041.0023

A 185


Title Affaldsforbrænding i forbindelse med PVC-aftalen

(Waste incineration in connection with the PVC agreement)

Scope of investigation The reduced need for cleaning flue gas for HCl by a reduction in PVC in waste for incineration



Institution or Company Rambøll, Hannemann & Højlund A/S


Authors Rasmussen, H. W.


ISBN

Keywords PVC, incineration, HCl in flue gas.

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCC

Short description of the study Listing of the PVC content and following HCl content in the flue gas. Calculations of saved

costs by reduction of PVC content in waste.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0051

http://www.mst.dk/

A 186


Title Miljøevaluering af organotin i plastprodukter

(Environmental Evaluation of organotin in plastic products)

Scope of investigation Production, use and disposal of organotin as stabiliser in PVC




Contractor/ Address

Authors Stuer-Lauridsen, Frank; Lassen, Carsten; Jensen, Niels Jacob; Poll, Christian;


ISBN ISBN 87-7909-075-3

Keywords Organotin, PVC

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative




Short description of the study Thorough review of existing knowledge on release and environmental effects on organotin

used as PVC additives






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA, only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisa-

tion

IPU 000.0053

http://www.mst.dk/

A 187


Title Massestrømsanalyse for tin med særligt fokus på organotinforbindelser

(Mass flow analysis of tin with special focus on organotin)

Scope of investigation Total mass flow of tin in Denmark including organotin substances in PVC



Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, COWI A/S


Authors Larsen, Carsten; Vaaben, Steffan; Hansen, Erik


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-735-0

Keywords Tin, organotin, additives in PVC

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative

Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative X



Short description of the study Total mapping of tin use in Denmark from import to final waste disposal including emissions.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA, substance flow analysis, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0058

http://www.mst.dk/

A 188


Title Det danske PVC-forbrug 1994 - 1995

(The Danish use of PVC 1994 - 1995)

Scope of investigation Mass flow of PVC in Denmark



Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut. Miljøteknik


Authors Unknown


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-649-4

Keywords PVC, mass-flow

Life-cycle phases


Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative




Short description of the study Mass flow in Denmark including imports and exports of pure PVC, PVC products and semi-

manufactured products. No environmental exchanges






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0059

http://www.mst.dk/

A 189


Title Massestrømsanalyse for phthalater – Forbrug, bortskaffelse og udslip til omgivelserne i Dan-

mark

(Mass-flow analysis for phthalates – Use, disposal and release to environment in Denmark)

Scope of investigation Use and emissions of phthalates in Denmark



Institution or Company Krüger A/S


Authors Hoffmann, Leif


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-567-6

Keywords Phthalates

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Mass flow of phthalates. Estimations and evaluations – no direct measurements





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0061

http://www.mst.dk/

A 190


Title Kilder til dioxinforurening og forekomst af dioxin i miljøet

(Sources of dioxin pollution and occurence of dioxin in the environment)

Scope of investigation Sources for dioxin pollution



Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut


Authors Jensen, Allan Astrup; Grove, Arne; Hoffmann, Leif


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-513-7

Keywords Sources for dioxin

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Thorough evaluation of sources for dioxin in environment. Literature evaluation of effects in

environment and at human exposure.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, the study deals not with dioxins as specific topic of PVC, but as

general problem. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.

IPU 000.0063

http://www.mst.dk/

A 191


Title PVC and alternative materials

Scope of investigation Life cycle of PVC in various uses



Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut


Authors Unknown


ISBN ISBN 87-7909-667-0

Keywords

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PE/PP, PS, PET, PU, Rubbers (EPDM, CR, SBR), impregnated wood, paper/cardboard, Al,


Short description of the study Qualitative matrix evaluation of various materials





assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Only qualitative information, Study is actually an English translation and compilation

of the Danish studies 0036, 0037, 0038 and 0040 not suggested for systematic characteri-

sation

IPU 000.0065

http://www.mst.dk/

A 192


Title Klorkilders betydning for dioxindannelse ved forbrænding

(The influence of sources of Chlorine for dioxin formation at incineration)

Scope of investigation Formation of dioxin at incineration with various contents of chlorine (organic bound in PVC)

and



Institution or Company Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, dk-TEKNIK


Authors Unknown


ISBN ISBN 87-503-8087-7

Keywords Dioxin formation, chlorine in incineration, PVC incineration

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Analyses of formation of dioxin at incineration with various contents of chlorine organically

bound in PVC and inorganically bound in NaCl. Furhtermore, analyses of whether addition of

CaO had any effect on the dioxin formation.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0067

http://www.mst.dk/

A 193


Title Brugen af ftalater i Danmark

(Use of phthalates in Denmark)

Scope of investigation Use of phthalates in Denmark



Institution or Company Roskilde Universitetscenter (Roskilde University)


Authors Axelsen, Jens; Schaldemose, Anne


ISBN ISBN 87-503-5279-2

Keywords Phthalates, DEHP, DOP

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives DEHP, DOP


Short description of the study LCA on phthalates






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0068

http://www.mst.dk/

A 194

Kind of report Environmental Product Declaration

Title Protan – the environment and PVC

Scope of investigation PVC roofing




Contractor/ Address Protan A/S, PO Box 420 Brakerøya, N-3002 Drammen, Norway

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Unknown, probably marketing department of company or www.protan.no

ISBN No

Keywords PVC

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Market information

Short description of the study Company brochure defending against environmental and health hazards and advocating the

benefits for the environment by using the company’s product for roofing





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientificly based, not suggested

for further assessment IPU 000.0007

http://www.protan.no/

A 195


Title Business as Usual or ‘Vinyl 2010’, The Voluntary Commitment to the PVC Industry.

Scope of investigation Examination of the report: ‘Vinyl 2010’, The Voluntary Commitment to the PVC Industry.



Institution or Company Greenpeace International

Contractor/ Address

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International

ISBN

Keywords PVC, industrial commitment, PVC disposal

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The study criticises the voluntary commitment from the European PVC industry as being far

from sufficient.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Qualitative examination of a non-LCA report, not suggested for systematic charac-

terisation IPU 041.0021

A 196


Title Action Plan for reducing and phasing out phthalates in soft plastics

Scope of investigation Use and proposed initiatives for phthalates



Institution or Company Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark

Contractor/ Address Ministry of Environment and Energy

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark

ISBN

Keywords Phthalates, phasing out phthalates.

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Current use of phthalates in various applications. Proposals and strategies for each application

type to phase out and/or reduce phthalates.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study , not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 041.0024

A 197

Kind of report Brochure

Title Kendsgerninger om PVC og miljø (Facts on PVC and environment)

Scope of investigation Comments on all phases in PVC life cycle



Institution or Company EVC Nordic, International House,

Bella Center, Center Boulevard 5, DK-2300 København S, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors EVC Nordic

Availability/Publisher EVC Nordic

ISBN

Keywords PVC, public debate

Life-cycle phases











assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IPU 000.0039

A 198


Title Materialer til overfladebelægninger i svømmebassiner

(Materials for surface coating of swimming pools)

Scope of investigation Environmental effects from surface coatings in use



Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute


Authors Bisted, Ole; Bødker, Jørn


ISBN ISBN 87-7944-719-8

Keywords PVC surface coating, swimming pool,

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Surface coating by painting, ceramic tiles, and glass fibre


Short description of the study Literature review of toxicological data on released substances. Water analyses from 8 swim-

ming pools, lab. analyses of migrating substances from selected surface coating materials.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0055

http://www.mst.dk/

A 199


Title Erfaringer med substitution af PVC ved renere teknologi og brancheaftale

(Experiences with substitution of PVC by cleaner technology and branch agreements)

Scope of investigation List experiences with substitution of PVC



Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet (spons); Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. Institut for Teknologi og Sam-

fund


Authors Jørgensen, Ulrik; Høier, Stine


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-525-0

Keywords Substitution of PVC

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Alternatives not listed in report

Reported data

Short description of the study Listing of experiences from substitutions of PVC





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment IPU 000.0062

http://www.mst.dk/

A 200


Title PVC. An Evaluation Using The Natural Step Framework

Scope of investigation PVC as a sustainable material



Institution or Company The Natural Step, 9 Imperial Square, Cheltenham, GL50 1QB, UK

Contractor/ Address

Authors Everard, M.; Monaghan, M.T.; Ray, D.

Availability/Publisher Contact: [email protected]

ISBN

Keywords PVC and sustainability

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Other LCA related data

Short description of the study Lists 5 system conditions which make a material sustainable. For each condition are demands

which the PVC industry has to commit in order to comply with this.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



A 201

Kind of report Environmental declaration from company

Title Public environment statement 2001

Scope of investigation PVC production



Institution or Company Hydro Polymers Limited

Contractor/ Address

Authors Hydro Polymers

Availability/Publisher On website www.hydro.com or e-mail: [email protected]

ISBN

Keywords PVC production

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Public statement from company.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 027.0072

http://www.hydro.com/


A 202

Kind of report Comment on EU paper

Title UK Response to the European Commission's Green Paper on environmental issues of PVC

Scope of investigation Comments on EU paper



Institution or Company Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Contractor/ Address

Authors

Availability/Publisher http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/pvcresponse/index.htm

ISBN

Keywords EU green paper

Life-cycle phases





Reported data LCA-related data

Short description of the study Comments on EU green paper and suggested improvements





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/pvcresponse/index.htm

A 203


Title A new technology for treatment of PVC waste

Scope of investigation Recycling of PVC waste from mixed building waste, old flooring material, cable waste and

cable trays



Institution or Company NKT Research Center A/S, Priorparken 878, DK-2605 Brøndby

Contractor/ Address

Authors Jaksland, C.; Rasmussen, E.; Rohde, T.

Availability/Publisher Waste Management, Vol. 20 (2000)

ISBN

Keywords PVC Recycling , building waste, flooring material waste, cable waste, cable trays waste

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Other life-cycle related

Short description of the study Documentation of a new method which removes chlorine, plasticisers and metal stabilisers.

Process is based on formation of calcium chloride.





assessment

Initiator LCA


Academia Part of PVC compound




X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0076

A 204


Title PVC-produkter, miljørisiko og risikoreduksjon

(PVC products, environmental risk and risk reduction)

Scope of investigation PVC products in general



Institution or Company Norges Naturvernforbund, Postboks 342, Sentrum, 0101 Oslo, Norway

Contractor/ Address

Authors Theisen, Fredrik

Availability/Publisher Norges Naturvernforbund, Postboks 342, Sentrum, 0101 Oslo, Norway

ISBN ISBN 82-7478-076-0

Keywords Environmental risks, environmental, risk reduction,

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study LCA related study with Swedish national border as system boundary





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Study on risks, no LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 027.0078

A 205


Title Disposal of PVC waste

Scope of investigation All PVC waste in Sweden



Institution or Company Swedish EPA, S-106 48, Stockholm, Sweden

Contractor/ Address

Authors

Availability/Publisher Swedish EPA, Kundservice, S-106 48, Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN ISBN 91-620-4672-1

Keywords PVC waste, waste handling

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Status and proposals for a sustainable handling of PVC waste in Sweden





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 027.0079

A 206


Title Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management, Project: EPCS/20725 issue 1.1

Scope of investigation PVC, costs of incineration, landfill and recycling and the associated environmental costs and

benefits



Institution or Company AEA Technology in collaboration with Metroeconomica

Contractor/ Address

(commissioner)

European Commission Environment Directorate

Authors Keith A. Brown; H. Jones; Dr. D. Buckley-Golder

Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/pvc

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, socio-economic costs, incineration, landfill, recycling, environmental externalities

Life-cycle phases





tives

No comparison between PVC alternatives

Reported data Socio-economic, other life-cycle related data


study

Assessment of waste management costs of diverting PVC waste from incineration towards

recycling and the associated environmental costs and benefits. The study covers the EU-15

and the first six Accession Countries over the period 2000 to 2020. The analysis presented in

this report is based on 3 scenarios. In the first and second one, the recycling rates increase to

15% and 22% respectively, with proportionate decreases in the amount of PVC sent to incin-

eration and landfill. In the third scenario recycling rates are unchanged against BAU, but incin-

eration rates increases to 27% to 30% as a result of the diversion of constructional wastes to

landfill, compared with up to 45% incineration forecast under BAU. Environmental externalities

are quantified.




Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X


assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA EU.004

A 207


Title Flow of plastics and their possible reuse in Austria

Scope of investigation Basis for the management of plastic wastes, Austria



Institution or Company University of Technology of Vienna, Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, De-

partment of Waste Management

Contractor/ Address

(commissioner)

European Commission, 4th Framework Programme, Subprogramme area: Human dimensions

of environment change, Project reference: ENV4960230

Authors R. Fehringer, P.H. Brunner

Availability/Publisher Can be requested by the author

ISBN Proceedings to the Con-Account Workshop, Wuppertal Special 4, Wuppertal Institute and

Science Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, pages 272 - 277.

Keywords PVC, chemical recycling, incineration, landfill, waste management

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Other life-cycle related data (substance flow analysis)


study

The objectives of the study were:

a) Quantification of the total flows and stocks of plastics, waste plastics and additives in

plastics in order to create a basis for the management of plastic wastes in Austria.

b) Summary of the possibilities for recycling and analyse them in view of the emissions, the

rests and recycled products.

c) Development and implementation of a method to compare various management con-

cepts for plastic wastes (status quo, recycling, energy recovery) in view of the targets of

the Austrian Waste Management Act.





Comments Extended study in German to be received: Fehringer; R. Brunner, P. H. (1996) “Kunststofflüsse

und die Möglichkeiten der Kunststoffverwertung in Österreich”, UBA Monographie Band 80.

UBA, A-1090 Wien, Austria


assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation RANDA EU.007

A 208


Title Mineral fillers and polymer matrix compatibilisation for perfecting materials used as insulation

and sheath of electrical cables. Project reference: BRE20218

Scope of investigation New polymeric compounds for the insulated cables industry. Replacement of present PVC

sheath.



Institution or Company Alcatel (for the European Commision)

Contractor/ Address

(commissioner)

170 Avenue Jean-Jaures, 69344 Lyon, France

Tel.: +33 72 72 24 24, fax: + 33 78 72 13 90

Authors Mr. Jn Demay

Availability/Publisher Study not available (CONFIDENTIAL?)

ISBN No

Keywords insulated cables industry, PVC, mineral fillers, EPR, EPDM, EBA, EVA low density PE, high

density PE

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison between present material (PVC) and 10 possible alternatives



study

The objective of the study was to develop new types of polymer compounds for the insulated

cables industry. According to the summary of the report, low-cost halogen free materials for

wires and cable applications can be developed.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA EU.008

A 209


Title Optimisation of an integrated process for the sorting of municipal solid waste for the recovery

and valorisation of chlorinated plastic upstream of a municipal solid-waste incinerator.

Project reference: MA1D0013

Scope of investigation Maximum recovery rate of chlorinated plastic in incinerator, PVC selective collection, waste

recycling.



Institution or Company Triga SA (for the European Commision)

Contractor/ Address

(commissioner)

24 rue Chaptal, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France

Tel. +33 1 47 57 31 15

Authors P. Giloux


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, plastics, waste recycling, incineration, hydrochloric acid.

Life-cycle phases





tives

None

Reported data Other life-cycle related data.


study

The objective of the study was to sort the PVC fraction in order to guarantee a maximum re-

covery rate of the product and to reduce as much as possible the HCl present in the fluent gas.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA EU.009

A 210


Title PVC in Europe: Environmental concerns, measures and market.

Scope of investigation Basis for the management of plastic wastes, Austria



Institution or Company TNO Policy Research. TNO Plastics and Rubber Institute.

Contractor/ Address

(commissioner)

European Commission

Directorate General III

Authors A. Tukker, J.L.B. de Groot, P. Van de Hofstadt

Availability/Publisher Can be ordered by the Documentation Service of EC Directorate General III

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Other than LCA


study

This report summarises the European PVC market, including environmental concerns, and

measures taken for legislative control in EU member states. It summarises the general market

situation in Europe in 1995. As well, it contains an annex with a desription of the environ-

mental aspects of PVC production and use. Unfortunately, the study could be out of date with

regard to legislative control. As well, the impact chapter is a bibliographic review and does not

contain primary data.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA EU.010

A 211


Title Estudio de Minimización de Residuos del Sector Plásticos (PVC). Producción de VCM y PVC

Scope of investigation PVC, VCM, waste minimization in the production phase, Spain



Institution or Company COVITECMA, S.A. Ingenieros Consultores

Contractor/ Address EMGRISA , Empresa de Gestión de Residuos Industriales, Pol. Industrial Los Olivos, Diseño,

s/n, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain, Tel: (91) 6831278; Fax: (91) 6837974

Authors E.A./I.C./C.B.L./T.B.

Availability/Publisher It can be ordered from EMGRISA.

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, VCM, waste minimization, production process, air emissions, effluent, BAT (Best Availa-

ble Technologies), environmental improvements

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Socio-economic, market information, other life-cycle related data


study

The objective of the study was the development of a preliminary project of environmental

minimization of the industrial sector of PVC. This includes:

Evaluation of the potential minimization of emissions, outflows and toxic and hazardous waste

from the PVC sector. Definition of the possibilities of waste minimization and their quantification

in the short and medium term (1995 to 2005), in relation to the production and reduction of

waste, emissions and outflows. Economical evaluation of each possible minimization option

with the associated cost. Definition of the technologies to be applied and their economic costs.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA SP.003

A 212


Title El reciclado de plásticos en España

Scope of investigation Plastics, recycling, Spain



Institution or Company ANARPLAN – Spanish Association of Plastic Recycling

Contractor/ Address

Authors


ISBN

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives



study





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Not provided

RANDA SP.007

A 213


Title Análisis de ftalatos en productos hospitalarios en España y otros países

Scope of investigation Phtalates, PVC, medical products, Austria, Brasil, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India,

Holland, The Philippines, Spain, United Kingdom, U.S.A.



Institution or Company Greenpeace

Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Spain, San Bernardo, 107, 1º, 28015 Madrid, Spain

Tel. 91 444 14 00, Fax. 93 447 15 98

Authors Greenpeace

Availability/Publisher Available from Greenpeace Spain

ISBN No

Keywords Phtalates, DEHP, PVC, medical products, legislation

Life-cycle phases





tives

No comparison with alternatives. However, the study supplies a list of commercial medical

products “PVC and phtalate free”

Reported data Market information, other life-cycle related data


study

The study shows the results of analysis of DEHP content in 46 medical products from the

following countries: Austria, Brasil, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Holland, The

Philippines, Spain, United Kingdom and USA. The study also contains:

- A literature review of the effect of phtalates on human health

- A brief description of the European market of medical products

- A brief review of legislation concerning PVC content in toys in the following countries: Aus-

tria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Holland,

The Philippines, Norway, Sweden and U.S.A.


Overall/screening X Profound X




assessment

Initiator LCA





Application PVC/comp. comparison

X Other than LCA


RANDA SP.008

A 214

Kind of report Press conference report

Title Il PVC oggi in Italia

Scope of investigation To present environmental and socio-economic information on PVC.

Year of publication 1999 (13th of December)

Ref. year(s) of assessment 1996, 1998

Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica

Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica; www.pvcforum.it

Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica

Availability/Publisher http://www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html

ISBN No

Keywords PVC; socio-economic report; environmental impact

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison of environmental performance with cast iron, HDPE (EMPA, 1998), aluminium,

steel and wood (Richter, EMPA 1996).

Reported data LCA related, socio-economic, market information


study

The objective of the document was to describe the situation from an environmental and socio-

economic perspective.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.001

http://www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html

A 215

Kind of report Dossier

Title Produzione, utilizzo e recupero del PVC: sicurezza e impatto ambientale

Scope of investigation To provide information on PVC regarding environmental performance, uses and end of life

treatment



Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC (www. pvcforum.it)

Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC

www.pvcforum.it

Authors PVC forum/Italian PVC Industry

Availability/Publisher http://www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, environmental impact, safety, production, use and recycling

Life-cycle phases





tives

No

Reported data Market information, other life-cycle related data


study

The objective of the study was to show environmental information on production, use and

recycling of PVC from the PVC producers’ point of view





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.002

http://www.pvcforum.it/


A 216


Title L’industria del PVC: parole e fatti.

Scope of investigation It describes in qualitative terms the risks related to PVC use, recycling and to exposure to PVC

additives.

Year of publication 2000 (June)


Institution or Company Instituto di Ricerche farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via Eritrea, 62

20157 Milano, Italy, Tel.: +39 2 39 01 41, Fax: +39 2 3 54 62 77 – +39 2 39 00 19 18,

Cable address: negrinst milano, e-mail: [email protected],

homepage: www.irfmn.mnegri.it

Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC; www.pvcforum.it

Authors Roberto Fanelli

Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html

ISBN No

Keywords PVC industry, risk, dioxins

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Market information, other Life-Cycle related data


study

The objective of the study was to explain the risks associated with the of use of PVC, its recy-

cling and exposure to its addictives in comparison with other risks of human activities and

natural episodes.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.005



A 217

Kind of report Report (bibliographic study)

Title La termovalorizzazione dei ritiuti solidi urbani. Incidenza del PVC e sicurezza dei processi di

combustione.

Scope of investigation The study focuses on incineration processes and dioxins

Year of publication Unknown


Institution or Company Sito di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it

Contractor/ Address

Authors Sito di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, solid waste, energy recovery

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

The objective of the study was to describe the processes of PVC thermal destruction.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.006

A 218


Title PVC: Realta’ e innovazione. Riciclo e recupero dei manufatti in PVC a fine vita

Scope of investigation Describes the available recycling processes for PVC.



Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC


Authors F. S. Hero


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, end of life, recycling

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

The objective of the study was to describe different end-of-life recycling systems for PVC.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.007

A 219


Title Il PVC nei giocattoli. Un rischio inutile ed inevitable.

Scope of investigation This study focuses on phthalate addictives in PVC and the risks to human health.

Year of publication 1997 (December)

Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997 and before

Institution or Company Greenpeace Italia

Contractor/ Address GREENPEACE ITALIA

V.le M. Gelsomini, 28 - 00153 Roma, Italy

Authors Fabrizio Fabbri

Availability/Publisher www.greenpeace.it

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, toys, phthalates, plasticizers, toxicity

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

The objective of the study was to describe the risks to human health due to exposure to phtha-

lates in PVC items (medical tools, toys, etc.).





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.008

A 220


Title PVC: cosa c’è che non va.

Scope of investigation The study highlights the environmental and health problems associated with PVC.


Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997 and before

Institution or Company Greenpeace Italia

Contractor/ Address GREENPEACE ITALIA

V.le M. Gelsomini, 28 - 00153 Roma, Italy

Authors Fabrizio Fabbri

Availability/Publisher www.greenpeace.it

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, dioxins, risk, substances migration

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

The objective of the study was to point out the environmental and health problems related to

PVC, such as dioxin production, migration of additives, and recycling problems.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.009

A 221

Kind of report Journal article

Title Gasification process of wastes containing PVC

Scope of investigation Waste management, energy recovery, PVC, gasification



Institution or Company Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza

Department of Physics “Roma Tre”

Contractor/ Address Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana, 18,

00184-Rome, Italy

Department of Physics “Roma Tre”, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146-Rome, Italy

Authors Pochetti, Fausto; Borgianni, C.; De Filippis, P.; Paolucci,M.

Availability/Publisher Fuel, vol. 81, issue 14, pg 1827 to 1833

ISBN No

Keywords Gasification, PVC, gas dechlorination , energy recovery

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

This study is aimed at developing gasification techniques that allow energy recovery from

waste containing PVC.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.010

A 222

Kind of report Journal article, scientific experiment

Title Recycling of PET and PVC Wastes

Scope of investigation Chemical plastic-recycling process



Institution or Company Centre d’Etudes sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques

Contractor/ Address Ecosite de Mece – Route des Salins, BP-118 Mèze 34140, France

Authors Lusinchi, J M; Pietrasanta, Y; Robin, J J; Boutevin, B.

Availability/Publisher Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 69, issue 4, pg. 657 - 666

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





ves

PET, mixed PET and PVC

Reported data Method for recycling mixed PET and PVC waste. Experiment results reported.


study

This article describes a chemical plastic-recycling process, but it is not an LCA. The process

can be applied when sorting operations are not possible or are too expensive. The aim was to

find a method that avoids the sorting steps so that waste could be treated directly after collec-

tion. The article concludes that is is possible to obtain materials with acceptable mechanical

characteristics from PET/PVC waste.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation.

RANDA IT.022

A 223


Title Processing effects on poly(ethylene terephthalate) from bottle scraps.

Scope of investigation Effect on degradation of recycled PET by PVC contamination.



Institution or Company Instituto Guido Doregani (Enichem), 28100 Novara, Italy

Contractor/ Address University of Naples, 8925 Naples, Italy

Authors Giannotta, Giorgio; Po, Riccardo; Cardi, Nicoletta; Tampellini, Elena; Occhiello, Ernesto;

Garbassi, Fabio; Nicolais, Luigi.

Availability/Publisher Polymer Engineering and Science vol. 34, issue 15, pg. 1219 - 1223

Publisher: Soc of Plastics Engineers

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

PET, PVC, mixed PET

Reported data Experiment results: PVC-rich recycled PET reached low melt viscosity after less than 10 min-

utes, while PET retained high viscosity even after 30 minutes.


study

The aim of the study was to investigate how the reprocessing behaviour and final characteris-

tics of recycled PET are influenced by purity. The authors developed a noval dynamic method

of evaluating thermal stability in processing conditions.




Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.023

A 224


Title Recycling of heterogeneous plastics wastes. II - The role of modifier agents.

Scope of investigation




Contractor/ Address

Authors La Mantia, FP

Availability/Publisher Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 42, issue 2, pg. 213 - 218

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data


study






assessment

Initiator LCA


(X) Academia part of PVC compound




X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation

RANDA IT.024

A 225


Title Patterns and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Sediments

from the Venice Lagoon, Italy.

Scope of investigation PCDD/F pollution in Venice Lagoon caused mainly by combustion and chemical manufacture


Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992, 1994

Institution or Company (a) Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” and

(b) Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management

Contractor/ Address (a) Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy;

(b) P.O. Box 20907, 2500 EX The Hague, The Netherlands

Authors Fattore, E., Benfenati, E., Matriani, G., Fanelli, R., Evers, E.H.G.

Availability/Publisher Environmental Science and Technology 31(6); 1777 - 1784

ISBN No

Keywords PCDD, PCDF, pollution

Life-cycle phases





tives

None

Reported data No LCA data; reported data includes levels, toxicity equivalents and homologue profiles of

PCDD/F in sediment samples


study

This study was part of a research program regarding pollution of the Venice Lagoon in northern

Italy. The purpose was to evaluate contamination due to PCDD/F caused mainly by combus-

tion due to local marine traffic and chemical manufacture. Six sites were sampled in 1992 and

1994 and results were compared to published data. Contamination was similar to that of indus-

trial effluent from the production of EDC (an intermediate of the vinyl chloride monomer). Other

contamination similar to gasoline and diesel engine emissions, probably due to combustion

from motorboats.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.025

A 226


Title Recycling of PET and PVC Wastes.

Scope of investigation Chemical process recyling method for mixed PET/PVC wastes. Mechanical properties of the

resulted PVC/PU blends.



ment

1996

Institution or Company Centre d’études sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques (CEREMAP)

Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier

Contractor/ Address Mr, J. J. Robin (correspondance author)

Centre d’études sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques (CEREMAP)

Ecosite de Mèze-Route des Saliins BP118 Mèze 34140 France

Authors Mr, J.J. Robin (correspondance author)

Availability/Publisher Journal of Applied Polymer Science., Vol. 69, 657 – 665 (1998)

1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ISBN see above reference

Keywords PVC, PET, waste, recycling method, mechanical characteristiques, polyurethanes, miscibility,

glass transtion temperature.

Life-cycle phases





tives

None



study

The aim of the study was to develop a method for recycling PET/PVC wastes, and the evalua-

tion of the mechanical characteristics of the final recycled materials. These properties are

strongly dependent on the E-caprolactone concentration used for the co-oligomer synthesis.

This dependance allows the adaptation of end product mechanical characteristics to the appli-

cation needed.





Comments related to

further assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA FR.013

A 227

A3.2 Building/Construction

Kind of report Documentation

Title Mitteleuropa im Dialog, anlässlich der Messe fensterbau/frontale 2002 in Nürnberg

Scope of investigation Rules in the window/facade industry



Institution or Company Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)

Contractor/ Address Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim),

Theodor-Gietl-Str. 7 - 9, 83026 Rosenheim Germany

Authors Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)

Availability/Publisher Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)

ISBN -

Keywords Window, façade

Life-cycle phases



Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Comparison with alternatives

Reported data

Short description of the study The study comprises suggestions for a standardisation of rules in the window/facade industry

for the whole Europe. No LCA data is presented.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: This brochure-like information does not reflect the information standards needed to

be judged as scientific-based information source. Not suggested for further assessment.

IKP D-4

A 228


Title Aufschwung schaffen - gesamtwirtschaftliche und ökologische Wirkungen der Förderung von

Investitionen zur Verbesserung der Wärmedämmung von Fenstern

Scope of investigation Heat insulation in window



Institution or Company Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung (GWS) mbH,

Weissenburger Str. 4, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany

Contractor/ Address Fenstermarkt-plus.de, Walter-Kolb-Str. 1 - 7, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany

Authors Meyer, Bernd; Wolter, Marc Ingo

Availability/Publisher Fenstermarkt-plus.de, Walter-Kolb-Str. 1 - 7, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords heat insulation, window, glass, PANTA RHEI

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to show the ecological and economical effects, with an empha-

sis to this last one, by the improvement of the heat insulation in windows. It does not compare

any material specifically.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: This brochure-like information does not reflect the information standards needed to

be judged as scientific-based information source. Not suggested for further assessment.

IKP D-5

A 229

Kind of report Book

Title Immer im Einsatz PVC im Hoch- und Tiefbau

Scope of investigation PVC in structural engineering and underground engineering



Institution or Company Solvay Kunststoff GmbH, Solingen; Bund Deutscher Baumeister, Architekten und Ingenieure,

Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt/Main e. V.

Contractor/ Address Solvay, Langhansstr. 6, 5650 Solingen 11/BDB: Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt am Main e. V.,

Berger Str. 40 - 42, 6000 Frankfurt am Main 1, Germany

Authors Guy Pierre Fries, Jürgen Mahneke

Availability/Publisher Solvay Kunststoff GmbH, Solingen; Bund Deutscher Baumeister, Architekten und Ingenieure,

Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt/Main e. V.

ISBN -

Keywords

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives comparison of pipes (PVC, clay, cast iron, PE-HD, copper, zinced iron)

comparison of windows (PVC, wood, wood/aluminium

Reported data General description about PVC and not properly LCA

Short description of the study The book focuses on generic information about PVC application in structural engineering and

underground engineering with some technical and material information. Some examples (floor-

ing, window frames, cable isolations, wallpapers, pipes and profiles) are addressed but no

detailed information is available.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IKP D-18

A 230

Kind of report Commercial brochure

Title Der findes alternative plastmaterialer til PVC for bygge- og anlægssektoren

(There are alternative plastic materials to PVC for the building and construction sector)

Scope of investigation pipes and fittings



Institution or Company International Pipe System A/S, Lægårdsvej 2, DK-8520 Lystrup, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Company

ISBN

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





Reported data None






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



A 231

Kind of report Communication from Danish Consumer Agency to company lawyer on marketing of PVC as

environmentally friendly

Title Deres j.nr. 314454 MAD/pth – hvidbog om PVC-vinduer

(Your journal no. 314454 MAD/pth – white book about PVC-windows)

Scope of investigation Documentation for environmental claims



Institution or Company The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Jørgensen, H.

Availability/Publisher The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark

ISBN

Keywords Environmental documentation, environmental marketing

Life-cycle phases











assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested


A 232

Kind of report Communication from Danish Consumer Agency to company on marketing of PVC as environ-

mentally friendly

Title Deres pjece “VINDUER OG DØRE I PLAST et godt valg – også for miljøet”

(Your brochure ”WINDOWS AND DOORS IN PLASTIC a good choice – also for the environ-

ment)




Institution or Company The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Larsen, L.

Availability/Publisher The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark

ISBN


Life-cycle phases











assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



A 233

Kind of report Communication from the Ministry of Environment to the Danish Consumer Agency on market-

ing of PVC as environmentally friendly

Title Deres pjece “VINDUER OG DØRE I PLAST et godt valg – også for miljøet”

(Your brochure ”WINDOWS AND DOORS IN PLASTIC a good choice – also for the environ-

ment)




Institution or Company Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Larsen, L.

Availability/Publisher Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark

ISBN


Life-cycle phases











assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IPU 041.0029

A 234


Title Alternativer til blød PVC i byggebranchen

(Alternatives to soft PVC in the construction sector)

Scope of investigation Outline the consumption of building products containing soft PVC in Denmark.

Draw up possible alternatives to these building products.



Institution or Company Moe og Brødsgaard A/S,


Authors Andersson, M.


ISBN

Keywords PVC, soft PVC, building materials

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Various other plastic materials, various wood materials, cork, steel, aluminium,


Short description of the study All Danish uses of soft PVC in construction and presentation of alternatives to all uses with

respect to environment, technical specifications and construction costs.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment:No LCA; only qualitative information, suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0048

http://www.mst.dk/

A 235


Title Kortlægning af PVC i bygge- og anlægsaffald fra nedbrydning og renovering (Mapping of PVC

in building and construction waste from demolition and renovation)

Scope of investigation PVC in waste from construction and demolition waste



Institution or Company Demex Rådgivende Ingeniører A/S, Genanvendelsesrådet, Plastindustrien i Danmark


Authors Lauritzen, Erik K,; Christensen, Niels Trap


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-882-9

Keywords Construction waste, demolition waste

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Analyses from one demolition site and 8 buildings representing various building uses.

Estimation of total PVC in building.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Substance flow analysis, no LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation. IPU 000.0056

http://www.mst.dk/

A 236


Title Kortlægning af genanvendelse af PVC i byggeaffald

Scope of investigation Building products/waste containing PVC



Institution or Company Rambøll


Authors Busch, Niels Juul


ISBN ISBN 87-7810-570-6

Keywords Building waste, recycling

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Recording of the amounts of building and construction waste containing PVC that are recycled





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Substance flow analysis, not LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0060

http://www.mst.dk/

A 237


Title Pavimentazioni resilienti ed emissioni di composti volatili organici.

Scope of investigation Presentation of problems with VOC emissions from floors.



Institution or Company Istituto Centrale per l’Industrializzazione e la Tecnología edilizia (ICITE), Consigliuo Nazionale

delle Riceche (CNR)

Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it

Authors Dott. Alberto Strini (ICITE CNR)


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, flooring, VOC emission

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

It is a descriptive brochure that focuses on VOCs emissions of floors





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.003

A 238


Title Evoluzione e sviluppo dei manufatti in PVC per il settore acqua: innovazioni tecnologiche,

stabilizzazione, riciclabilità.

Scope of investigation This publication qualitatively describes technological innovations, the use of stabilizers and the

recycling of PVC tubes.





Authors Gaetano Gianotti


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, pipes, LCA

Life-cycle phases


Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X



tives

Reported data LCA, other life-cycle related data


study

The objective of the study was to show the technical advances regarding production, stabiliza-

tion and end of life of PVC water tubes. A brief qualitative résumé of the results of a compara-

tive LCA on PVC and tubes of other materials is also presented.





assessment

Initiator LCA



Government Material PVC/comp. comparison



Other than LCA

Comment: Broschure like report with no own data, not suggested for systematic characteri-

sation.

RANDA IT.004

A 239

Kind of report Dossier

Title Il comportamento energetico degli edifici innovativi

Scope of investigation Energy properties of buildings





Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC

Availability/Publisher Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it

ISBN No

Keywords PVC, energy, building

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Other life-cycle related data.


study

A compilation of data (properties, use, environmental issues) regarding applications of PVC in

the building sector.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.011

A 240


Title I serramenti esterni in PVC requisiti e prestazioni

Scope of investigation Compilation of documents presented to the conference of Italian producers of windows


Ref. year(s) of assessment unknown





ISBN No

Keywords PVC, windows

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Non-LCA data


study

This study focuses on the use of PVC in windows. The environmental issues are examined in

general, and the data are not original.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.012

A 241

Kind of report Book

Title Pieni e vuoti tecnologie dei serramenti in PVC

Scope of investigation PVC windows technical properties







ISBN No

Keywords PVC, windows, technical properties

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Non LCA data


study

This study focuses on the use of PVC in windows. The description of related environmental

issues is poor.






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.013

A 242


Title Pavimenti resilenti prestazioni, sicurezza, ecologia

Scope of investigation PVC floor

Year of publication April 2000






ISBN No

Keywords PVC, floor, VOC emission

Life-cycle phases





tives



study

This study describes PVC flooring from a technical point of view. A small chapter is dedicated

to emissions of VOC






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.014

A 243

Kind of report 7 Information brochures (7 abstracts) (each for different PVC)

Title Contribution du revêtement de sol PVC (semi-flexible, expanse relief –VER, sur mousse –VSM

U3/U4-, sur mousse –VSM U2S-, sur Liège, homogène et heterogène compact) aux impacts

environmentaux et sanitaires d’un ouvrage.

Scope of investigation Building material, flooding, environmental and safety impacts, manufacturing process: sus-

pension PVC, geographical area: France.



Institution or Company SFEC et ADEME

Contractor/ Address SFEC (Syndicat Français des Enducteurs Calendreurs ),

65 rue de Prony, 75854 PARIS cedex 17, France,

Tel. : +33 1 44 01 16 44 ; fax : +33 1 44 01 16 63 ; e-mail : [email protected]

Authors Tarket Sommer et al. (for semi-flexible, VER, VSM U3/U4, VSM U2S, homogène, heterogène

compact ) ; Tel 03 26 77 30 55

Gerflor (for sur Liège, homogène, heterogène compact ) Tel. 04 74 05 40 00

Availability/Publisher Documentation provided by FORUM PVC France (Mr. Eric Chatelain)

Tel : +33 1 53 32 79 79

ISBN No

Keywords LCA, flooding, flexible PVC, environmental impacts, safety risks, XP01-010.

Life-cycle phases





tives

The comparison of the seven brochures allows to compare the environmental impacts of the

seven types of PVC grounds.

Reported data LCA, market information


study

The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental impacts and safety risks for 7

PVC floodings, considering the use phase in construction (to place it, the necessary adhesive

products and the resulting packaging material waste). This study has been carried out under

experimental AFNOR XP01-010, based on ISO 14040. The summary of these brochures will

be used by construction companies to choose the required material according to sustainable

construction.




Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data 50%


assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA

Comment: Brochures, not suggested for systematic characterisation

RANDA FR.012


A 244

A3.3 Consumer goods


Title Udvikling af alternativt materiale til PVC i tæppefliser

(Development of an alternative material to PVC in carpet squares)

Scope of investigation Development of carpet squares without PVC



Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute, Westbond


Authors Pedersen, Jens Wood


ISBN ISBN 87-7909-378-7

Keywords PVC, Carpets

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Development of product without PVC


Short description of the study Description of development and testing of non-PVC product including production of testing

equipment





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0054

http://www.mst.dk/

A 245


Title Ecobilan dans les industries agro-alimentaires

Scope of investigation Environmental impact of food industry. Use of the LCA tool in the selection of 13 prod-

ucts/packages. European market.



Institution or Company ECOBILAN

Contractor/ Address Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche; Ministère de L’enseignement supérieur et de la re-

cherche; groupe de 13 industriels associés au project

Authors ECOBILAN

Availability/Publisher Documentation provided by SPMP (syndicat des producteurs de matières plastiques),

www.proplast.org/spmp, Tel. +33 1 46 53 10 53 (Mr. Leca)

ISBN No

Keywords LCA, société Vittel , PVC bottle, glass bottle, rempliance, energetic valuation.

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison between 3 different scenarios for the packaging of mineral water:

- 1 l glass bottle to be refilled

- 1.5 l PVC bottle returned to France for its recycling

- 1.5 l PVC bottle not re-used



study

The objective of the study was to promote the use of LCA tools in order to integrate the envi-

ronmental management as a selection tool for product design. Therefore, a program was

engaged between different Ministeries and 13 industry companies (French and German) One

of these was Société Vittel and incorporated 3 packaging alternatives for mineral water. The

final project confirmed that there were many areas for improvement within the food sector

(industry and distribution).






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


for further assessment.

RANDA FR.010

http://www.proplast.org/spmp

A 246

A3.4 Packaging Kind of report Study

Title Effects of substitution procedures for rigid PVC film

Scope of investigation Alternatives to PVC for packaging, mainly PP, PET, PS, composites



Institution or Company GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany

Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft kalandrierte PVC Hartfolien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.

Authors GVM

Availability/Publisher GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany

ISBN -

Keywords Packaging, Rigid PVC film

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PVC, PP, PET, PS

Reported data

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to analyse suitable substitute materials for the various types of

goods to be packaged and to show the ecological consequences of the use of such materials.

It concludes that, after substitution, total energy consumption will be at least 40% than before.

Conclusions are based on waste volume and energy consumption and are very positive to

PVC.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


for further assessment.

IKP D-14

A 247


Title Verpacken ohne Kunststoff

Scope of investigation Substitution of plastics in the packaging sector to other materials



Institution or Company GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany

Contractor/ Address Verband Kunststofferzeugende Industrie e. V. (VKE),

Karlstr. 21, 60329 Frankfurt a.M., Germany

Authors GVM

Availability/Publisher Verband Kunststofferzeugende Industrie e. V. (VKE),

Karlstr. 21, 60329 Frankfurt a.M., Germany

ISBN -

Keywords Packaging, plastics

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PVC, PS, mixed plastic, cardboard, paper, glass, steel, wood, aluminium

Reported data

Short description of the study The objective of the study was to show what would happen in terms of waste and energy

consumption if all plastic would be replaced by other materials. As conclusion, it does not

encourage this substitution.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.

IKP D-16

A 248


Title Milieubalans van kortcyclische PVC-verpakkingen

Scope of investigation Literature survey of studies in PVC packaging materials



Institution or Company VITO - Vlaamsc Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek

Contractor/ Address

Authors D. Ceuterick, V. De Baere, G. Wouters

Availability/Publisher Fechiplast, Vereinigte kunststofverwerkers FCN,

Maria-Louizasquare, 49, 1040 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN -

Keywords literature survey, packaging materials

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study Literature survey of studies on packaging material before 1993, no own data or assessment




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study (meta-study), no additional issues covered, not suggested for further

assessment

IKP NL-8

A 249


Title Ökobilanz von MILLICARB und HYDROCARB 95 T sowie Vergleich mit Polypropylen

Scope of investigation Production of calcium carbonate extenders for plastics in comparison to polypropylene



Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (EMPA),

Unterstr. 11, CH-9001 St.Gallen, Switzerland

Contractor/ Address Omya GmbH, Brohler Str. 11a, 50968 Köln, Germany

Authors EMPA

Availability/Publisher Omya GmbH, Brohler Str. 11 a, 50968 Köln, Germany

ISBN

Keywords LCA, calcium carbonate, extender

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison done between all alternatives

Reported data LCA


study

LCA of the converting of calcium carbonate to typical extender materials for plastics in com-

parison to polypropylene. Only aggregated categories are described in the production phase,

transports are considered, disposal volumes are considered for production wastes. The docu-

mentation is kept general and not very detailed.




assessment

Initiator LCA






Other than LCA


IKP CH-8

A 250


Title The mechanical properties of recycled PVC bottle compounds

Scope of investigation Material quality of PVC bottle material



Institution or Company Polymers and Composites Centre, Dep. of Mat. Eng, University College of Swansea, UK.

Contractor/ Address

Authors Arnold, J. C.; Maund, B.; Isaac, D. H.

Availability/Publisher Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 56 (1996)

ISBN ISSN 09240136

Keywords Recycling, material quality.

Life-cycle phases





Reported data

Short description of the study Material quality of bottle PVC when recycled






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0069

A 251


Title Use of bottle recyclate in rigid PVC foam

Scope of investigation Reuse of PVC recyclate



Institution or Company European Vinyls Corporation (UK) Ltd.,

PO Box 8, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 4QD, UK

Contractor/ Address

Authors Thomas, N. L.; Quirk, J. P.

Availability/Publisher Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, Vol. 24 (1995)

ISBN

Keywords PVC bottles, PVC recycling

Life-cycle phases





Reported data Other life-cycle related

Short description of the study Testing of material quality when recycling PVC bottles to make PVC-UE formulations.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0075

A 252


Title L’envasatge de begudes i el seu impacte ambiental: una aproximació al cas de Catalunya

Scope of investigation Beverage packaging in Catalonia. Bricks, steel cans, aluminium cans, PVC bottles (mineral

water, cooking oil, vinegar, special liquids such as “horchata”) and PVC packaging for ”pâté”,

margarine, ice cream, PET bottles, PE and glass packaging



Institution or Company Organització de Consumidors i Usuaris de Catalunya OCUC (Organization of Consumers and

Users of Catalonia) and Centre d’Ecologia i Projectes Alternatius CEPA (Centre of Ecology

and Alternative Projects)

Contractor/ Address OCUC, Departament de Medi Ambient i Consum Responsible,

Avda. República Argentina, 29, 1er, 08023 Barcelona, Spain, www.ocuc.org,

[email protected]

Authors OCUC, CEPA

Availability/Publisher It can be ordered from OCUC.

ISBN No

Keywords Packaging, beverages, PVC, consumption, Catalonia

Life-cycle phases





tives

Comparison done between all alternatives (see scope of the study)

Reported data Market information. Generic/Literature data on environmental impacts of packaging materials.

Own data on market information: production, consumption and packaging of beverages in

Catalonia (data from industrial associations and surveys carried out by the contractor).


study

The three basic goals of the study were:

To study the status of “take-back” packaging in Catalonia (Spain).

To compile data on beverage production and consumption in Catalonia, types of packaging

and the environmental impacts associated with the consumption of these packaging materials.

To compare data collected and analysed with data from other regions in Spain and Europe.




Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further

assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA SP.001

http://www.ocuc.org/

A 253


Title Migración en envases de PVC utilizados en el envasado de agua mineral

Scope of investigation Migration PVC packaging for bottles of mineral water



Institution or Company Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - CSIC

Contractor/ Address Asociación Nacional de Empresas de Aguas de Bebida Envasadas (ANEABE)

Authors

Availability/Publisher Study was not provided (CONFIDENTIAL?)

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives



study





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: Not provided

RANDA SP.005

A 254


Title Reprocessing and re-stabilisation of PVC recycled from bottles

Scope of investigation PVC end of life




Contractor/ Address

Authors La Mantia, F. P.; Curto, D.

Availability/Publisher Polymer Recycling vol. 3, Issue 4, pg. 275 - 280

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data Non LCA data


study






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.016

A 255


Title Containers for liquid foods: current state and prospects.





Contractor/ Address

Authors De Rossi, F.; Rizzo, R.

Availability/Publisher Industrie Alimentari, vol. 19, issue 2, pg. 85 - 98

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data


study






assessment

Initiator LCA





Application PVC/comp. comparison

X Other than LCA

Comment: Article, not recommended for systematic characterisation

RANDA IT.018

A 256


Title Healthy Cap for protection of cans.





Contractor/ Address

Authors Giannangeli, G.

Availability/Publisher Imballaggio vol. 526, pg. 38 - 40

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

Reported data


study






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.019

A 257

Kind of report Journal article; scientific experiment

Title Competition between degradation and chain extension during processing of reclaimed

poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Scope of investigation Behaviour of recycled PET from post-consumer water bottles when treated in a melt mixer

under different conditions.



Institution or Company (a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimìca, Chimìca Industriale e Scienza dei Materiali, Universi-

tà de Pisa;

(b) Dipartimento di Ingegneriadei Processi e dei Materiali, Università de Palermo

Contractor/ Address (a) Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy;

(b) Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo, Italy

Authors (a) Paci, M.;

(b) La Mantia, F. P.

Availability/Publisher Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 61, issue 3, pg. 417 - 420

Publisher: Elsevier Sci Ltd

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives

PET

Reported data Effects of temperature, mixing time, mixing rate, type of atmosphere, etc. on polymer viscosity.

Contains no LCA data.


study

This study examines the degradation of PET and the influence of contaminants such as PVC in

the process. The study aims to improve the process to reduce or avoid hydrolytic chain scis-

sion.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.020

A 258

A3.5 Electric and electronics


Title Alternativer til PVC i kabler og tilknyttede bygningsinstallationer

Scope of investigation Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables.



Institution or Company Delta, Elektronikcentralen A/S and NKT Kraftkabler


Authors Hasermann, V.


ISBN

Keywords PVC, cables, non-halogenated cables

Life-cycle phases




Comparison with alternatives Non-halogenated cables


Short description of the study Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables. Further-

more an assessment of other factors governing selection of alternative materials; market pos-

sibilities, material possibilities, material characteristics, economic factors, other construction

elements.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


IPU 000.0049

http://www.mst.dk/

A 259

Kind of report Information brochure

Title Es geht auch ohne PVC - Halogenfreie Kabel und Elektro-Installationsmaterialien

Scope of investigation Halogen free PVC wires and electric installation materials



Institution or Company Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria

Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria

Authors Thomas Fertl, Thomas Belazzi, Henrik Schreiber, Manfred Krautter, Judit Kanthak

Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria

ISBN -

Keywords halogen free, PVC, wire, electric installation materials

Life-cycle phases





tives

No

Reported data


study

Information brochure about the environmental impact of PVC wires as well as in comparison to

the environmental benefit of halogen free PVC wires and electric installation materials with

focus on the use phase.




assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IKP AT-3

A 260

Kind of report Commercial brochure

Title Med NKT Cables’ halogenfri program vil du altid forbinde kabler med et godt miljø (With NKT

Cables’ non-halogen program you will always associate cables with a healthy environment)

Scope of investigation Cables



Institution or Company NKT Cables A/S, Toftegårdsvej 25, DK-4550 Asnæs, Denmark

Contractor/ Address

Authors Unknown

Availability/Publisher Company

ISBN

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





Reported data None






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA



IPU 041.0026

A 261

A3.6 Medical

Kind of report Workshop discussions

Title Workshop-rapport for medikorpodukt. Brancheindsats: Medikoprodukter, kateter fra Coloplast

A/S.

(Workshop report for medical products. Branch: Medical products, catheter from Coloplast A/S)

Scope of investigation Discussion of ideas for further agenda for cleaner products





Authors Unknown


ISBN No

Keywords PVC, catheter.

Life-cycle phases






Short description of the study Discussions of pros and cons of various ideas for development of cleaner products within

medical products.





assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA

Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation

IPU 000.0005

http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=425

A 262

Kind of report Technical Report

Title Medical Application of PVC: Benefits and Risks. Technical Report

Scope of investigation Medical applications of PVC



Institution or Company Environmental and Health Dept. Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute, Milan


Authors Dr. Roberto Fanelli, Dr. Ettore Zuccato

Availability/Publisher NOT RECEIVED

ISBN No

Keywords

Life-cycle phases





tives



study






assessment

Initiator LCA






X Other than LCA


RANDA IT.015

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